Sengsengebirge
| Sengsengebirge | |
|---|---|
 The Sengsengebirge in the western part of the Kalkalpen National Park |
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 SSW side of the Sengsengebirge from the Hinterstoder ski area |
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| Highest peak | Hoher Nock ( 1963 m above sea level ) |
| location | Upper Austria |
| part of | Upper Austrian Pre-Alps |
| Coordinates | 47 ° 47 ' N , 14 ° 19' E |
| Type | Limestone karst stock |
| rock | Wettersteinkalk , main dolomite |
| surface | 75 km² |
| particularities | Kalkalpen National Park |
The Sengsengebirge is a folded mountain range of the Upper Austrian Pre-Alps that extends to the north and belongs to the Northern Limestone Alps . The strongly karstified mountains consist mainly of Wetterstein limestone , drains mostly underground and is criss-crossed by several large caves, including the Klarahöhle with a length of over 31 kilometers. The highest point is at 1963 m above sea level. A. the Hohe Nock . Much of the Sengsengebirge has been a nature reserve since 1976 and has been integrated into the Kalkalpen National Park since 1997 .
The name can be traced back to the extensive use of its forests by scythe smiths, which began in the Middle Ages , of which only a few have survived today. The farmers in the region used the manorial forests, which are now mostly managed by the Austrian Federal Forests , for the production of charcoal . Until the 19th century, a large number of mountain pastures were used for alpine farming. The Sengsengebirge was opened up for tourism at the beginning of the 20th century and offers a wide range of opportunities for hiking , snowshoeing and ski tours as well as some climbing routes .
geography
The Sengsengebirge has a maximum extension between the Steyr in the west and the Krummen Steyrling in the east of 20 and from north to south of 6 kilometers; it covers a total area of about 75 km².
The western border forms the upper Steyrtal near Klaus an der Pyhrnbahn and St. Pankraz . South of the confluence of the Hinteren Rettenbach in the Teichl to Haslersgatter 1154 m above sea level. A. connects the Windischgarstner Basin . The Krumme Steyrling to Bodinggraben forms the eastern border and separates the Sengsengebirge from the Reichraminger Hintergebirge . The northern border runs from Bodinggraben via the Ramsau-Molln shooting range to the Steyr.
Administratively, the Sengsengebirge is located entirely in the Kirchdorf an der Krems district . The communities of Molln , Rosenau am Hengstpaß , Roßleithen and St. Pankraz have a share in the Sengsengebirge (in alphabetical order) .
In the south, the Pyhrn Autobahn runs in the Steyr and Teichtal valleys , and the Sengsengebirge can be accessed via the connections at St. Pankraz and Roßleithen. The Pyhrnpass Straße runs parallel to the A9 . There are stops of the Pyhrnbahn in St. Pankraz and Roßleithen . In the north is the Steyrtal Straße and the area can be reached via the valley town of Molln, where the national park center is also located.
geomorphology
Typical of the Sengsengebirge is the pronounced chain shape caused by the steep layered structure. The north falls are very steep, rocky and reach wall heights of up to 600 meters. The southern slopes are less exposed and partially interrupted by secondary plateaus. Between Spering in the west and Rohrauer Großestenberg in the east, the mountains have a ridge-like character that only disappears from the Rottalsattel, where the mountains expand into a small plateau. In the wide hilltop landscape around the Hohe Nock and the Gamsplan ( 1700 m above sea level - 1900 m above sea level ) and in the bowl-shaped karen or pits ( 1300 m above sea level - 1500 m above sea level ), which sink in the shape of a bowl to the southwest . an alpine cart and sinkhole landscape is formed. Between Rettenbacher Höhe and Koppenalm the Knödelboden (also Knodelboden) form an elongated uvala . The lower limit of the cart and sinkhole phenomenon can generally be around 1200 m above sea level. A. be specified.
summit
| summit | Altitude [m above sea level] A.] |
|---|---|
| Spering | 1605 |
| Schillereck | 1748 |
| High sengs | 1838 |
| Gamskogel | 1710 |
| Rohrauer Großtenberg | 1810 |
| High nock | 1963 |
| Chamois plan | 1902 |
| Mayrwipfl | 1736 |
| Steyreck | 1592 |
geology
Tectonically , the Sengsengebirge is a mighty, north-tilted (north-vergente) anticline of the Staufen-Höllengebirge blanket , which belongs to the Tyrolean blanket unit (Tirolikum), with the hanging leg in the south rising at an angle between 30 and 40 degrees and gradually extending to the north edge of the Sengsengebirgs turns into a saigere to slightly overturned layer position. Immediately to the north is the border to the Reichraminger ceiling of the Bajuvarikum, which was partially pushed over during the Tyrolean ceiling advance.
In its central part, the Höllengebirge ceiling consists almost exclusively of Wetterstein limestone , which was built up from the Anisium to the early Carnian of the Triassic about 247 to 235 million years ago. In contrast to the vertical Wetterstein limestone of the northern edge, where its cover layers have flaked off, the original lithostratigraphic sequence of the layers is partially reproduced at the foot of the mountain in the south . These are the Lunz Formation , Opponitz Formation and the main dolomite . The main dolomite, which mainly forms the Reichraminger ceiling, was deposited during the late Carnian and Norian around 235 to 208 million years ago.
Former glaciation
The Sengsengebirge was partially glaciated during the ice ages , whereby the plateau around the Hohe Nock was ice-free and the neo-genic old landscape was preserved. On the northern flanks, however, glaciers formed, the nutrient area of which was probably beneath the steep northern slopes between Schillereck, Hochsengs and Seehagelmauer and extended eastwards to below the Hohe Nock. It is assumed that during the high glacial period this “Sengsengebirgs glacier” extended in a western section at least as far as the valley floor of Hopfing. Corresponding moraine remains can be found above the crumbling pasture area Mistleben, on the Feichtau lakes and on the Feichtau plateau. The moraine remains in the Hochkar below the Hohe Nock belong to an eastern section that flowed east into the Blöttenbachtal. A small local glacier is likely to have formed on the south side, which originated under the Schneeberg near the Hohen Nock, flowed in the cirque to the Koppenalm and on over the Budergrabenkar towards the Rettenbach.
Hydrogeology
The deeply karstified Wetterstein limestone drains underground. So there are no lakes or streams at high altitudes. The karst stock is mainly drained to the south via the two giant karst springs of Vorderem Rettenbach ( Teufelskirche ) with a mean discharge of 1028 l / s and Hinterem Rettenbach with an average discharge of 1100 l / s. The Merkensteinbründl on the slope of the Gamsplan is 1610 m above sea level. A. represents the highest source outlet of the Sengsengebirge. In the Sengsengebirge there are only a few small still waters, the two Feichtau lakes, which are at 1,400 m above sea level, should be mentioned. A. Height north below the sea hail wall. The smaller lake has neither inflow nor outflow and is classified as a pond . The larger of the two Feichtau lakes is from one to 1510 m above sea level. A. Perennial spring exiting above sea level . The water of the two spring branches, which are strong for the altitude, is likely to come from the Rauhwacken of the Lunzer strata that form walls here. To the east of the Feichtau lakes is the Herzerlsee, a moor lake.
caves
The well-karstifying Wetterstein limestone offers favorable conditions for cave formation in cooperation with the rest of the interface structure . As of 2019, 77 caves are registered in the cadastral group 1651 (Sengsengebirge) of the Austrian cave directory. Most of the cave entrances are between a height of 1300 m above sea level. A. up to 1600 m above sea level A. These are mostly shaft-like caves, only a few have a pronounced horizontal extension. With a measured length of 31,086 m, the Klarahöhle (cat. No. 1651 / xx) is the longest cave in the Sengsengebirge and the eleventh longest cave in Austria. The Hintere Rettenbach rises below the Rettenbach cave (cat. No. 1651/1), the so-called devil's hole. The ice chapel in the Steyreck (cat. No. 1651/3) is also known. With the crater bay (Cat 1651/24) is located in Sengsengebirge also a significant ice cave whose powerful Höhleneisvorkommen relates to scientific research.
| Surname | Cat.-No. | Measurement length [m] | Vertical extension [m] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Klarahöhle | 1651 / xx | 31086 | 482 |
| Bull manhole | 1651/40 | 1649 | 208 |
| Coal slide | 1651/39 | 1430 | 116 |
| Rettenbach cave | 1651/1 | 1348 | 130 |
| Crater shaft | 1651/24 | 709 | 247 |
climate
As part of research in the Kalkalpen National Park, around 43 climate stations have been set up since 1993. Some of them are in the Sengsengebirge, such as the measuring stations on the Kogleralm (south side) and the Feichtaualm (north side). The climatic data show a temperature and precipitation distribution typical for the mountains of the Northern Limestone Alps: cool, precipitation-rich summers and low-precipitation winters. The annual precipitation is in the range of 1200 to almost 2100 mm, with precipitation increasing continuously with the altitude. Maximum values are achieved in the area of Rohrauer Großestenberg and Hoher Nock. In free higher areas, westerly and northwesterly winds dominate, which are often accompanied by precipitation. Due to the frequent damming of clouds on the northern edge of the Kalkalpen, an above-average amount of snow falls in the area of the main ridge above the Hopfingboden for the altitude. On the Feichtaualm ( 1350 m above sea level ), the snow cover can be estimated at an average duration of 174 days. Snow depths of three meters are not uncommon. The south side often benefits from significantly better weather when congested to the north and also has less rainfall than the north side. Due to the difference in altitude of around 1500 meters, there are significant temperature differences between the valley locations and the summit regions of the Sengsengebirge. The average annual temperature at the southern foot is around 8.6 - 10.0 ° C, while at the summit of the Hohe Nock the annual average temperature does not exceed 1 ° C.
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Average monthly temperatures for Feichtaualm (1370 m)
Source:
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Flora and vegetation
Among the forest communities , spruce and red beech forests dominate the flanks of the Sengsengebirge . The spruce ( Picea abies ) forms the main part of the tree population with around 45%. Its broad ecological potential in terms of soil and water balance requirements enables it to occur in all forest communities. It grows on the south side on sloping, dry limestone plates as well as on the north side around the Feichtau lakes. The beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) is represented with about 30% in the area. It forms extensive areas, especially on the northern roof. The European larch ( Larix decidua ) characterizes the higher altitudes up to 1500 m above sea level. A. , where it forms the tree line. Depending on the location, there are also silver firs ( Abies alba ), Scots pines ( Pinus sylvestris ), common ash trees ( Fraxinus excelsior ) and mountain maples ( Acer pseudoplatanus ). The mountain pine ( Pinus mugo ) society dominates the high altitudes. On the southern slopes it moves in the trenches up to 600 m above sea level. A. deep down, for example in the Schröcksteingraben. On the other hand, it climbs up to the summit region of the Hohe Nock and only leaves extreme rock and wind zones free. In areas exposed to the wind and partially blown off in winter, alpine turfs form, in which the eyrie sedge ( Carex sempervirens ) and the limestone blue grass ( Sesleria varia ) dominate. In the north of the Großer Feichtausee there is a small spruce raised bog . There are two moors in the Mayralm area. The ice floor is a Versumpfungsmoor , the front Anger a silting Moor . Scheuchzer's cottongrass ( Eriophorum Scheuchzeri ) , which is very rare in Upper Austria, grows in the Vorderanger .
Most of the endemic plant species of the Northeast Alps grow in the Sengsengebirge. As a selection are mentioned:
- Carniolan thistle ( Cirsium carniolicum )
- Kerner's lungwort ( Pulmonaria kerneri )
- Ornamental anemone flower ( Callianthemum anemonoides )
- Traunsee bedstraw ( Galium truniacum )
- Austrian Spurge ( Euphorbia austriaca )
fauna
The Sengsengebirge is rich in game species. Roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ) are found in significant populations; and mountain hare ( Lepus timidus ) live in the area. Of the predators (Carnivora) are Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ), stone ( Martes foina ) and pine marten ( Martes martes ) and red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) are present. The brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) has not been detected since 2004. As neozoon is Raccoon ( Procyon lotor ) spread in Sengsengebirge. Alpine choughs ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) and common ravens ( Corvus corax ) are common. With Ptarmigan ( Lagopus muta ), black grouse ( Lyrurus tetrix ), hazel grouse ( Tetrastes bonasia ) and capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus ) four grouse species in the area are indigenous. The Sengsengebirge is also the distribution area of the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ) with two to three breeding pairs . For the alpine salamander ( Salamandra atra ), the alpine mats above the tree line are important. Of the reptile species, adder ( Vipera berus ) and mountain lizard ( Zootoca vivipara ) are more common. The cave beetle Arctaphaenops muellneri , endemic to the Sengsen and Reichraminger Hintergebirge, was found in the Rettenbach cave and the Klara cave .
For many animals of the alpine regions, the Sengsengebirge together with the Höllengebirge form the northern limit of their distribution areas in Upper Austria. This applies to the alpine salamander as well as to the golden eagle and the alpine chough.
history
The name Sengsengebirge can be derived from the extensive use of its forests by the scythe smiths , which began in the Middle Ages . The mountains were previously simply called Langer Berg . In the past, a number of scythe businesses were established in the vicinity (guild in Kirchdorf an der Krems), of which very few have survived today. In this context the Eisenwurzen should be mentioned, where iron has been smelted and processed for 2500 years . The scythe works obtained the charcoal necessary for iron processing from the manorial forests and coal burning was an important branch of the farmers' income. Every master scythe-smith had dedicated woods and farmers who burned coal for him. Two hundred years ago, around every fourth farmer in the Krems, Steyr and Teichl valleys was a "cabbage farmer". In a letter of departure from 1748, Franz Anton von Lamberg left a forest on the “inner Grestenberg and Steyreck” to the master scythe smith on the Rossleithen, Wolf Leopold Schreckenfux. The manorial forests were therefore "lent" to the iron processing companies. The duration of such a lease or "leave" was often not limited in time.
In 1666 acquired Count Johann Maximilian von Lamberg the area together with the rule of Steyr of Emperor Leopold I . As a result, large parts of the area were used exclusively as hunting grounds and the Count's personal enclosure for the Lamberg family. Apart from the management of the alpine pastures and the count's hunting, any use or change was prohibited. Only after the death of Franz Emerich von Lamberg was the hunting area leased several times. The best-known tenant was Franz Ferdinand von Österreich-Este . The Bärnriedlau was one of the most important bases in the great manorial hunts. In 1901 the hut was revitalized and expanded. Riding paths for arrival were created.
In 1938 Vollrath Raimund von Lamberg sold the entire Lamberg estate for 3.1 million Reichsmarks to the German Empire . With the Austrian State Treaty of 1955, former German property and thus also the Lamberg rule and most of the Sengsengebirge became the property of the Republic of Austria . The legal dispute over Count Lamberg's request for restitution was ended in 1961 with a settlement and the payment of 800,000 schillings to his heiress. Since then, most of the Sengsengebirge has been managed by the Austrian Federal Forests .
poaching
The game-rich Sengsengebirge attracted both hunters and poachers. As early as 1657, the rulers in Steyr issued ordinances to exterminate secret game shooters . Fines and imprisonment were the order of the day. Instruments of torture were also often used. From 1677 the wooden donkey was used. However, the encounter between hunters and poachers rarely escalated. On October 29, 1923, a clash between hunters, gendarmes and poachers took place on the Mayralm, in which the 33-year-old hunter Vinzenz Hobel and the poacher Johann Farnberger, commonly known as Sperl Hans, were shot. The hunter's cross, an inscription on a large stone, on the Mayralm commemorates this event. There is a poaching museum in St. Pankraz .
Alpine farming
A large number of alpine pastures were used for alpine farming, the importance of which had already declined sharply in the 19th century. Field names such as Haidenalm and Kühboden indicate that it was more widespread at the time, and numerous foundations of derelict huts are a reminder of this. In the area of the large troughs between 1200 m above sea level. A. and 1400 m above sea level A. , on the south side of the Sengsengebirge, there were nine alpine pastures until 1862: Kaltwasser, Fotzen, Pernkopf, Kogler, Brettstein, Bärnriedelau, Koppen, Rettenbach-Hüttstatt, Gyrer (Gierer). Pasture files show that up to 1862 grazing rights existed in this area for 200 horned cattle, 220 sheep and 90 goats. These numbers were generally reduced in the regulations of 1862 and in 1882 grazing rights were replaced for at least 108 horned cattle, 90 sheep and 70 goats. Due to the fact that the number of cattle is too high for the natural balance, signs of degeneration and karstification occurred on the alpine pastures . The water supply became increasingly difficult and the upwelling figures decreased. Currently (2018) only the Feichtaualm north of the Sengsengebirge and the Mayralm in the east are managed. The servitude right for the Feichtaualm covers 95 hectares of pasture area with a right of uplift for 104 horned cattle. The pasture area of the Mayralm is 15 hectares.
Settlements and agriculture
There are only small settlements in the Sengsengebirge. Permanently inhabited settlements are located at the southern foot of the mountains. From west to east these are: Pernkopf, Spering, Koppen and Rißriegl. As settlement areas and grazing areas, these cleared islands are the main agricultural areas. In the Rißriegler area, sheep are found in the forest pasture area. Further open meadow areas are located in the southeast of the municipality of St. Pankraz (Rohrauer Fichten, Saubachgut and Rohraugut) and the Spannriegl in the municipality of Roßleithen.
Mountain sports
hike
The Sengsengebirge was opened up for tourism with the leasing of the Feichtauhütte by the Steyr Alpine Club Section in 1921. The Hohe Nock developed into a popular mountain destination, while the other peaks were hardly visited. This only changed in the 1970s with the establishment of the Sengsengebirgs-Höhenweg, which opened up the western section of the Sengsengebirge. 1976 was between Hochsengs and Gamskogel at 1583 m above sea level. A. erected the Uwe-Anderle-Bivouac (Hochsengs-Bivouac) of the Molln-Steyrtal section.
The marked and signposted network of trails in the Sengsengebirge is maintained by the Austrian Alpine Association . The Sengsengebirgs-Höhenweg crosses the mountains from east to west. This path is numbered 469 and leads over the summits of Schillereck , Hochsengs , Gamskogel , Rohrauer Höchstberg and Hoher Nock , where it finds its highest point. There are climbs to the mountains on the north and south sides. The most well-known are:
- Path 460: From the Speringbauer to the Sattel Auf der Huttn (radio station) below the Spering
- Route 461: From St. Pankraz over the Bärenriedlau to the Hohe Nock
- Path 463: Budergrabensteig , from the Hinterer Rettenbach to the Hohen Nock
- Route 465: From Klauser reservoir to Spering
- Route 466: From Feichtau to the Hohe Nock
There are no managed bases along the high path. There are overnight accommodations in the bivouac at the radio station below the Spering and in the Uwe-Anderle bivouac. North of the Feichtau Lakes is the Feichtauhütte , a self-catering hut of the Alpine Association. The privately managed Polzhütte is nearby. There are no marked trails in the area east of the Hohe Nock.
Winter sports
The Sengsengebirge is also suitable for snowshoe and ski tours. Well-known ski tours that are shown on the maps include:
- Path 463: Budergrabensteig , from the Hinterer Rettenbach to the Hohen Nock
- From Koppengut over the Brettstein to Rohrauer Großestenberg
- From Haslersgatter over the Mayralm to Mayrwipfl
Alpinism
In contrast to other more spectacular mountain groups, the technical development of climbing did not begin until around 1910. Franz Tham and Adam Döppl in particular achieved difficult first ascents on the north side of the Hohe Nock during this time. Today there are some climbing routes up to difficulty level V on the Nockpfeiler in the north and on the Nockplatte in the south .
natural reserve
In 1976, the central parts around the narrow Karststock on 3400 hectares were designated as the Sengsengebirge nature reserve, which in 1997 was fully incorporated into the Kalkalpen National Park . Today, with the exception of the southern and western peripheral areas, the entire mountain range is part of the protected area. The clearing island Rießriegl above the Hinteren Rettenbachtal is permanently inhabited and is excluded from the national park area. The European protected area Kalkalpen National Park, 1st section of the ordinance , slightly larger than the national park itself, was nominated as part of the Natura 2000 network in accordance with the Habitats and Birds Directive . Furthermore, the area of the original national park area was also designated as a Ramsar area .
The Devil's Church is the only natural monument in the Sengsengebirge.
Say
The origin of the Feichtau lakes is mentioned in a legend.
“A high-spirited dairymaid lived on the Feuchtaueralm in the Sengsengebirge. One day she had to go looking for some lost cattle. She paused under the so-called holder seat with the milk pail in her hand and cursed the troubles and complaints. Weather rose and lightning killed the dairymaid. The milk pail was gone too. Since then, two lakes have swelled between the bare stone fields. If the milk pail reappears due to the rising tide, the last day is not far away.
According to another story, the milk buckets should come to light in the Wunderloch, a small pond near Molln that is said to have immeasurable depth. "
literature
- Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government, Nature Conservation Department (Ed.): Nature and Landscape / Guiding Principles for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit . Linz 2007 ( pdf [accessed February 17, 2017]).
- Wolfgang Heitzmann, Otto Harant: Upper Austrian Pre-Alps. A ÖAV guide through the mountains south of Linz, Wels and Steyr. 3. Edition. Ennsthaler Verlag, Steyr 1996.
- A. Gärtner, Harald Haseke, R. Schrutka, Norbert Steinwender: Atlas of Geology M 1: 20,000 of the Kalkalpen National Park - 1st section of the ordinance . Ed .: Office of the Upper Austrian State Government, National Park Planning in the Kalkalpen National Park Association. Linz 1994 ( pdf [accessed December 10, 2018]).
- Helene Bachmann: The submontane and montane forest communities of the Sengsengebirge in Upper Austria . Ed .: Office of the Upper Austrian State Government, National Park Planning in the Kalkalpen National Park Association. Linz 1990 ( pdf [accessed January 7, 2019]).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Concepts for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, p. 14.
- ↑ a b Gärtner et al .: Atlas of Geology . Part sheet 5330.
- ↑ Thomas Hornung: 2017 report on geological surveys in the Hoher Nock area (Upper Austrian Pre-Alps / Sengsengebirge) on sheet 68 Kirchdorf an der Krems . Yearbook of the Federal Geological Institute 157, Vienna 2018, pp. 347–349 ( online ).
- ^ Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Concepts for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, pp. 16-17.
- ↑ Extract from the Austrian cave directory . Requested on January 10, 2019.
- ↑ Rudolf Weißmair: Eisdatierung and Eisveränderungen in the crater bay (1651/24, Sengsengebirge, Upper Austria) 1992-2009 . In: Association of Austrian cave researchers (ed.): Die Höhle, magazine for karst and cave science . Issue 1–43, volume 62, 2011 ( PDF on ZOBODAT [accessed December 30, 2018]).
- ^ Bachmann: The submontane and montane forest communities of the Sengsengebirge in Upper Austria . Pp. 49-54.
- ^ Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Concepts for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, p. 15.
- ↑ Stefan Prüller: The meteorological measuring network in the Kalkalpen National Park. - 10 years Kalkalpen National Park . Publication series Kalkalpen National Park 8, Molln 2008, pp. 42–43.
- ↑ Climate data from 1997 to 2017 provided by BOGNER & LEHNER Messtechnik . Precipitation data is only available for the summer months and is therefore not listed. Received on January 18th, 2019.
- ^ Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Concepts for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, p. 19.
- ↑ Gerhard Pils: A botanical hike on the Sengsengebirge in Upper Austria. In: Natural History Yearbook of the City of Linz. Linz 1987, p. 22 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- ^ Robert Krisai, Roland Schmidt: Die Moore Oberösterreichs . Ed .: Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government. Linz 1983, p. 256–259 ( PDF [accessed October 25, 2018]).
- ↑ Gerhard Pils : Die Pflanzenwelt Oberösterreichs , Ennsthaler, Steyr 1999, pp. 238–239.
- ↑ a b Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Guiding Principles for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Raumeinheit Sengsengebirge, pp. 19-20 and pp. 24-25.
- ↑ Brader & Aubrecht (editorial): Atlas of Breeding Birds in Upper Austria . Denisia 7, Linz 2003 ( online ).
- ↑ Helmut Steiner: The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Upper Austrian Limestone Alps. In: Egretta. Ornithological news from Austria. 42, Salzburg 1999, pp. 172-173 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- ↑ Fauna of the cave beetle. Kalkalpen National Park, accessed on January 12, 2019 .
- ^ A b Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Guiding Principles for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, p. 27.
- ↑ Österreichische Bundesforste AG: The Bodinggraben, Prince of the Wilderness. (PDF; 1.9 MB) p. 6 , accessed on February 27, 2013 .
- ↑ Österreichische Bundesforste AG: From Styrapurch to Lamberg Castle. (PDF; 2.5 MB) p. 11 , accessed on November 11, 2012 .
- ↑ Österreichische Bundesforste AG: The Bodinggraben, Prince of the Wilderness. (PDF; 1.9 MB) p. 14 , accessed on February 27, 2013 .
- ↑ mein district.at: Construction site in the wilderness: the historic Bärnriedlau hut is being renovated. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
- ↑ Österreichische Bundesforste AG: From Styrapurch to Lamberg Castle. (PDF; 2.5 MB) pp. 17–18 , accessed on November 11, 2012 .
- ^ Josef Weichenberger: Stories from the region of the Kalkalpen National Park. (PDF) pp. 6–10 and 81–83 , accessed on January 17, 2019 .
- ^ Fridtjof Bauer: On the karstification of the Sengsengebirge in Upper Austria . Communications from the cave commission at the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 7, Vienna 1952 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- ↑ Reinhold Limberger: Almgemeinschaft Feichtau - Polzhütte. (PDF) Retrieved December 23, 2018 .
- ^ Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Concepts for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, p. 18.
- ^ Heitzmann / Harant: Upper Austrian Prealps . P. 198.
- ↑ Freytag & Berndt , hiking map 1: 35,000, sheet WK 5501, Kalkalpen-Pyhrn-Priel-Region-Hinterstoder-Windischgarsten National Park .
- ^ Heitzmann / Harant: Upper Austrian Prealps . Pp. 221-225.
- ^ Office of the Upper Austrian Provincial Government: Nature and Landscape / Concepts for Upper Austria. Volume 15: Sengsengebirge spatial unit, p. 28.
- ^ Upper Austrian saga book - Of sunken places, of guilt and atonement. Sagen.at, accessed on January 6, 2018 .
