Slate mining in South Westphalia
The slate mining in South Westphalia is in the Sauerland and adjacent areas in the winner's and Wittgenstein to the late Middle Ages and the early modern period back. However, with the exception of outstanding religious and secular buildings, the products were only sold in the immediate vicinity because of the high transport costs. In the 19th and 20th centuries in particular, slate played an important economic role due to growing demand and the region's connection to the railroad. The products have now been sold on the national and international market. In the region itself, the increased use of the material ensured that slate is considered a building material that shapes the landscape. After a boom in the second half of the 19th century, the importance declined significantly due to increasing competition from other slate suppliers and other materials. After a certain boom in the period of reconstruction after the Second World War, the final decline began. Only a few companies still exist today.
Geology and sites
It was slate mainly from the Middle Devonian dismantled. On the northern range of the Oberdevon , the roofing slate begins in the upper Ruhr valley near Meschede and continues via Eversberg , Velmede , Bestwig , Ostwig , Nuttlar , Antfeld to Altenbüren . The slate banks are usually very flat. They hardly exceed 15 to 20 °. Only where mountain folds occur do they get a steeper dip of 45 to 50 °. This is particularly the case with the Ostwig mine. The thickness varies between 3 and 10 m. The slate beds interact with limestone banks that are locally called Flinz. These have an average thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 m.
Lenneschiefer was mined near Silbach , Siedlinghausen , Nordenau , Lengenbeck and near Fredeburg . The thickness of the deposits is very different and fluctuates between 5 and 30 m. The camps are usually separated by rough layers of slate. The quality of the roofing slate obtained there is high. The rock is easy to split, dark gray in color and weatherproof.
The deposits in neighboring Wittgenstein reach into the Sauerland. There, roofing slate and quartzite layers alternate. This complex has the swept from southwest to northeast, which is common in the limbs of the Rhenish Devonian Formation, and is unusually steep, often vertical and mostly inclined not below 60 to 70 °. The complex, which was mainly exploited in the Raumland area , is only a few kilometers wide, but is about 25 km long and extends as far as the Hallenberg area . The slate occurs there in a thickness of up to 30 m and more. The slate from Raumland and Silbach is characterized by an unusual durability, uniform blue-gray color and is easy to split.
The dismantling was concentrated on the areas near Fredeburg and Nuttlar. Then there are Hallenberg and the Biggetal south of Attendorn . The Raumländer Revier southeast of the Rothaargebirge lies in the Wittgensteiner Land. Slate was also extracted from time to time in the Siegen area. In addition to roofing slate, larger panels and school boards were also produced.
Middle Ages and Early Modern Times
In the beginning, the slate was mined by small businesses for local use. Slate was already used in the Middle Ages. It is not known since when it was systematically dismantled. There is no evidence to suggest that mining in the Raumländer area dates back to the early Middle Ages. Slate was mined near Siegen as early as the 14th century. In the 18th century, however, the fractures in this area were of only limited regional significance. In 1574, slate was delivered from Hallenberg to Raumland. Slate was also extracted from Raumland itself. But a real boom did not take place until the 19th century.
In the second half of the 16th century, slate was mined near Nuttlar and Antfeld. Hallenberger slate was delivered to Arnsberg for palace construction in 1578 . In the Biggetal near Attendorn, slate has been extracted since the 18th century. The Bredelar and Grafschaft monasteries also had slate mined near Silbach and Giershagen at this time . Churches, fortifications and, because of the fire hazard, ironworks and hammer mills were covered with roof slate. The guard tower of the Brilon Landwehr has a slate covering from the 14th or 15th century. The majority of the usual half-timbered houses, on the other hand, were thatched. Slate was also mined in the Sauerland in the Brandenburg region . In 1724 there were reports of a slate quarry near Herscheid or of quarries in the Velbert office . The local slate extraction was not of greater importance than it was locally.
The mining was subject to the respective mountain regulations . In the Duchy of Westphalia this was the Electoral Cologne Mountain Regulations . The sovereign granted the funding rights and received taxes in return. Due to the high transport costs, export hardly played a role.
Initially, the reduction was above ground in so-called slate hollows. Later, slate was usually mined underground with tunnels and crosscuts . The slate mined underground has the advantage that it is easier to split and work on.
Change in regional building culture
Houses with a thatched roof were at high risk of fire. After a fire insurance regulation with corresponding building regulations was issued in 1778 in the Duchy of Westphalia , slate roofs became more common in private buildings. There was hardly any competition with other refractory forms of roofing in the region. The later Hessian and Prussian governments also followed this course. In 1836 Prussia again prohibited the roofing of houses with straw. Although these regulations were circumvented and the old inventory was protected, the material spread much more widely than before.
In practice, the slate roof or the slate of house walls only gradually gained acceptance and the slate roofing has never, as is often assumed, had a dominant role. The very high costs played a role even in the 19th century. A contemporary statistic from 1722 shows that slate roofs were an absolute exception in the cities of the Sauerland in the Brandenburg region. Of 108 houses in Plettenberg , only five had a slate roof. Of 511 houses in Altena , only one had a slate roof. After the city fire of 1795 in Olpe in the Duchy of Westphalia, a fire-proof roof should actually be standard in every building. In fact, in 1877 67 of 299 houses had thatched roofs. But there were other examples as well. In Rüthen with 297 houses in 1808 231 had thatched roofs, but 58 houses already had a slate roof. Even later, slate roofs were not a matter of course, as the evaluation of the applications to the Westphalian Provincial Fire Society from the Attendorn office for the years between 1859 and 1929 shows. The competition from alternative types of roofing was already clearly noticeable. After that, only 7% of the insured houses had slate roofs. Of these, 18% were public buildings, 54% private houses and 28% auxiliary buildings. More than half of the buildings were covered with brick. Gradually, sheet metal and asphalt roofing also appeared.
Development in the 19th and 20th centuries
Slate mining played only a relatively minor role until the middle of the 19th century. Of 175 pits only about 15 were in operation. The lack of efficient transport links meant that the products could essentially only be sold in the immediate vicinity. This applies in particular to the pits in the Olpe district , where slate was still being extracted to a significant extent at this time. Since the middle of the 19th century, the importance of slate mining increased.
Mining law provisions
With the Prussian mining law of 1865, the slate became a landowner's mineral and was no longer subject to state mining law. However, mining law continued to apply to pits opened before 1865. This affected a large part of the pits in the Sauerland. The new pits, however, were subject to the trade supervisory authority and the local police authorities. The number of newer pits was relatively small. The change in legal status can therefore only have a limited impact on the economic situation of the companies. The older mines were mostly operated as unions under mining law. The workers in the old mines were insured by miners' associations .
Economic changes
In the actual Sauerland, a certain increase in the sales radius was associated with the increased construction of roads since the Hessian period from 1803. Nevertheless, this remained limited to the closer environment. It was not until the railroad was built that easier shipping was made possible. The region has not yet been reached by rail itself, but the construction of the Westphalian railway made it possible to transport it to the next train station. Slate was sold as far as Holland , Baden , the provinces of Posen and Silesia . The demand in 1854 was so great that it could not be fully satisfied. Sales could have been much higher had the high freight costs for land transport to train stations not weighed on profitability for more distant pits.
At the same time, with population growth and industrial development, demand increased. This applies not least to the growing cities relatively close to the Rhine and Ruhr. The general economic boom also enabled larger investments to be made in the mines and led to larger mining operations. In addition, new slate deposits were discovered and developed in the Fredeburg mining area.
Templates for roofing slate were introduced in 1855. This not only standardized the product so that it could be processed immediately on the construction site, it was also easier and cheaper to transport. The shapes were different depending on the sales region. In Saxony , hexagonal shapes and in northern Germany rectangular ("English") shapes were preferred.
New forms of business also emerged. The company Geßner & Co., founded in 1856 and based in Meschede, which worked in the Nuttlar area, was founded as a limited partnership and converted into a stock corporation in 1868 . Julius Lex from Meschede also founded a limited partnership in 1868 and primarily had the deposits near Silbach exploited. The slate boom also attracted foreign investors. An Englishman built the Westphalia and New England mines near Bigge . It was stenciled by English workers. Another Schieferbau AG "Sauerland" did not manage to produce profitably and had to cease operations after a few years. Since the great economic crisis of the 1850s, slate prices have proven to be very cyclical.
Due to the lack of a railroad that directly connected the region, competition with English slate was already noticeable in the middle of the 19th century. The Ruhr Valley Railway , which opened in 1873, brought a change . The products were now operated all over Germany and abroad. The export of slate for billiard tables to Russia, for example, was quite successful . Above all, the pits directly on the railway line benefited from the economic upturn. It was only through the development of remote areas by branch lines since the 1890s that dismantling was worthwhile. But the transport costs to the next train station continued to weigh on the remote pits.
production
As a rule, mining continued to take place underground. The mining sites were accessed through tunnels of different lengths. Large, dome-like cavities were often created in the course of mining. The dismantling was carried out by blasting. For this purpose, the shooting holes were initially drilled by hand later with hydraulic drilling machines. Other workers loosened the rock loosened by the blast. In addition, the slate was roughly split into raw slabs on site. These were about 5 cm thick and had an area of up to 9 square meters. Significantly smaller panels were used for splitting into roofing slate.
The further processing took place in split houses above ground. The material was first split into thinner pieces. This was done by hand with a mallet and a kind of chisel. Then the irregularly shaped material was brought into the desired shape with the aid of scissors-like devices. In some cases, the holes required for nailing were also made. Usually the roofer did this work himself later.
Circular saws were used to produce large, thicker slates of slate to give the material a rectangular shape. This was smoothed out by large planing machines. Then, if necessary, additional work steps were carried out to treat the surfaces.
The only factory in Westphalia that processed slate into school blackboards was in Nuttlar. The material had to be thinner and of higher quality than that for roofing slate. After splitting, machines were used early on. The finished panels were then fitted into wooden frames.
Scope of production
Between 1841 and 1888, the production of slate rose from 873 m² to 22,052 m² in 1877. After that, production fell to 14,702 m². The peak of the slate economy was reached in 1892. Production had already declined significantly before the First World War.
With regard to the intra-regional production focus, this was in the Wittgensteiner Land at the beginning of the 1890s, while the Meschede district only made up 7% of the total output due to the closure of some mines. 17% of the funding came from the Brilon district . The formerly important mining area in the district of Siegen only reached 5%. In the period that followed, the production of roofing slate in the Wittgensteiner Land and also in the Brilon district declined. This product was no longer manufactured in the Siegen district, so the focus of production was in the Meschede district. A similar picture emerges in the manufacture of slate panels. Around 91% of production came from the Meschede district around 1912, followed by the Brilon district with 8.71%. The prices were also different and were based primarily on the quality. In this respect, too, the Meschede district was ahead.
Workforce
As the economy developed, so did the number of workers. In 1891 about 800 workers were employed in this area. These had to take care of about 2000 relatives. These numbers remained roughly stable until the turn of the century. After that, they continued to decline. In 1907 around 600 and in 1912 478 workers were employed in the pits of the Sauerland. Accordingly, the number of relatives to be cared for also decreased. According to the focus of production, the number of workers in the individual districts also changed. While their number was highest in the Wittgenstein district in the 1880s / 90s, the focus before the First World War was in the Meschede district.
In addition to the stagnation in slate mining, the mechanization of production, especially in the manufacture of slate slabs, was also important for the decline in the number of workers. Even if wages have risen noticeably since the 1890s, the relatively low wages and difficult working conditions also resulted in emigration to other areas. In this context, employment with the railroad or the change to the Sauerland touring trade were mentioned .
Before the First World War, working hours were very different. In the Wittgenstein room, including three breaks, it was about twelve hours. They worked nine and a half hours in the Fredeburg area and only eight hours in the Nuttlar area. However, until working hours were reduced in 1908, the shift lasted for twelve hours. Contemporary statistics of all slate workers with the exception of those from Wittgenstein show that underground workers worked 8.8 hours in 1913. Those working on the surface were busy 9.4 hours. Except for the record factory in Nuttlar, there were no night shifts.
Parts of the workers, especially those underground, were paid according to thought rates, the rest received daily wages . Where piece wages were paid, comradeships consisted of about ten workers each. Part of them worked as a tusker and the other as a cleaver.
The employees were mostly local and to a large extent still closely linked to rural society. In the actual Sauerland, they mostly lived in the immediate vicinity of the pits. In the Wittgensteiner Land, however, she often had to travel several kilometers to get to work.
Many still had an additional income from a small farm. Almost all workers had their own house and at least enough floor space to keep one or more goats or a cow. In addition, at least two pigs from each family were slaughtered. In Nuttlar 59 workers owned 62 houses, 44 owned 140 acres of land, 25 had 29 cows, 78 owned 120 sheep and 80 had 188 pigs. Together, the workers also owned at least 100 acres of forest. The situation was similar in the Fredeburg area. Because of the long working hours, agriculture in the Wittgensteiner Land was mostly run by the working women.
In Nuttlar, the company had been running a consumer association since the 1870s . This sold the basic food and coal to the employees at cost price. Over time, the organization passed into the hands of the employees, while the company limited itself to financing.
In contrast to the extremely unhealthy Ramsbeck mining , the work in the slate mining was significantly less hazardous to health. Due to the long approach routes in the Wittgensteiner Land, the health conditions there were somewhat worse than in the actual Sauerland. There, the average age of thirty-seven dead slate breakers in the twenty years prior to 1913 was only 46.2 years, while the general average age was about 60 years. Among the deceased were twelve miners who died in accidents.
Despite the integration with rural society, the Sauerland miners also began to join the slate quarry in the 1890s in the form of the Christian Miners' Association. The first strike movement, which included not only individual pits but also numerous sites for slate mining, took place in 1906. While some employers, including the Nuttaler Schieferbergbau AG, complied with the workers' demands, owners of pits in the Fredeburg area in particular offered fierce resistance.
Stagnation and decline
After the slate boom in the second half of the 19th century, a period of stagnation began. One reason was growing foreign tariffs and competition from foreign slate from Belgium , France and England, for example . In addition, the market prices for slate fluctuate strongly. This was offset by rising costs for transport, wages and social costs. In addition, there was growing competition from other, often cheaper, roofing materials. In contrast to other slate mining areas, it was not possible to found a joint sales company. A West German sales company did not prove itself. However, there were agreements with associations of roofers. This also contributed to the fact that the sales revenues were lower than elsewhere.
After the Second World War , the reconstruction led to a renewed greater demand for slate. The foreign and foreign competition, especially from Spain, and the use of other materials made themselves felt again relatively quickly. Some companies tried to counter the rising cost pressure and falling sales by mechanizing and rationalizing production. But there were only very few mining pits left. The composite mine in Fredeburg is the last mine to produce .
Territories
In addition to isolated pits, there were three larger slate areas in the Sauerland.
Raumländer Revier
The Raumländer Revier was outside the actual Sauerland near Bad Berleburg , Raumland and Dotzlar an der Eder . The best occurrences were found in this area in a 50 to 100 m thick claystone sequence, which is embedded between two equally thick quartzite layers. But only part of the clay slate layers were suitable for slate mining. The Raumländer slate had a good reputation because of its weather resistance. It was partially exported to Upper Austria ( Ort Castle was covered with this slate).
The start of mining seems to have been in the second half of the 16th century. However, the dismantling is only really certain for 1650, when a local church was covered with slate. The pits were idle for a long time before a new beginning began in 1717. At that time, the Hörre mine was the most important and long-lasting mine in this area. As a result, farmers in particular in the area operated a number of pits.
Foreign investors began to invest in the mining in the middle of the 19th century. In particular, the introduction of the General Mining Act of 1865 led to increased investment. New pit fields were lent and pits opened. Some of the mining was still carried out using the opencast mine, usually underground. In 1877, the old mine in Hörre went underground. The Cologne merchant Werner Kreuser united a large part of the scattered mine property north of the Eder in one hand until 1864 and united it to form the Hörre mine. Kreuser also got involved financially in the pits south of the Eder. Several mines were in operation near Dotzlar, of which the Richard mine continued to work after the First World War.
In the heyday of Raumländer slate mining, there were ten pits that employed 448 workers. In 1892 the peak of mining was reached with about 124,000 meters worth 265,000 marks. Roofing slate was sold throughout Germany and in some cases to other European countries. There were also slates, slates and gravestones.
The connection to the railway in 1890 improved transport significantly. Nevertheless, the importance of slate mining declined since the turn of the century for the reasons already mentioned. The Kreuser company went bankrupt in 1903. At first most of the mines were owned by the Ohl, Trude & Metz company before they were taken over by the Uellendahl & Co. company in 1917. After the Second World War, the Hörre mine had to close because there was a lack of capital for modernization. The Heßlar and Hörre II mines remained. These continued to flourish until the 1960s. About 60 workers were employed there at that time. In 1973 the mine was finally closed. The Delle mine, which was closed in 1923, has been a show mine since 1982 .
Fredeburg district
The Fredeburg Revier is divided into the area around Fredeburg itself and the area of the pits near Silbach and Siedlinghausen . The mines were already in Hesse near Willingen . Slate mining in this area began in the 16th century near Siedlinghausen and Silbach. During the excavation of a cooling cellar in Fredeburg in 1851 a minable slate deposit was discovered. This resulted in the “beer cellar” pit.
The roof slate store is tied to the upper part of the Fredeburg layers formed from the Eifel stage of the Middle Devonian. The discovery of the occurrence near Fredeburg took place during the expansion phase of slate mining in the Sauerland. As a result, further pits were opened in the area. The Magog (1859) and Gomer (1880) pits were built in the immediate vicinity of the Bierkeller pit.
The Magog and Bierkeller pits were closed together in 1970. The Gromer mine followed in 1982. The composite mine Magog-Gomer-Bierkeller still exists today. The pits extend over a length of about 1000 m. Today it is dismantled using sawing equipment and hydraulic hammers.
The Felicitas mine was built in Heiminghausen in 1863 . This existed until the 1990s. Today, parts of the pit are used as a healing gallery.
The Brandholz I mine was opened near Nordenau in 1866. The Brandholz I mine produced until 1980. Production continued at the neighboring Brandholz II mine. In this area there are three slate deposits of 5 m, 18 to 20 m and 25 to 30 m in thickness. The dismantling takes place in two underground levels. Due to the difficult geological conditions, the mechanization of mining was not possible. That is also why the dismantling had to be stopped. Parts of these pits are also marketed as healing galleries.
There were also pits on the upper Lenne near the Kahler Asten . These were able to hold their own for some time until after the Second World War.
Most of the mines were operated in civil engineering, only at Siedlinghausen there were occasional opencast mines. The Christine pit existed near Willingen from 1871 to 1971. Four layers of roofing slate with a thickness between 2 and 20 m were mined there. These belong to the branch layers of the Middle Devon. The pit extends underground for several hundred meters in the strike of the layers. Parts of the pit are accessible as a show mine. Also in the vicinity of Willingen, the "Brilon" mine was reopened in 1947. It ceased operations in 1984.
Nuttlar district
The deposits in the Nuttlar area belong to the so-called Flinzschichten, which in this area form the border between the highest Middle Devon and the Upper Devon. They consist of a strongly folded sequence of slate and limestone . The bearings reach a thickness of 3 to 15 m. The separating limestone layers are between a few decimeters and a few meters thick. The slate quality is different. Some layers were suitable for roofing slate, others only for thicker slabs. It was precisely these thicker panels that temporarily formed the main product of the Nuttlar mines. They were made into table tops or steps.
The mining at Antfeld goes back to the 16th century. In Antfeld, mining was quite well organized in the 18th century. The deposits there were shared by five companies. These were each leased to four “mountain boys”. The place where the dismantling took place was named after the foreman of the respective group. Each foreman was in charge of another three miners who worked with him. Each mountain boy paid three Reichstaler rent and 9 silver groschen to win money. In 1706 a total of 399 loads of slate were mined for 677 Reichstalers. Some of the slate was exported to Soest , Beckum or Paderborn . The administration and sale of all businesses together was carried out by the administration of Schloss Antfeld . The average price was 1.70 Reichstalers. The owner of Haus Antfeld only paid 1 Reichstaler to the miners, so he made a profit from the sale in addition to the lease. Because only the pure slate but not the overburden was paid for, the income of the mountain boys was very unstable. Most of them were therefore in debt.
In the further course of the 18th century, the mining continued, even if there were indications of a certain decline. At the beginning of the 19th century, the slate quarries were leased out. But now the tenants were working on their own account. Since 1850, the owners have merged into two companies that were able to make mining more profitable.
In Nuttlar itself, the mining can be traced for the first time in 1709. But it may be older. The shareholders of the company Geßner & Co., founded in 1856 and based in Meschede, which mined in the Nuttlar area, raised a capital of 125,000 thalers. The operation began with the purchase of sixteen mine fields for a price of 80,000 thalers. In the 1850s, the Gessner & Co. company acquired a number of smaller pits and merged them to form the Ostwig mine. Most of the other mines in the area were subsequently acquired. Although the transport conditions were still poor, the company took off and was converted into a public company in 1867. This made it possible to modernize the company using English machines, among other things. The company profited from the construction of the Ruhr Valley Railway in 1873. This significantly increased the potential sales area.
The most important Ostwig mine was initially mined using an opencast mine. After a crisis at the beginning of the 1870s, railway construction brought the company a great boom in 1873. In 1878 the construction of the Kaiser Wilhelm tunnel began with the transition to civil engineering. There was a "lower", "middle" and "upper" camp. There was also another warehouse, the slate of which was mainly processed into panels and was therefore called “panel warehouse”. For the reasons already mentioned, production stagnated around the turn of the 20th century. After the Second World War, the mines in Nuttlar experienced another boom. In 1980, around 2000 tons of slate per year were extracted from the Ostwig mine. There were also other pits in the area. Most closed in the 1970s / 80s. The Ostwig mine produced until 1985.
reception
In the region, some facilities keep the memory of the former slate mining alive. The Holthausen Slate Mining and Local History Museum has 2,500 m² of exhibition space. In the slate department, all types of processing of the slate are shown, from mining to completion. The museum's own gallery transports the visitor directly into the underground mining.
Guided tours are offered through the slate mine in Nuttlar. The lower flooded soles can be explored in dives. A show mine was set up in 1983 in the Delle mine in the Raumlander Revier.
Individual evidence
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 1f.
- ↑ Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the South Westphalian Bergland online version ; Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 371
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 3f.
- ^ Thomas Spohn: Age and origin of pre-industrial slate coverings in Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv 13th year 2013, p. 200f.
- ↑ Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the South Westphalian Bergland online version , Thomas Spohn: Age and origin of pre-industrial slate coverings in Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv, 13th year 2013, pp. 200–204
- ^ Thomas Spohn: Age and origin of pre-industrial slate coverings in Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv, 13th year 2013, p. 200
- ↑ Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the South Westphalian Bergland online version
- ↑ Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the South Westphalian Bergland online version
- ^ Thomas Spohn: Age and origin of pre-industrial slate coverings in Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv 13th year 2013, pp. 195–198; Kirsten Bernhard: Fire insurance applications as sources. Evaluation options using the example of the introduction of new building materials in the Sauerland. In: Südwestfalenarchiv Vol. 8 2008 242
- ^ Thomas Spohn: Age and origin of pre-industrial slate coverings in Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv 13th year 2013, pp. 193–195; Kirsten Bernhard: Fire insurance applications as sources. Evaluation options using the example of the introduction of new building materials in the Sauerland. In: Südwestfalenarchiv vol. 8 2008, pp. 242–250
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 8
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 17
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 8, 27
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 371
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 8; Wilfried Reininghaus / Georg Korte: Trade and commerce in the Arnsberg, Meschede, Brilon, Soest and Lippstadt districts. In: Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (ed.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Dortmund 2001, p. 157
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 10f .; Wilfried Reininghaus / Georg Korte: Trade and commerce in the Arnsberg, Meschede, Brilon, Soest and Lippstadt districts. In: Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (ed.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Dortmund 2001, p. 157
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 13, 27f.
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 21-23
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 23-25
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 25
- ↑ Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the South Westphalian Bergland online version , Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 372
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 20; Wilfried Reininghaus / Georg Korte: Trade and commerce in the Arnsberg, Meschede, Brilon, Soest and Lippstadt districts. In: Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (ed.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Dortmund 2001, p. 157
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 30f.
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 31-33
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 34
- ↑ cf. on the agrarian-commercial links in the region: Jens Hahnwald: "Black brothers in red underwear." Workers and labor movement in the Arnsberg, Brilon and Meschede districts. In: Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (ed.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Dortmund 2001, pp. 235-237
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 35-37
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 37-41
- ↑ Jens Hahnwald: "Black Brothers in Red Undergarments." Workers and labor movement in the Arnsberg, Brilon and Meschede districts. In: Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (ed.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Dortmund 2001, p. 253, Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 14
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 13, 29; Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 372; Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the south Westphalian mountainous region online version
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, pp. 373-377
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 377
- ↑ Slate quarries Magog: The Fredeburg slate district
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 377 f.
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 378 f.
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 379
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 377
- ^ Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 381f.
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, p. 6f .; Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 382
- ^ Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916, pp. 9-11; Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, p. 382f.
- ↑ Westphalian Slate Mining and Local History Museum in Holthausen
- ↑ schieferbau-nuttlar.de
- ↑ Raumland slate show mine ( memento of the original from November 20, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
literature
- Reinhard Köhne: The slate mining in the south Westphalian mountainous region online version
- Theodor Plümpe: The Westphalian slate industry. Diss., Leipzig 1916 digitized
- Wilfried Reininghaus / Georg Korte: Trade and commerce in the Arnsberg, Meschede, Brilon, Soest and Lippstadt districts. In: Karl-Peter Ellerbrock / Tanja Bessler-Worbs (ed.): Economy and society in south-eastern Westphalia. Dortmund 2001, pp. 132-173
- Thomas Spohn: Age and origin of pre-industrial slate coverings in Westphalia. In: Südwestfalenarchiv 13th year 2013
- Volker Wrede: Roofing slate mining in the Sauerland. In: Westfälisches Schieferbergbau-Museum Schmallenberg-Holthausen (Hrsg.): Mining in the Sauerland. Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg 1996, pp. 371-381