St. Petersberg Castle

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St. Petersberg Castle
St. Petersberg from the northwest

St. Petersberg from the northwest

Creation time : 12./13. century
Castle type : Hilltop castle
Conservation status: inhabited as a religious house
Place: Silz- Sankt Petersberg
Geographical location 47 ° 15 '19.3 "  N , 10 ° 54' 33.3"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 15 '19.3 "  N , 10 ° 54' 33.3"  E
Height: 739  m above sea level A.
St. Petersberg Castle (Tyrol)
St. Petersberg Castle

The castle St. Petersberg is a hilltop castle on a hill above the Inn Valley west of Silz in Tyrol . There are a few houses scattered around the castle hill, which form part of Silz as the hamlet of St. Petersberg.

location

At 730 m above sea level, only 70 m above the valley floor of the Inn, lies the former Count's Castle of St. Petersberg on the right mountain slope on a long rocky knoll by a historic reservoir. Nevertheless, Petersberg can be reached quickly and easily from the valley and is very easy to defend. The flanks of the castle hill are smoothed by the glacier, so that an attacker can hardly find a hold here. There is a rich spring and two mountain streams nearby, which have fed an artificial lake since the early Middle Ages.

For centuries, this water was used to power various mills and a sawmill below the castle. The Petersberg is surrounded by fields in the valley floor and the adjacent mountain forest. Added to this is the strategic importance of the Burgplatz as a safeguard for the trade and military route in the Inn Valley.

history

Archaeological finds from the Bronze Age

St. Petersberg Castle is located on a hill which, thanks to its exposed, elevated position, offered ideal conditions for settlement even in prehistory. The prehistoric and Roman remains discovered so far at St. Petersberg Castle also suggest that settlement lasted for a long time.

As early as 1969, during renovation work between the castle and the east tower, prehistoric ceramic fragments came to light. In 1972 a layer up to 55 cm thick was uncovered in the nave above the rock that contained a large number of settlement ceramics from the Urnfield Age (late Bronze Age, approx. 1330-800 BC) and the Hallstatt Age (early Iron Age, approx. 800 BC) –475 BC) included. In the profiles of this cultural horizon, the remains of some wooden beams could be seen, which suggest a building.

The archaeological investigations also uncovered a pit covered with stones and charcoal, which is interpreted as a fireplace. Ceramics from the La Tène period (late Iron Age, approx. 475–15 BC) were uncovered in the profiles of a small trench 41 m in front of the gate.

Some fragments that were in the filled material in the apse between the eastern foundations and the altar foundation are dated to Roman times.

11-13 century

The history of the castle is closely linked to the question of the county in the upper Inn Valley, which has not yet been finally clarified, and which has occupied historians for a hundred years. What is certain is that Duke Welf II lost his counties in Tyrol as a result of his participation in the uprising of Duke Ernst of Swabia. Emperor Konrad transferred them to the Bishop of Brixen in 1027, although the borders were not fixed. In any case, they included the Eisack valley north of Klausen, the Wipptal and the Inn valley between Ziller and Melach, but probably as far as Finstermünz.

Up until the beginning of the 12th century, numerous Welfen donations to Bavarian monasteries and Welf ministries in the Vinschgau and Upper Inn Valley are attested, but the evidence is not sufficient to prove an official activity.

The castle was built by the Guelphs as the central base for the administration of their Tyrolean possessions and the first documented mention of Petersberg as "castrum meum novo domus in Intal" dates from the time of Ulrich von Ulten around 1244 . He also owned bailiwick rights in the Ötztal. In 1263, then called "castrum in monte sancti petri in valle Eni" , the festival appears for the first time under its current name and came into the possession of the Counts of Tyrol through various owners . Meinhard II had the castle expanded and made it an important administrative center as a court seat, land registry office and Vogtsburg for the Inn Valley between Roppen and Rietz , the Mieminger Plateau and the Ötztal. From there the property of Petersberg was administered. He often stayed there himself and had the official treasury kept in the “cista maiore” in the keep. The castle was fortified and had security guards. The pond was also already there. From 1275 the judge officiated on Sankt Petersberg; later he moved to Silz. In the second half of the 13th century the castle appears under different names; “Nova domus” , “Ulten” , “castrum sancti Petri” are used alternately until “Sankt Petersberg” prevails under Count Meinhard ; however, the “New Castle near Silz”, the “New Castle of St. Peter” or later simply “St. Petersberg ” the speech. A rocky promontory on the mountain slope above the castle is popularly referred to as the “old castle”. However, this place seems to be much too small and unfavorable for a castle complex. There was possibly a tower here as a lookout point into the Inn Valley. From all of this it can be seen that there was a fort on the Petersberg long before it was first mentioned in a document, which Count Ulrich v. Ulten rebuilt on older foundations and had it generously expanded.

Documentary mentions of Petersberg from the 12th century by the historian Josef v. Hormayr are now being rejected as fakes by historical research.

14.-15. century

Already in 1299 a chapel is mentioned: the Silzer received for the reading of the Mass priest 4 Yhren wine, the patron saint was St. Peter . Between 1295 and 1338 the castle guard was exercised by the Milser family. The outer tower, called “new tower” in Meinhard's time, later called “Schnitzerturm” and today “Faulturm” , was lent to Petermann von Schenna in 1348 together with the castle.

In 1407 Duke Friedrich IV. , Who had meanwhile taken over the government in Tyrol , granted Petersberg including the hunting rights and Straßberg to his councilors Hans and Ulrich von Freundsberg. The Kärlingerturm was given to the family of the same name as a fiefdom . However, Ulrich Kärlinger sold it to the Freundsbergers in 1408. After Bishop Ulrich von Brixen was imprisoned in Einsisheim by Duke Friedrich in 1404 and his castles were occupied, in 1411 Heinrich Snitzer received the Petersberg. Although Friedrich IV reconciled himself with Bishop Ulrich von Brixen, the Freundsbergers did not move their locks out despite a process that was brought to bear by the curia . With an exchange in 1475, the Steig residence near St. Petersberg, later called the Jägerhaus, came into the possession of the Freundsbergers.

16.-18. century

The Freundsbergers remained in the possession of the castle until the death of the last fiefdom bearer Georg von Freundsberg in 1586. They had the property management carried out by carers, as they had not lived in Tyrol since 1486 . Even before the death of Georg von Freundsberg, Archduke Ferdinand had registered his sons' entitlement to the vacant fief in 1582. After lengthy negotiations with the heirs, Ferdinand's older son Andreas first had control over Petersberg from 1588, and after his death the younger Karl von Burgau . In 1619 Maria Fugger received Petersberg, Sterzing and Seifriedsberg , and in addition she was granted hunting rights in the Petersberg court. The contract was originally only valid for four years, but was extended after her death in 1624 with her sons Friedrich and Hans Ernst Fugger. In the same year, the carer Jakob Stöckl began building the new house in Kühtai after tearing down the old one.

The court chamber kept a watchful eye on Petersberg . Orders were repeatedly issued to the nurses to check the inventory , repair the bedding, purchase new household items and clean up dilapidated items. In 1628 Petersberg was redeemed by the Fuggers. In 1638 an inspection and inventory was made by the caretaker Jakob Stöckl and the court architect Elias Gumpp. The rooms were quite well equipped with furniture, carpets and pictures, in the upper chapel there was a carved image of the Virgin Mary with a baby Jesus, altar tableware and various chasubles, the lower chapel was empty. The granary, bath room, castle roof and roof of the digestion tank were in need of repair, the room and office of the care administrator should be re-paneled. Some of these repairs have been started. In 1640, after the death of Jakob Stöckl, Christoph Heffter became the new caretaker, followed by Severin Stöckl. The castle was always the home, the dungeon was used as a prison, the digester 1646 adapted as ammunition dumps.

In 1777 the great-grandson of the first lien holder, Carl von Clary-Aldringen, left the Petersberg, Wiesberg and Vorarlberg estates to his brother-in-law Theodor Peregrin Graf Wolkenstein, who was married to Maria Anna von Clary-Aldringen. In 1788 the truce of Petersberg included five houses with 31 people, two horses, 25 cows, 23 calves and seven pigs. Mass was read twice a week in the chapel.

19th century

In 1849 Ernst von Wolkenstein reached an imperial decision that assured him that Petersberg would be handed over to him. In 1857 the castle burned down on the occasion of a double wedding in the Wolkenstein family. Lina Wolkenstein-Schneeburg later delivered an eyewitness report about this:

“I immediately struck the noise of the fire, the chapel bells were rung, but soon the ropes burned down. Soon the farmers were there with the syringes, but they were bad and the water pressure was far too low to bring the water to the high walls. After all, the water in the well soon ran out and the heat at the well was so great that it burned down. The general excitement was of course very great and even greater the headlessness. My parents packed suitcases, Arthur the silver, I calmly packed sheets. I asked Brother Arthur whether he had saved the picture of Michael Wolkenstein, which he said in the affirmative. Later it turned out that instead of the valuable family picture he had brought a picture of Petersberg. The fire raged terribly. Streams of tin and glass soon flowed out of the dining room, all the glass burned, the rest of the tin was thrown out the window, and only a soup pot remained whole. Everything ran back and forth. In the kitchen the chickens were on the spit, the pot with the dumplings had been knocked over and the dumplings were rolling all over the place. The upright piano, a new grand piano, could only be carried up to the door; five steps further and he would have been saved. Ferrari and Aurelia ran in and locked all the boxes and shouted: it's on fire! Peasants saved Aurelia's wedding dress. All the fruit was eaten by the thirsty farmers during the fire. Pigs and chickens were repeatedly driven out, but kept running into the fire and almost all of them burned. Three dogs were burned. When the fire became too big, nobody except Ernst and Arthur (Wolkenstein) was allowed into the castle. I ran in again and got a desk drawer with books. Much was stolen in the confusion, even outside the castle where everyone was sitting together. After the fire, everyone lived in the Stainerhaus in Silz. Two peasants always slept in the front building with their rifles loaded, as it was feared that the fire had been set and that another act of revenge might follow. The real cause of the fire, however, is likely to be that Ernst Wolkenstein had a great predilection for the manufacture of fireworks and on the morning of that day himself launched a rocket, from which a detonator may have fallen into the tower. The old gentleman was very upset after the fire and had only saved his watch for himself. "

All wooden parts were destroyed in the fire, only the chapel and the archive remained undamaged. Since the castle was a lien and therefore owned by the public purse, the financial directorate paid the most necessary restoration costs, which was all the easier as there was fire insurance. In 1868 Arthur von Wolkenstein acquired the entire property and leased it to the 1. Tiroler Stierzucht- und Nutzvieh-Export AG. In 1887 his son Wolfgang took over the administration, but in 1893 he had to apply for a public auction.

20th century

After Emperor Franz Josef acquired the castle, it was used as a military hospital during World War I and then by the Italian occupation. Under the Habsburg inheritance contract it came to the Archduchess Valerie, who gave it to her daughter Hedwig and her husband Count Stolberg in 1919.

In the same year, the Tyrolean Social Democrats applied to the state parliament to expropriate the uninhabited castle in accordance with the Castle Act of May 30, 1919 and use it as a children's home, agricultural school or rest home for war invalids. In order to take the expropriation discussion off the top, Count Stolberg left the palace to the Neuland Federation from 1921, which leased it for five years in 1923 and for another 15 years in 1928.

In return, repairs and maintenance work had to be carried out. The new countries made the rooms homely. Max Weiler and Fritz Berger took care of the artistic design. The chapel was also to be renovated according to plans by Rudolf Schwarz, the regional planner of North Rhine-Westphalia. Above all, it was planned to open the old Romanesque windows in the apse.

Felix Messerschmidt , who later headed the Bildungshaus in Tutzing for many years , had been holding his singing weeks at Petersberg since 1931, Easter was celebrated according to the new liturgy in the spirit of Romano Guardini , Max Weiler painted his pictures and Ignaz Zangerle prepared his lectures.

In 1938 the castle was used as a youth home for a short time. From 1943, the holdings of the State Archives, the Folk Art and Mountain Island Museum were stored there to protect them from bomb damage. In 1965, Count Stolberg sold the already ruinous complex to the Guardian Angel Brotherhood, who transferred it to the monastery on Sankt Petersberg of the Order of Canon Regulars of the Holy Cross with a donation agreement of June 17, 1980.

Historical meaning

The importance of Silz is still evident today as the seat of the district court , although it has been located in the center of the village since the 17th century.

The Petersberg court was initially administered by the sovereigns and directly appointed officials, later it was leased or pledged, among other things, from 1407 to its extinction in 1587 to the lords of Freundsberg . In 1777 the castle was acquired by the Lords of Wolkenstein-Rodenegg . In 1857 it was badly damaged by fire. In 1870 the first Tyrolean bull breeding and livestock facility was established here. Instead of the old one, St. The Ursula Chapel was built in the 12th century castle chapel dedicated to St. Peter. In 1893 Emperor Franz Josef I bought the ruins and had them rebuilt. Among other things, it served as a rest home and hospital .

In 1965 the castle was acquired by the Engelwerk and later rebuilt into a religious house by the 1979 re-established Order of Canon Regulars of the Holy Cross , which looks after the Engelwerk on behalf of the Holy See .

description

View from the southeast of the castle with the chapel

Today the castle appears as a uniform complex with residential and fortified buildings around an inner courtyard. The buildings date from the 13th century, but were built on an older foundation. The five-storey keep , which was formerly provided with a battlement , still has the original rectangular battlements . In the southeast corner of the square, formerly tower-like stands Palas .

In the eastern part of the castle complex is the castle chapel , which is connected to the north wing built in the 16th century by an open archway. Originally dedicated to St. The double chapel consecrated to Peter was rebuilt in 1881. The two floors were combined into one room and St. Ursula consecrated. Romanesque arched windows in the east and north walls have been preserved from the building from the 12th century . The ground plan of a smaller Romanesque predecessor chapel from the 11th century was discovered under the choir in 1972.

To the east of the main castle lies the five-storey square carver or digestion tower built in the 13th century on a small hill. The original seat of the burgraves was rebuilt in the 16th century and received its pyramid roof in the late 1960s.

Castle and monastery with residential buildings, outbuildings and fortifications and remains of walls in the ground are under monument protection .

Carver or digestion tower

The five-storey tower with a square floor plan, standing on a low hill from the stronghold in the east, dates from the 13th century and was supplemented or rebuilt in the upper area from 1966 to 1974 and provided with a pyramid roof. It shows a strictly regular masonry made of roughly hewn rubble stones with grout lines and square chains on all sides with rough bumps. The eastern entrance to the ground floor is recent, above it is an original slit of light, a second in the barrel-vaulted upper floor above. On the second floor on the west side, the original high entrance has been broken out - the broad, round arched tuff portal, however, dates from the late 15th century and is accessible via a wooden staircase extending from the north wall to the west wall (renewed 1966–1974). The barrel-vaulted third floor has a rectangular window with side seats on the west and east sides, while on the fourth floor to the west the high rectangular exit led to the formerly encircling battlement; a second such exit is faintly recognizable on the south side. The weir plate closing the tower, with two gaps in the battlements on each side, and the pyramid roof were rebuilt in 1972.

The stronghold

The stronghold rises over the irregular polygonal Bering with a circular perimeter development around the central courtyard. Near the southwest corner of the institutions involved in Western foreign front is keep . On the east side, next to the inner castle gate, the chapel with its apse protruding over the Bering is situated, to the south-west corner of which the Palas, which is integrated into the Bering with its south front and which was extended to the west from 1966 to 1974 to the keep, connects. The entire western and northern courtyard side is surrounded by connected auxiliary buildings. All buildings have been newly plastered on the inside and outside with the exception of a few remaining areas and therefore hardly any building analysis observations are possible. The rising components nowhere seem to be in the 11th / 12th. Century, but should - with the exception of some wall remains in the chapel crypt - from the 13th / 14th centuries. Century.

The keep

The five-storey keep in the south-west corner of the courtyard dates from the second half of the 13th century. The former high entrance - today changed, plastered and partially broken away - has been preserved on the first floor near the corner facing the courtyard. There are rectangular light slots or slotted windows on each floor. On the fourth floor, a double row of beam holes for the girders and support beams of a circumferential battlement can be seen, the roof of which hung from three corbels on each side. The former access to the battlement - a high rectangular portal framed by a house - is located in the east wall. The final weir plate with original rectangular battlements and two battlements on each side was renewed around 1970. The courtyard side of the tower was formerly plastered over to just below the circumferential battlement. Between 1966 and 1974 the plaster was removed and renewed except for a small coat of arms ( imperial eagle on a yellow background, around 1800); The entrance on the ground floor dates from the same time (before 1970). The masonry of the keep consists of lightly hewn rubble stones and carved corner cuboids with no protrusions at the corners.

Hall

The former hall is positioned on the inside of the southern Bering Wall . As old views show, it once reached about twice its circumference over the southern curtain wall. This outer part, which was broken off after the fire in 1857, can still be recognized by various remains of plaster with impressions of the walls and transom walls.

Apparently it was a secondary extension of the residential part, which was originally limited to the courtyard side, which in turn was renewed from 1966 to 1974 using the old walls built on an almost square floor plan (from the beginning of the 14th century). At the same time, the originally free space between the old palace and the keep was closed by a connecting building; the four-storey south wing created in this way now houses the kitchen and refectory.

chapel

The east-facing double chapel is leaned against the hall in such a way that its northeast corner jumps into the rear part of the nave at a right angle. It is a sedate, massive building with an unusually wide nave and a non-detached apse projecting over the eastern curtain wall, which is triangularly reinforced on the outside in its lower area by a wall in front of it. The regular masonry consists for the most part of lightly hewn rubble stones with joint lines. The small, tuff-framed arched windows with strongly sloping soffits on the upper floor (three each in the apse and three in the north wall, two more in the west wall facing the courtyard) were reopened in 1973 and at the same time the arched windows from the 18th century that had existed until then were walled up. The basement has no windows. In the south wall there is a level access (broken out in 1973) to the barrel-vaulted room in the gusset between the hall and the chapel wall, which is now used as the sacristy. On the upper floor there is a rectangular peephole that sits diagonally in the thickness of the wall and is directed towards the altar (for participation in the service from the separate master gallery).

Both floors of the former double chapel (cf. the door from the hall to the former mezzanine floor of the chapel) are now (and at least since the 19th century) combined into one sacred space. A fresco (Apocalypse) by Maria Bitterlich from 1974 can be seen in the apse. The 27-part field ceiling with deeply recessed fields, designed as a six-pointed star above the altar, dates from the second half of the 19th century.

A crypt was excavated under the eastern part of the chapel in 1972 and the remainder of a Romanesque predecessor chapel (around 1200) was excavated, the foundations of which were sunk into urnfield and Hallstatt settlement layers. The rising parts of this chapel (side walls and apse made of regular rubble stones) are preserved and accessible through the construction of the crypt. All building-analytical criteria that were observed on the occasion of the renovation of the chapel in 1973 (masonry, window shapes, door openings, remains of Romanesque frescoes) date the chapel and the hall at the same time to the late 13th and early 14th century.

Inner castle gate

Immediately next to the chapel lies the inner castle gate, a simple round arched sandstone portal without flanking elements, the wide arch stones are interlocked like a wedge, but on the wall side they are carved at right angles so that the arch frame has a stepped shape, while the inner gate opening is a flat segmented arch made of tuff stone is formed. The gate, reminiscent of Lombard models, suggests that it was built in the 12th century and would therefore be the oldest object in St. Petersberg; but it is possible that parts of it come from a building from that time and were only later put together as a secondary structure. In any case, it is certain that this gate is older than the neighboring masonry. The iron-clad gate wing (with manhole ) dates from the 16th century.

Southern curtain wall

The curtain wall between the keep and the chapel can be dated back to around 1300; it is separated from the keep by a joint and is secondarily overlapped by the chapel masonry. The U-shaped, curved masonry made of rubble stones with grout lines and roughly hewn humpback blocks at the corners has stone light slots and arched openings in a tuff frame. The third floor was added from 1966 to 1973, the terrace presented dates from the 19th century.

North wing

The core of the north wing, extending from the keep to the west, dates from the beginning of the 14th century, was originally two-story, was rebuilt in 1576 and 1657, and an additional story was added in 1973. The middle part of this polygonal wing is a building with a conspicuously rectangular floor plan, separated into two halves in the basement by a north-south wall. The western basement is unplastered and shows regular quarry stone masonry. Numerous late medieval building details are: slits of light, chamfered nails , arched portals and barrel-vaulted cellars. While the upper-story rooms of this north wing have been completely modernized, numerous noteworthy components have been preserved on the ground floor:

  • Room 1: groin vaulted (15th / 16th century), rectangular window in a deep seating niche, slanted in the line of the wall
  • Room 2: remarkable diamond-shaped coffered ceiling (2nd half of the 19th century). In the north wall two windows in deep segmental arch niches, the right one designed as a bay window resting on three corbels; On the inside there is a delicate cross-ribbed vault (end of the 15th century) over profiled consoles, with round heraldic shields placed over the corner, which are repeated at the intersection of the ribs
  • Room 3: beamed ceiling (2nd half of the 19th century)
  • Room 4: Field ceiling (2nd half of the 19th century); Niche oriel with a flat cross vault (late 15th century)
  • Room 5: In the north wall two windows in pointed arch niches with groin vaults (end of the 15th century), wooden altar with a life-size crucifix (19th century)
  • Room 6: Covered girder (19th century)

Gate system, kennel, bridge

The four-bay, slightly rising bridge, which probably dates back to the 14th century, leads to the gate that juts out at an angle from the wall of the Zwinger (14th century), the broken round arch of which was added in 1975. The massive gate replaces an older castle entrance, which was set back a little in a fence wall that divides the ridge in front of the stronghold. From this older kennel, a number of pieces of wall between today's gate and the slope to the pond have been preserved at a height of around three meters. The unusually strong wall (1.25 m) has regular layers of stone and probably belongs to the 13th century.

The remaining parts of the kennel in the north, north-east and south-west have only been preserved in traces and are largely from the late Middle Ages. The parts of the wall that accompany the access ridge between the Burggrafenturm and the stronghold in the south can be dated to the late 14th century (with traces of reconstruction from the 16th century). The square tower protruding from this wall against the pond on a rock head with a bent southern front (still preserved in the 19th century) is probably only from the late Middle Ages.

In contrast, the unusually thick (1.90 m) outer walls of the west wing north of the keep (over a length of 14 m) and correspondingly the walls in the southeast corner and near the gate as well as those of the chapel apse and the southwest corner of the chapel are polygonal Closing the ring wall system from the late 12th century, which would give the basic structure of a dynasty castle from the 12th century, with a polygonal ring wall and a chapel facing east, without a keep.

  • Carver or digestion tower

  • Bridge to the main entrance

  • Remains of old buildings east of the castle

literature

Web links

Commons : Burg St. Petersberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 332-357 .
  2. ^ Johann Zauner: Silz. Nature, HOME, culture, past and present . Ed .: Municipality of Silz, Widumgasse 1. 2015, p. 117 .
  3. ^ Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 334 .
  4. ^ Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 335 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 336 f .
  6. ^ Martin Bitschnau: Castle and nobility in Tyrol between 1050 and 1300 . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1983.
  7. ^ Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 332-357 .
  8. ↑ The alleged first mention has since been recognized as a learned forgery by the historian Joseph von Hormayr from the time before 1838, s. Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Volume 2: 1140-1200 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2012, ISBN 978-3-7030-0485-8 , p. 184-185, No. 625 .
  9. ↑ Heiner Boberski : The angel work. Theory and Practice of Opus Angelorum. Otto Müller Verlag, Salzburg 1993, ISBN 3-7013-0854-3 , pp. 71 and 296.
  10. ^ Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 350 .
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h Councilor Dr. Oswald Graf Trapp: Tiroler Burgenbuch - Oberinntal and Ausserfern . tape VII . Athesia Publishing House, Bozen 1986, p. 350 f .