Zbraslav Castle
| Former Cistercian Abbey of Zbraslav | |
|---|---|
 Zbraslav Castle |
|
| location |
 Czech Republic Bohemia
|
| Coordinates: | 49 ° 58 '40.5 " N , 14 ° 23' 31" E |
| Serial number according to Janauschek |
688 |
| founding year | 1292 |
| Year of dissolution / annulment |
1785 |
| Mother monastery | Sedlec Monastery |
| Primary Abbey | Morimond Monastery |
|
Daughter monasteries |
no |
The Zbraslav Castle ( German Schloss Königsaal ) is a former Cistercian monastery in Zbraslav , a district of Prague , Czech Republic . It is located at the confluence of the Lipanský potok with the Vltava .
history
The Zbraslav Castle was originally a monastery of the Cistercians, which in 1292 by the Czech King Wenceslas II. , Composed of Prague bishop Tobias of Bechyně on the site of a hunting farm at the mouth of mięsa founded in Moldavia and with monks from the monastery Waldsassen and its Daughter monastery Sedlec had been settled.
The 1297 built and St. Basilica of the monastery, consecrated to Mother of God, became the burial place of Bohemian rulers and their families. There were from the ruling family of Přemyslid king Wenceslas II. († 1305) and Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia , buried († 1330), daughter of Wenceslas II., Also Margaret of Luxembourg († 1341), daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia and King John of the sex of Luxembourg and Joanna of Bavaria († 1386), first wife of King Wenceslas IV. the body of King Wenceslas III. († 1306) was transferred from the Olomouc Wenceslas Cathedral to the Königsaal in 1326 . Queen Elisabeth of Bohemia had seven chapels built within the monastery walls, none of which have been preserved.
The monastery was also known through the Königsaaler Chronik (Chronicon Aulae regiae) , which records the history of the monastery, Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire from 1253; it was started by Abbot Otto von Thuringia and completed in 1338 by Abbot Peter von Zittau , who held this office between 1316 and 1338. In 1400 Pope Boniface IX raised the parish church of St. Gallus on the Galli-Berg ( Havlín ) and subordinated it to the monastery.
On August 14, 1420, the Taborites under Václav Koranda sacked the monastery and burned it down. The coffins in the royal tomb were broken into and robbed, and the remains of the last Přemyslids were scattered in the church. After the end of the Hussite Wars , the monastery was rebuilt. The remains of the Přemyslid skeletons were probably collected in the process. In 1611, the Nassauer plundered the monastery. During the Thirty Years' War , the monastery was plundered again by the Imperial Hungarian auxiliaries. In 1639 the monastery was devastated by the Swedes under General Banér . The following year construction began on the new collegiate church of St. James. In the choir of the presbytery in front of the high altar, the Cistercians had a new crypt built for the abbots; it was completed in 1743.
The first written mention of the collection of bones of the Premyslids comes from the 17th century. In the 18th century the bones were presented in the sacristy of the collegiate church in a box covered with velvet and gold braids and provided with panes of glass. In the upper compartment, in addition to some bones, there were also three human skulls, the largest of which was Wenceslaus II and the smallest Wenceslaus III. was attributed. Underneath were the bones and skulls of children around the second compartment. Maximilian Millauer doubted the authenticity of all the bones. However, research by the paleoanthropologist Emanuel Vlček confirmed that the bones attributed to King Wenceslaus II were real and that other bones came from one of his daughters, probably Elizabeth of Bohemia. The Bones of the Přemyslids were solemnly transferred to the Church of St. James in Zbraslav and buried there in the floor of the presbytery.
The layout of the medieval monastery is known from a drawing found in 1850 in the tower of the Horní Mokropsy church. Archaeological excavations in 1924–1926 and 1977–1978 have confirmed their accuracy.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the baroque convent buildings were renovated according to plans by the architect Johann Blasius Santini-Aichl and completed in 1732 by Franz Maximilian Kaňka . However, as part of the Josephine reforms , the monastery was closed in 1785. At that time 39 monks lived in the monastery.
In 1787 the convent building was converted into a sugar refinery. The prelature was given a new use as an official palace with the office and apartment of the chief magistrate. The Collegiate Church of St. Jakobus the Elder became a parish church.
In 1825, Friedrich Kraft Heinrich Fürst zu Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein acquired the monastery complex together with the rulers. In 1861 his son Karl Friedrich zu Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein took over his father's property when he came of age. The following owner was from 1910 the textile industrialist Cyril Bartoň-Dobenín . In 1911–1925 he arranged for the former monastery building to be converted into a three-part palace complex based on plans by Dušan Jurkovič . It is surrounded by a park with numerous statues. In 1948 the Bartoň-Dobenin family was expropriated. After the political changes of the castle in the 1990s, to the heirs of the former owners returned .
From 1940 a collection of 19th and 20th century Czech sculptures was exhibited in one part of the building, which is part of the Prague National Gallery . The National Gallery housed its extensive collection of Asian art there until 2009.
During its existence, the monastery was run by 35 abbots.
Sugar factories
In 1786 the court chancellery managed to win over Josef Edler von Sauvaigne, who had already founded a sugar refinery in Klosterneuburg , for the construction of the first sugar refinery in the Kingdom of Bohemia ; Before that, there had been various plans to build a sugar refinery in Prague since 1769, but they had failed. By decree of May 5, 1787, Sauvaigne received permission to use the monastery buildings free of charge, with the exception of the prelature, as well as the promise of a peculiar transfer of the buildings after the company's economic boom. In the summer he had a call for the establishment of a joint-stock company published in the press, the privileged Bohemian sugar refinery at Königsaal near Prague with a capital of 150,000 guilders per 300 shares. On June 17, 1787, the convent building was rented to the Fries & Co. corporation under the direction of the director Sauvaigne. After the renovations, the first boiler was ceremoniously put into operation in September. A little later, Sauvaigne obtained the right to be designated as a kk privileged factory and the use of the imperial eagle by Emperor Joseph II . In addition there was u. a. the right to use the public warehouses in the three Prague cities ( Old Town , New Town , Lesser Town ), Lemberg , Vienna , Brno and Linz . Soon the factory was producing in eight boilers and employing 75 workers. After the death of Joseph II, a protracted dispute with the wholesalers over the monopoly of the refinery and the new conceptless customs policy put an end to the company's brief flourishing.
1796 took over the operation with four boilers with the kk privileged sugar boiler in Königsaal . In the course of the dissolution of the old stock corporation, most of the shareholders joined the new company, whereby the new company bought the production facilities and acquired the concession granted until 1810. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , the Imperial and Royal Privileged Zuckersiederei in Königsaal was not granted a profitable business. During this time unsuccessful attempts were made to obtain sugar using the Achard method from Hořowitz beet syrup. In 1803 the company stopped its production, after which the inventory was auctioned. This meant that there was no longer a sugar factory in Bohemia and the sugar had to be imported as it was before 1787.
In 1812 the court chamber initially rejected a request from four interested parties to operate a sugar factory in Königsaal under state administration. In the same year Anton Richter received the license; he bought the building on August 20, 1812 and received the exclusive state privilege for the processing of domestic and colonial raw materials. Richter was initially unsuccessful, in 1815 he had to stop production and went abroad. With the knowledge he gained there, Richter returned to Königsaal in 1818 and resumed production, producing not only sugar but also other chemical substances. In 1819, the Prague businessman Heinrich Herz joined the company as a partner. In 1823, Herz went into business for himself, and Franz Ferdinand Kolb became Richter's new companion. With an annual production of over 12,000 quintals of refinery, the Königsaaler refinery, along with the refineries in Fiume and Trieste, was one of the largest in the imperial and royal monarchy. In 1824 the refinery and chemical factory in which u. a. Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, salnite (purified nitric acid , especially potassium nitrate ), alum, soda and creosote were manufactured into separate companies. In 1832 Richter founded a beet sugar factory in Königsaal, and in the same year two more factories were opened in Dačice and Bezděkov that also produced beet sugar. The Richter sugar factories in Königsaal belonged to the technically most perfect sugar factories of the Imperial and Royal Monarchy and to the pioneers of the beet sugar industry. The Königsaal sugar factories covered a large part of the sugar production in the Bohemian countries and significantly initiated the change from cane to beet sugar production in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. In 1831 Richter built another sugar factory in Klein-Kuchel, which, however, showed not only technical problems with the water supply but also serious supply problems with raw materials. As a result, the Klein-Kucheler sugar factory was relocated to the empty Königsaaler brewery and the area of the Klein-Kucheler factory was leased to the Evans & Lee weapons factory.
In 1845, three sugar factories were producing in the former monastery buildings; the kk state-privileged sugar refinery in the Königsaal by Anton Richter , the beet sugar factory in the Königsaal by Anton Richter and the stately beet sugar factory.
The social upheaval in the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of industrial sugar production finally led to the cessation of sugar production in Königsaal. After the abolition of hereditary subservience , the farmers were able to sell their products freely. Numerous new peasant sugar factories were built in the form of cooperatives or joint-stock companies, in the vicinity these were the Modřany (1861), Uhříněves (1868) and Radotín (1872) sugar factories . The use of the old monastery and brewery building as an operating site increasingly became a disadvantage of the location, which prevented the necessary redesign of the production facilities in the 1860s. After the company closed, Karl Friedrich zu Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein bought the former sugar factory in 1875 and had the factory buildings, the forge and the Gothic church of St. John the Baptist, which had served as a sugar store and hayloft, demolished.
Reign of the royal hall
In 1304 King Wenceslaus II transferred the towns of Wilhelmswerth , Böhmisch Trübau and Landskron , the villages of Großkuchel, Kleinkuchel, Komořan, Radotin, Cernečitz , Lipan, Lipenetz, Neudorf, Slap , Přestawlk, Stradoun , Dzbanow , Banims , Gablon , to the monastery , Cigenfuß , Stradow and Spanow as well as income of 400 silver marks annually. During the 14th century, the Cistercians colonized the forest areas belonging to the monastery. In 1358 the monastery ceded the lordship of Landsberg , located in the east Bohemian district of Chrudim, with the towns of Landskron, Wildenschwert , Gabel and Böhmisch Trübau to the diocese of Leitomischl and received the Zwol and Rauschow estates from them, including an annual pension of 100 shock denars.
After the monastery was destroyed in 1420 during the Hussite Wars , its goods were distributed to various secular lords by King Sigismund . In the middle of the 16th century, the Königsaal Cistercians received or bought back large parts of their old property. This also included the Slap estate, which was reconnected with the Königsaal, but remained a land-use estate. After the Battle of the White Mountain , the monastery acquired the Mokropetz estate, which was confiscated from the property of Albrecht Brükner in 1622. In 1630, the abbot Georg Urat bought the Třebotov estate with the Třebotov, Kuchařík and Roblín farms and the desert village of Solopisk for 8,000 Schock Meissen groschen from Katharina von Fliessenbach. In 1680 the monastery of Servaz Ignaz Engel von Engelfluss bought the Korkyně manor and merged it with Slapy.
After the abolition of the monastery, its goods first fell to the court chamber in 1785. From 1801 the rule of the Königsaal was administered by the Imperial and Royal Bohemian State Administration for the Religious Fund. As a result of mismanagement, the rule brought losses to the religious fund, so that it was offered for sale in public. On January 3, 1825, Karl Korb Ritter von Weidenheim ( Karel Bedřich Srb ) acquired the Slap estate and united it with the Davle estate to form the Slapy estate . In April 1827 Friedrich Kraft Heinrich zu Oettingen-Oettingen and Oettingen-Wallerstein auctioned the rule of the Königsaal and ceded it to his wife Sophia Maria, née Landgravine von Fürstenberg († 1829). In 1832 the rule fell to the widower; after his death in 1845 his second wife Maria Anna, née Countess von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg , and his children from both marriages jointly inherited the property.
In 1845, the Königsaal rulership in the Berauner Kreis comprised a usable area of 16,003 yoke 1,374 square fathoms, of which 6849 yoke 1,100 square fathoms were forests. 9,171 Czech-speaking people lived on the territory, including ten Jewish families. The main sources of income were agriculture and forestry, basketry, stone-breaking, factory work and day labor. In Lahowitz, Roblin, Komořan and Lippan the lordship managed four farms, the latter both with sheep farms; another sheep farm was in Lahowska. The Třebotau, Mokropetz, Klinetz, Točna and Kuchařik farms were emphytheutized. The manorial forests were cultivated in the Königsaaler, Lischnitzer, Robliner, Lahowsker and Komořan forest districts, later a sixth forest district was established with the Jilowischter district. The lordship also ran the Kuchelbad bathing establishment. Black marble was quarried in the Kosoř Valley near Radotin, white limestone between Groß-Kuchel and Lochkow, and black limestone in the Meerstein forest. At Lochkow and Radotin the rule operated lime kilns, at Radotin also a brick kiln. The largest commercial enterprises were the stately beet-sugar factory Royal Hall, the stately art brick Lahowitz with palatial Lohschneide that kk country authorized paper mill to Wran of Gottlieb Haase Söhne , the kk country privileged Zuckerraffinerei to Royal Hall of Anton Richter , the beet-sugar factory to the Royal Hall of Anton Richter the soap factory to the Royal hall of Anton Richter , the Knochenverkohlungshütte of Anton Richter and Salpetersiederei to Lippan. Four annual markets were held in the Königsaal and three in Řewnitz . The rule included the markets of Königsaal and Řewnitz, the villages of Banie ( Báně ), Groß-Kuchel ( Velká Chuchle ), Klein-Kuchel ( Malá Chuchle ) with the Kuchelbad ( Lázně Malá Chuchle ). Lahowitz ( Lahovice ), Lippan ( Lipany ), Lipence ( Lipence ), Zabiehlitz ( Záběhlice ), Zawbřesk ( Žabovřesky ), Lischnitz , Gilowischt , Klinetz , Modřan ( Modřany ), Točna ( Točná ), Ober-Mokropetz ( Horní Mokro ) -Mokropetz ( Dolni Mokropsy ) Třebotau , Černoschitz , small Kuchař ( Kuchařík ) Radotin ( Radotín ), Roblin , Wran , Skochowitz ( Skochovice ) and Letti and 17 houses from Wonoklas and three houses from Solopisk ( Solopisky ).
literature
- Knaur's cultural guide: Czech Republic and Slovak Republic . Munich 1993, ISBN 3-426-26609-1
- Jiři Kuthan: The medieval architecture of the Cistercians in Bohemia and Moravia , Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-422-00738-5 , p. 210 ff.
- Bernard Peugniez : Le Guide Routier de l'Europe Cistercienne . Editions du Signe, Strasbourg 2012, pp. 1083f.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Franz Xaver Maximilian Millauer: The gravesites and tombs of the sovereigns of Bohemia Gottlieb Haase sons 1830
- ↑ http://www.zbraslavhistorie.info/domy-stavby-architekti.php
- ↑ http://www.zbraslavhistorie.info/cukrovar.php
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, vol. 16 Berauner Kreis, 1849, p. 39
- ↑ Daniel Froněk: Výroba cukru na Zbraslavi - kolébka českého cukrovarnictví
- ^ Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, vol. 16 Berauner Kreis, 1849, pp. 35–45