Split cage

Split cage
	Chinese split cup ( Schisandra chinensis )
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
Subdivision :	Seed plants (Spermatophytina)
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Order :	Austrobaileyales
Family :	Star anise family (Schisandraceae)
Genre :	Split cage
Scientific name
	Schisandra
	Michx.

The cleft baskets or cleft bulbs ( Schisandra ), also called berry grapes, are a genus of plants in the star anise family (Schisandraceae). Most testers representative of the genus is from China originating medicinal plant Chinese Schisandra ( Schisandra chinensis ), and other species are used medicinally.

description

Illustration of the Chinese split cup ( Schisandra chinensis )

Berries of Schisandra chinensis

Split-cage species are woody climbing plants . There are both evergreen and deciduous species. The plant parts are smooth or hairy.

They are mostly dioecious ( dioecious ), rarely monoecious ( monoecious ), separate sexes. The flowers are in the leaf axils singly or in pairs or in groups of up to eight. The nine to twelve (rarely up to 20) bracts are arranged in two series; the outer and inner are smaller than the middle ones. In the male flowers, the five to 60 stamens are partially or completely fused. In the female flowers the 12 to 120 free carpels are arranged in a spiral. There are berries made with mostly two (rarely one or three) seeds.

use

Most schisandra species are used medicinally. Volatile oil is extracted from the stems, leaves and fruits. Ropes are made from the fibers.

The sesquiterpenes present in Schisandra glaucescens can be separated chromatographically and identified by mass spectrometry and NMR .

Schisandra hit the headlines in 2014 after the banned substance methylhexanamine was found in the body of the Olympic biathlete Evi Sachsenbacher-Stehle during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . The athlete was able to convince the IBU Anti-Doping Committee that the methylhexanamine in her body came from a tea concentrate made from the Schisandra plant. The tea concentrate had been classified as harmless by Sachbacher-Stehle's mental and nutritional advisors.

Systematics and distribution

Chinese split cup ( Schisandra chinensis )

Chinese split cup berries ( Schisandra chinensis )

Large-flowered split cup ( Schisandra grandiflora )

Red-flowered split cup ( Schisandra rubriflora )

Red-flowered split basket ( Schisandra rubriflora ), flowers

The genus Schisandra was set up in 1803 by André Michaux in Flora Boreali-Americana , 2, pp. 218-219, plate 47. Synonyms for Schisandra Michx. are: Sphaerostema Blume , Stellandria Brickell .

In the genus of the schisandra , about 25 to 30 species are distinguished. They are mainly native to Asia; only one species in North America. There are 19 to 20 species in China. Here is a selection of species:

Schisandra arisanensis Hayata : The two subspecies thrive in forests and bushland at altitudes of 200 to 2300 meters in Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hunan , Jiangxi and Zhejiang .
- Schisandra arisanensis Hayata subsp. arisanensis : It occurs in Taiwan.
- Schisandra arisanensis subsp. viridis (ACSM.) RMKSaunders (Syn .: Schisandra viridis A.C.Smith ): It occurs in China.
Schisandra bicolor W.C.Cheng (Syn .: Schisandra bicolor var. Tuberculata (YWLaw) YWLaw , Schisandra tuberculata Y.W.Law , Schisandra wilsoniana A.C.Sm. ): It iswidespreadin the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
Chinese split cage ( Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. , Syn .: Kadsura chinensis Turcz. , Maximowiczia chinensis Ruprecht ex Maxim. ): It is in Korea, the Amur region , the island of Sakhalin , northern Japan and the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol and Shanxi are common.
Schisandra elongata (flower) Baill. : It occurs on Java.
Schisandra glabra (Brickell) Rehder : It is the only species in the New World and in the US states of Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina and Tennessee and in the Mexican states of Hidalgo ; Baja California Sur and Veracruz common.
Schisandra glaucescens Diels : It is common in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing and Hubei .
Large-flowered split cup ( Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook. F. & Thomson , Syn .: Kadsura grandiflora Wall. ): It is widespread in the Himalayas from northern India via Nepal and Bhutan to southern Tibet .
Schisandra henryi C.B. Clarke : It is widespread with three subspecies in southern China at altitudes between 500 and 2300 meters.
- Schisandra henryi subsp. henryi : It occurs in southern China.
- Schisandra henryi subsp. marginalis (ACSm.) RMKSaunders : It occurs in southeastern China.
- Schisandra henryi subsp. yunnanensis (ACSm.) RMKSaunders : It occurs in Yunnan.
Schisandra incarnata Stapf : It thrives in forests and in thickets at altitudes between 1,600 and 2,300 meters in southwestern and western Hubei, but also occurs in India in Arunachal Pradesh .
Schisandra lancifolia (Rehder & EHWilson) ACSm. (Syn .: Schisandra sphenanthera var. Lancifolia Rehder & EHWilson ): It is used in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
Schisandra longipes (Merr. & Chun) RMKSaunders : It occurs in northern Guangdong and northern Guangxi.
Schisandra macrocarpa Q.Lin & YMShui : This species, first described in 2011, occurs in Yunnan.
Schisandra micrantha A.C. Smith : It is common in Yunnan, India and Myanmar.
Schisandra neglecta A.C. Smith : It is distributed from India via Bhutan, Nepal and Myanmar to the Chinese province of Yunnan.
Schisandra parapropinqua Z.R.Yang & Q.Lin : The species first described in 2009 occurs in Guizhou and Yunnan.
Schisandra perulata Gagnep. : It occurs from northern Thailand to northern Vietnam.
Schisandra plena A.C. Smith : It is common in India and the Chinese province of Yunnan.
Schisandra propinqua (Wall.) Baill. : The four subspecies are distributed from India via Nepal, in eastern Myanmar, in northern Thailand to Bali as well as on Java and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan and Xizang .
- Schisandra propinqua subsp. axillary (flower) RMKSaunders : It occurs from Java to Bali.
- Schisandra propinqua subsp. intermedia (ACSm.) RMKSaunders : It occurs from Assam to Yunnan.
- Schisandra propinqua subsp. propinqua : It occurs in the Himalayas.
- Schisandra propinqua subsp. sinensis (olive) RMKSaunders : It occurs from southeastern Tibet to central China.
Schisandra pubescens Hemsley & Wilson : It is common in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , Hubei and Sichuan.
Schisandra pubinervis (Rehder & EHWilson) RMKSaunders : It occurs from Sichuan to Hubei.
Schisandra repanda (Siebold & Zucc.) ACSm. : It thrives in the mountains of Japan and South Korea .
Red-flowered split cup ( Schisandra rubriflora Rehder & EHWilson , Syn .: Schisandra chinensis var. Rubriflora Franchet , Schisandra grandiflora var. Cathayensis Schneider ): It is widespread from Indian Assam via northern Myanmar to northern Yunnan.

Schisandra sphaerandra Stapf : It thrives at altitudes between 1000 and 3800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.

Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & EHWilson (Syn .: Schisandra flaccidiramosa C.R.Sun ): It thrives in forests and in thickets at altitudes of mostly 700 to 2000 (200 to 5100) meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan , Jiangsu, Shaanxi , Shanxi, Sichuan, northeastern Yunnan and Zhejiang .

Schisandra tomentella A.C. Smith : It only thrives at altitudes between 1,300 and 2,200 meters in the south of the Chinese province of Sichuan.

swell

Yuhu Liu, Nianhe Xia, Liu Yuhu, Richard MK Saunders: Schisandraceae. : Schisandra , p. 41 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 7: Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8 (section description, systematics and use)
Michael A. Vincent: Schisandraceae : Schisandra - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 3: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1997. ISBN 0-19-511246-6 (section description)

Single references

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Yuhu Liu, Nianhe Xia, Liu Yuhu, Richard MK Saunders: Schisandraceae. : Schisandra , p. 41 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 7: Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8
↑ PP Zhang, SS Gao, TT Zhang, JC Chen, HQ Duan, JB Fang: Sesquiterpenes from stem of Schisandra glaucescens. In: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. Volume 37, 22, 2012, pp. 3426-3429. Chinese. PMID 23373215
^ Doping ban for Sachsenbacher-Stehle , Süddeutsche Zeitung , July 17, 2014
↑ ^a ^b Schisandra in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Schisandra - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on June 1, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 18th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5408-1 .

literature

RMK Saunders: Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae) . In: Syst. Bot. Monogr. tape 58 , 2000, pp. 1-146 .

Web links

Commons : Cleft basket - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Yuhu Liu, Nianhe Xia, Liu Yuhu, Richard MK Saunders: Schisandraceae. : Schisandra , p. 41 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 7: Menispermaceae through Capparaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8

[Zhang2012-2] PP Zhang, SS Gao, TT Zhang, JC Chen, HQ Duan, JB Fang: Sesquiterpenes from stem of Schisandra glaucescens. In: Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. Volume 37, 22, 2012, pp. 3426-3429. Chinese. PMID 23373215

[3] Doping ban for Sachsenbacher-Stehle , Süddeutsche Zeitung , July 17, 2014

[GRIN-4] Schisandra in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 1, 2018.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Schisandra - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families des Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on June 1, 2018.

[Zander2008-6] Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 18th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5408-1 .