Hell Mountains
| Hell Mountains | ||
|---|---|---|
 West view of the Höllengebirge (view from Unterach am Attersee ) |
||
| Highest peak | Großer Höllkogel ( 1862 m above sea level ) | |
| location | Salzkammergut , Upper Austria | |
| part of | Salzkammergut mountains | |
|
||
| Coordinates | 47 ° 49 ' N , 13 ° 39' E | |
| Type | Fold Mountains, Kalkkarststock | |
| rock | Wetterstein lime | |
| surface | 126.8 km² | |
The Höllengebirge is a folded mountain range in the Upper Austrian part of the Salzkammergut that extends to the north and is part of the Northern Limestone Alps . The average at 1600 m above sea level. A. lying high plateau has its highest point in the Großer Höllkogel at 1862 m above sea level. A. The heavily karstified mountain range consists mainly of Wetterstein limestone and mostly drains underground. The Höllengebirge is made accessible to tourism by means of Alpine Club huts and a large network of trails. There are winter sports areas on the Feuerkogel and Taferlklaussee . The Feuerkogel can be reached all year round with the Feuerkogel cable car from Ebensee am Traunsee . Forests are only present on the slopes of the mountains. The plateau itself is covered with extensive stands of mountain pine ( Pinus mugo ).
geography
The Höllengebirge has a maximum extent between the Attersee in the west and the Traunsee in the east of 17 and from north to south of 11 kilometers; it covers a total area of 126.8 km².
The northern border is formed by the Kienbach , which flows from the Krahbergtaferl saddle to the Attersee, and the upper reaches of the Aurach from Taferlklaussee to the Großalm. The border runs there up to 830 m above sea level. A. high saddle Lueg, down to the Hinteres Langbathsee and along the Langbathbach to its confluence with the Traunsee in Ebensee. In the southeast, the area between Ebensee and Mitterweißbach is bounded by the Traun . The south-western border between Mitterweißbach and Weißenbach am Attersee forms the Weißenbachtal with the Weißenbach main road. The border will be closed along the banks of the Attersee between Weißenbach and Seefeld.
Administratively the mountain is in the Hell for Hausruckviertel belonging Vöcklabruck (west) and in the Traunviertel belonging to the district of Gmunden (east). While historically the Höllengebirge was entirely part of the Hausruckviertel, which at the time stretched to the Traun, the border between Hausruck and Traunviertel is now drawn along the district boundary and runs from the Krahbergtaferl to the Hochleckenhaus , over the Grünalmkogel and Hohen Rehstatt to Weißenbacher Straße in the south.
The following communities in the Gmunden district have a share in the Höllengebirge: the town of Bad Ischl with part of the cadastral community of Jainzen, the market town of Ebensee with the cadastral community of Langwies and parts of the cadastral community of Oberlangbath, and the market town of Altmünster with parts of the cadastral community of Neukirchen . In the Vöcklabruck district, the Höllengebirge extends to a large part of the local and cadastral community of Steinbach am Attersee .
geomorphology
Morphologically , the Höllengebirge is a plateau mountain range with an average height of 1600 m above sea level. A. The plateau is furrowed by ditches and pits and littered with sinkholes . The valley of the Pfaffengraben , which is partially below 1300 m above sea level. A. , separates the plateau into the smaller western and the larger eastern Hell Mountains. The Höllengebirge has the highest point in the Großer Höllkogel at 1862 m above sea level. A. The north falls are very steep, rocky and sometimes have bizarre rock towers like the Adlerspitze and the Steinerne Männer . The north falls begin at the Attersee and at the Madlschneid already reach a wall height of 600 meters.
The walls are interrupted by flatter sections, such as the Brenner Giant , the Blegga Trench and the Long Trench . At the eastern and western ends, the rock faces become steeper and more inaccessible. The 600 meter high chamois wall of the Hohen Spielberg forms the end of the Langbath valley. The southern slopes are less exposed. The mountains rise to the plateau in steep slopes and slabs. The Lahngang Brunnlahngang , Klauslahngang and Hasellahngang are characteristic of the central part of the southern slopes . The eponymous Kar In der Höll is also located on the southern slopes .
summit
| Summit (western Höllengebirge) | Altitude [m above sea level] A.] | Summit (eastern Höllengebirge) | Altitude [m above sea level] A.] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grünalmkogel | 1821 | Great Höllkogel | 1862 |
| Brunnkogel | 1708 | High brain | 1821 |
| Hochleckenkogel | 1691 | Front kettle cup | 1822 |
| Distiller | 1602 | Eiblgupf | 1813 |
| Dachstein view | 1559 | Helmeskogel | 1633 |
| Schoberstein | 1037 | Feuerkogel | 1592 |
geology
Tectonically, the Höllengebirge is a mighty fold of the Staufen-Höllengebirgsdecke, which is tilted to the north (north vergente) , which belongs to the Tyrolean ceiling unit (Tirolikum), whereby in the south the hanging leg rises at an angle between 25 and 35 degrees and gradually extends to the northern edge of the Höllengebirgs turns into a saigere to slightly overturned layer position. The Langbathzone (Bajuvarikum) lies beneath the ceiling of the Höllengebathsee , and reaches its greatest width in the area of the Vorderen Langbathsee with a north-south extension of around four kilometers. In the course of the postponement of the Hell Mountains ceiling, the Langbath zone below was also formed so that it also dips slightly to the north in the frontal area of the Hell Mountains ceiling.
In its central part, the Höllengebirge ceiling consists almost exclusively of Wetterstein limestone , which was built up from the Anisium to the early Carnian of the Triassic about 247 to 235 million years ago. In the south, east to the Wambachtal, Wettersteindolomit forms the foot of the mountains. This formed during the same epoch, but has a higher magnesium content . In the Middle Cretaceous around 80 million years ago the first folding of the mountains took place, which was then flooded again by the Gosaumeer. In the Tertiary , the Höllengebirge together with the Alps was raised once more and moved north. The ceiling formation had thus ended. The thickness of the Wetterstein limestone is 1000 to 1200 meters in the west and almost 1000 meters in the east.
Former glaciation
The Höllengebirge was always glaciated during the Ice Ages , although there was little flow of the glacier on the plateau and the old landscape was preserved. On the flanks, however, the ice carved out the Kare and Lahnganges . The course of the Würm glacier is particularly easy to recognize thanks to the distinctive terminal moraines . The mightiest glacier developed in the catchment area of the Langbathbach from the Karen between the Brunn- and the Alberfeldkogel. It filled the valley up to a height of more than 800 m above sea level. A. , but could not cross the saddle of the Lueg to the Aurachtal. Another glacier tongue developed from the cirque around the Antoniusbründl. The terminal moraine is at the Kienklause inn . A glacier also formed in the Aurachkar and filled the basin around the Taferlklaussee. There are terminal moraines at the Großalm inn; they also form the Krahbergtaferl saddle . The south-flowing glaciers merged with the Traungletscher , that is, with its side branch, which flowed through the Weißenbach valley to the west.
Hydrogeology
The deeply karstified Wetterstein limestone of the Höllengebirge drains underground. There are no lakes or streams on the plateau and only very few springs like the Antioniusbründl. Most of the very rich karst springs are at the south foot, only a few at the north foot. This is due to the collapse of the Hell Mountain Cover and the Langbath Zone, as the cover boundary is accompanied by water-retaining sediments and there is a slight slope towards the south. The discharge to the south was detected for the first time in 1983 in a marking attempt by the hydrological investigation center in Salzburg , when paint was fed in west of the Hochleckenkogel on the northern border and only in the Gimbach origin on the south side there was a passage of color.
| source | location | Altitude [m above sea level ] A.] |
Minimum observed pouring [l / s] |
Mean observed flow [l / s] |
Maximum observed flow [l / s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schwarzenbach spring | south | 520 | 70 | 538 | 2500 |
| Gimbach origin | south | 650 | 50 | 342 | 3500 |
| Höllbach origin | south | 600 | 50 | 326 | 2500 |
| Miesenbach spring | east | 455 | 24 | 916 | 9581 |
caves
The mostly steep and easily karstified Wetterstein limestone offers particularly favorable conditions for cave formation in cooperation with the rest of the interface structure. As of 2007 there are 101 caves in the cadastral group 1567 (Höllengebirge) of the Austrian cave directory. Most of the cave entrances are in the plateau area of the Höllengebirge at 1500 m above sea level. A. With a measured 5500 m, the Hochlecken large cave (cat. No. 1567/29) is the longest cave in the Höllengebirge.
| Surname | Cat.-No. | Measurement length [m] | Vertical extension [m] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hochlecken large cave | 1567/29 | 5500 | 907 |
| Ruperti shaft | 1567/76 | 1045 | 114 |
| Spielberghöhle | 1567/63 | 855 | 73 |
| Grave pit | 1567/41 | 849 | 249 |
| Gmundner Cave | 1567/49 | 540 | 92 |
climate
The weather station of the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics on the Feuerkogel provides precise data for the Höllengebirge. The climatic data show a temperature and precipitation distribution typical for the mountains of the Northern Limestone Alps: cool and precipitation-rich summers, with a maximum of 238 mm in July, and low-precipitation winters, with a temperature minimum of −3.5 ° C in February. Due to the northern traffic jam, however, there is a secondary maximum from November to January. The annual precipitation was 1829 mm with an annual average temperature of 3.6 ° C.
On 170 days a year there is a closed snow cover of more than 20 cm. Due to the cool summers, the cold long winters and the high rainfall, the climate can be described as cold-temperate according to Ruttner . According to Heinrich Walter , this corresponds to the zonobiom VIII.
Because of the exposed location of the weather station, high wind speeds are very often measured. Hurricane Kyrill reached a measured peak value of 207 km / h there. After an interview with the Wart who worked there, the anemometer failed at 220 km / h and the storm then increased in strength. The prevailing wind direction is predominantly west to northwest. With around 14% there is a secondary maximum of the south wind. Wind force 8 is exceeded 42 days a year .
|
Average monthly temperatures and precipitation for Feuerkogel
Source:
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Flora and vegetation
Among the forest communities, spruce and red beech forests dominate the flanks of the Höllengebirge . The spruce ( Picea abies ) forms the main part of the tree population with over 50%. Its broad ecological potential in terms of soil and water balance requirements enables it to occur in all forest communities. It grows on the south side on steep, dry plateaus as well as in its most extreme location in the high moor of the Taferlklaussee . The spruce reaches its climax on the north side in the subalpine tall spruce forest and partly forms the tree line at 1500 m above sea level. A. The beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) is represented with 30–40% in the area. It grows on the south side of the Höllengebirge up to heights of 1400 m above sea level. A. On the north side, the limit is 1000 m above sea level. A. Depending on the location, there are also silver firs ( Abies alba ), Scots pines ( Pinus sylvestris ), European larches ( Larix decidua ), common ash trees ( Fraxinus excelsior ) and mountain maples ( Acer pseudoplatanus ). The mountain pine ( Pinus mugo ) society dominates the entire Höllengebirge plateau. On the northern slopes it often moves up to 800 m above sea level in the rubble heaps . A. deep down, for example in the Lange Graben . On the other hand, it climbs up to the summit region of the Großer Höllkogel and only leaves extreme rock and wind zones free. Between fields of mountain pine there are individual fragments of turf communities (there especially the rust sedge turf ). Small snow valleys appear in the shape of islands in shady sinkholes, such as in the Höllkogelgrube , which only dry up in extremely dry years.
A total of 576 vascular plant species (Tracheophyta) were detected in the area, including many plant species that are common in the northern Limestone Alps. As a selection are mentioned:
- Clusius primrose ( Primula cusiana )
- Peterg Trunk ( Primula balbisii )
- Clusius gentian ( Gentiana clusii )
- Lashed Alpine Rose ( Rhododendron hirsutum )
- Turk's Union ( Lilium martagon )
- Globe flower ( Trollius europaeus )
For the Austrian mountain fennel ( Seseli austriacum ) and the Ostalpen-Meier ( Asperula neilreichii ) the Höllengebirge is the westernmost location.
Many of the fungi that occur are associated with the mountain pine or with the spruce. These are about
- Granule boletus ( Suillus granulatus )
- Gold-tooth snail ( Hygrophorus chrysodon )
- Orange-colored larch snail ( Hygrophorus lucorum var. Speciosus )
- Alpine soft knight ( Melanoleuca subalpina )
- Yellow-brown Rötling ( Entoloma formosum )
- Narrow-leaved crack fungus ( Inocybe leptophylla , Syn.Inocybe casimiri )
- Anise clubfoot ( Cortinarius odorifer )
fauna
The Höllengebirge is a retreat for roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) and chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra ); the animals occur in high densities. Even mountain hares ( Lepus timidus ) live in the area. Alpine choughs ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) and common ravens ( Corvus corax ) are common. Rock ptarmigan ( Lagopus muta ), black grouse ( Lyrurus tetrix ) and capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus ) are less common . Alpine brown cells ( Prunella collaris ) and wall creepers ( Tichodroma muraria ) were also detected. The Höllengebirge is also the distribution area of the golden eagle ( Aquila chrysaetos ), but without evidence of breeding. The eagle owl ( Bubo bubo ) could only be detected indirectly ( Gewölle ) on the Schoberstein . The adder ( Vipera berus ) and its black color variant hell Notter are common in the mountains hell.
For many animals in the Alpine regions, the Höllengebirge together with the Traunstein form the northern limit of their distribution areas in Upper Austria. This applies to the alpine salamander ( Salamandra atra ) as well as to the already mentioned golden eagles, alpine choughs, alpine brownelles and wall creepers.
economy
forestry
With the construction of the salt works in Ebensee am Traunsee in 1604, the entire wood industry in the area was geared towards producing firewood for the brewhouse . For the salt production in the Sudpfannen 400 per week were stacked cubic meter of wood needed. In order to protect the forests from overexploitation in the face of this great need , foresters were appointed and forest offices (now the district forest inspectorate) established. In the forest inspection books, strict regulations for the extraction (amount, type and location) of wood were laid down. In particular, the extraction of spruce and fir wood was given high priority, as only this could generate the necessary large flame and not too hot fire. The beech wood flames were too hot for that and could damage the bottom of the pan. Larch trees were needed for the pipes of the brine pipes .
All valleys have been opened up for timber transport; a sophisticated system of clauses was created. The transport of the wood from the Kienbachtal on the north side of the mountains turned out to be complicated. The wood was first drifted over the Kienbach (Kienklause) to the Attersee and brought to Weißenbach with Platten . Onward transport usually took place in winter with ox- drawn sleigh wagons. From the watershed (reverse Stube) could return to the Saline to Ebensee getriftet be. To make the work easier, a hydraulic elevator was built in 1722 , which overcame a height difference of 50 meters, followed by a flood channel. All in all, it took the wood four years to get to Ebensee. In 1877, the commissioning of the Salzkammergut Railway enabled the transport of cheap lignite from the Hausruck districts , which led to the suspension of timber transport to Ebensee.
hunt
The Hell Mountains are very rich in game. The discovery of the lance tip of a boar spring on the southern slope of the salt mountain near the Brenner Pass proves that hunting was carried out on the plateau as early as the 17th century. The last brown bear was shot in the Aurachkar in 1778.
The Höllengebirge was located in the court hunting area leased by the imperial family and was one of the preferred hunting grounds of Franz Joseph I , whose summer residence was in nearby Bad Ischl . For the Mitterweißbacher Revier, the game population was given as 300 to 350 large game and 200 roe deer. Up to 40 chamois and some deer were hunted during the annual Gimbach hunt . Up to 200 drivers were used here. In the Helmesriese, on the east side of the Höllengebirge, the emperor shot his two thousandth chamois. The Kaiser used the hunting lodge elevator by the wooden lift in Weißenbachtal regularly and there was an imperial hunting lodge on the Spitzalm. The hunting lodge of Empress Sissi was on the Vorderen Langbathsee. The court hunting management in Ebensee imposed an absolute ban on entering the central Höllengebirge every summer during the hunting season and poaching was strictly prosecuted. The last court hunt took place in the Aurach Valley on July 23, 1914. The hunting administration is now the responsibility of the Austrian Federal Forests as owners.
Alpine farming
A large number of alpine pastures were used for alpine farming, the importance of which fell sharply in the 20th century. Field names such as Geißalm and Schafalm indicate that it was more widespread at the time and numerous foundations of derelict huts, such as the Hinteren Spitzalm , remind of this. In 1864 the k. u. k. State Commission imposed a grazing ban on sheep and goats, as well as the grazing rights and the permitted number of cattle, in order to counteract the risk of animal disease transmission and the associated restriction of imperial hunting. Currently (2013) only the Griesalm near the Hochleckenhaus and the Kranabethsattelalm on the Feuerkogel are managed. The pasture area of the two Servitutsalmen is 47 hectares, on which 65 domestic cattle graze.
Hiking tourism
For entering the imperial hunting area in the central part of the Höllengebirge a special permit from the k. u. k. Forest management required, so that the development started relatively late compared to other mountains.
Obtaining rights of way to climb the plateau was difficult and it was not until 1910, three years after the Vöcklabruck Alpine Club Section was founded, that it was allowed to create the Stieg and the Brennerriesensteig on the west side. The industrialist and founder of Eternit-Werke , Ludwig Hatschek, took on around three quarters of the road costs of 1,333 kroner . Before 1914, the marked path from Taferlklaussee through the Langen Graben to the Griesalm was opened. In 1925, the Vöcklabruck section opened the Hochleckenhaus and acquired the property, which had only been leased until then, from the Austrian Federal Forests .
Eight years passed on the east side until the Gmunden section, founded in 1902, was allowed to create the climb from the alpine pasture area of the Feuerkogel via the Großer Höllkogel to the Spitzalm and in 1911, under strict conditions, was allowed to build the Kranabethsattelhütte on the Feuerkogel. Also in 1927, the local group of Friends of Nature Attnang built a small hut, which was soon expanded as a House of Friends of Nature. As the last of the four mountain huts, the Rieder Hut was built in 1929 . During the Second World War and the first years after the war, tourism, the associations of the sections and mountaineering came to a standstill. With increasing enthusiasm for the mountains, more vacationers joined the local mountaineers from 1950. The huts were renovated and expanded. A youth home (1960) and the material ropeway (1965) were built next to the Hochleckenhaus. The Rieder Hütte burned down in 1973 and was reopened in 1975 after being rebuilt. The Kranabethsattelhütte was sold in 1990 and burned to the ground in 1991. The Naturfreundehaus was sold in March 2012 and has been called Kranabeth-Hütte since then.
The marked and signposted network of trails in the Höllengebirge is maintained by the Austrian Alpine Association . The Austrian long-distance hiking trail No. 04 crosses the mountains from east to west. This path bears the number 804 as the pre-alpine path and is designated 820 in the Höllengebirge and has its highest point with the Grünalmkogel. There are climbs to the plateau on the west, north and east sides. The most well-known are:
- Route 820: From Weißenbach am Attersee over the Schoberstein to the Brennerin in the west or from Ebensee to the Feuerkogel in the east
- Path 821 Brennerriesensteig from the forestry office to the Brennerin
- Off 822 Stieg from Steinbach to Gaisalm
- Route 824 from the Kienklause to the Hochleckenhaus
- Route 825 from the Taferklause to the Hochleckenhaus
- Route 828 Schafluckensteig from the Hinterer Langbathsee to the Schafalm
- Path 832 from the Kreh to the Feuerkogel
Ski tourism
On the initiative of Rudolph Ippisch , the Feuerkogel cable car went into operation on June 26, 1927 . Although skiing became more and more popular in Upper Austria, the railway in the Höllengebirge initially served as an ascent aid for ski hikes on the surrounding high plateau. In 1936 Austria's first drag lift was built with the so-called pole lift . In 2010 there was a further expansion of the ski area with the construction of a supply road, eight-seater gondola and six-seater chairlift and the creation of some slopes. In addition to the Alpine Club huts, several private inns and huts as well as a hut village offer overnight accommodation. A total of eight lifts are available on the Feuerkogel for 16 km of slopes, 6 km of which are unprepared.
The high plateau is also suitable for snowshoe and ski tours. The Höllengebirge crossing from Feuerkogel to Hochleckenhaus with winter markings is the longest ski tour in the area. There are other skiing opportunities at the Hochlecken lifts, which were built in the 1970s in the western part of the Höllengebirge near the Taferlklause. There are four groomed slopes and four tow lifts available there.
Alpinism
In contrast to other, more spectacular mountain groups, the climbing technology development did not begin until late, around 1920. The difficult towers and walls on the steep northern slopes of the Höllengebirge were reserved for mountaineers from the region. In particular, the Gmunden Sepp Stahrl, Josef Mulzet, Max Huemer, Hans Meiseleder and Franz Stadler managed difficult first ascents during this time, such as the Eiblgupf-Nordostwand (V) and Alberfeldkogel-Nordostpfeiler (IV-). In the western Höllengebirge the Vöcklabrucker climbers started to develop in the 1930s . Sepp Heizendorfer, Scheibenpflug, Hans Matterbauer, Wilhelm Stix and Gustav Neubacher were particularly successful at the Adlerspitze, the Steinerne Mannern and the Vöcklabrucker Turm. In 1938 the climbers Franz Scheckenberger and Hias Aigner managed to climb the north-western edge of the Seeturm (V) and the north face of the central summit of the Adlerspitze (V).
After the Second World War, further development was continued, mainly by young climbers from the Alpine Club local group Kammer and the local friends of nature groups Lenzing and Vöcklabruck. Today, especially in the western Höllengebirge, there are many sport climbing routes up to the IX. Level of difficulty .
In 2012, a via ferrata was set up at Mahdlgupf in the west of the Höllengebirge . In 2010, a group around the Linz mountaineer Robert Wacha began to develop it again. This applies above all to the southern walls of the Weissenbachtal, as well as the grave pit in the north. In the winter of 2015, the south face of the great Höllkogel was ascent , and in 2017 the first ascent of the Hirschlucken north face.
Name customer
The wild valley basin "In der Höll" on the south side of the mountain is named for the mountain range, the Großer Höllkogel, and the Höllbach that rises there. Many peaks and field names go back to the vegetation. The Eiblgupf refers to the European yew ( Taxus baccata ), the Segenbaumkogel is derived from the Segenbaum ( Juniperus sabina ), the Elexenkogel from the Elexe ( Prunus padus ), Hochlecken von der Lecken, a local name for the mountain pine ( Pinus mugo ) and the crane saddle refers to the crane bush, the common juniper ( Juniperus communis ). Salt licks for game have led to the names Salzkogel and Salzberg. Mountain pine (mountain pine) and forest fires led to the names Brennerin, Brunn- or Brenntakogel. The Pfaffengraben refers to the Traunkirchen monastery , the original owner of this area. The Jagdhaus elevator got its name from a wooden elevator built in 1722. The field name Schiffau in Langbathtal goes back to the extraction of ship lumber for the construction of barges .
Say
In the vicinity of the Geißalm there is a rock hole, which is mentioned in the legend as Teufelsjoch (Devil's Hole).
“In Steinbach am Attersee a pastor's cook was so quarrelsome that the devil finally took her. While still in the air she argued with him until he drove through the mountain with her high up in the Höllengebirge and tore open the Teufelsjoch "
Not far from the Hochleckenhaus is the treasure grave cave (cadastral number 1567/24) at the Golden Gatterl, which is also the subject of a folk legend.
"Every year a good, poor lumberjack came to the Scherhaufenwiese and let the oldest boy take him to the Griesalpe to fetch gold. He always gave so generous gifts to the family that they were fine. But the lumberjack was seized by the lust for profit, he persuaded the Wällischen to take him to the Goldschlucht. The Wallish let him down, but threw the rope after him and walked away. The lumberjack had a sack of groceries with him and dug his way out into the open with his hands on the Rabenstein. But his hands were gone up to the wrists. The man himself was insane. In clear moments he told me that there was a golden gate in the depths, and in front of it was a stone table with a hammer and mallet on it. Through the gate you come to a chamber with gold. The same legend goes about a farmhand from Neukirchen in der Viechtau. "
literature
- Bernd Ruttner: The vegetation of the Höllengebirge . In: Stapfia. Volume 33, Linz 1994, PDF on ZOBODAT
- Hans Egger: Explanations to sheet 66 Gmunden . Federal Geological Institute, Vienna 2007 PDF Online
- Gudrun and Herta Wallentin: Alpine history in a nutshell. Steinbach am Attersee . Austrian Alpine Club, Innsbruck 2010 PDF online
- Engelbert Koller: 350 years of Ebensee saltworks. In: Oberösterreichische Heimatblätter, Linz 1957, online (PDF) in the forum OoeGeschichte.at
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Hauzenberger, Franz: Höllengebirge. Hiking, climbing and ski guides . 2nd edition, self-published, Vöcklabruck 2005, pp. 7–13.
- ↑ Ruttner, Bernd: The vegetation of the Höllengebirge . Pp. 13-15.
- ↑ Egger, Hans: Explanations on sheet 66 Gmunden . Pp. 6-7.
- ↑ Egger, Hans: Explanations on sheet 66 Gmunden . Pp. 33-34.
- ^ A b Egger, Hans: Explanations to sheet 66 Gmunden . Pp. 44-48.
- ↑ Egger, Hans: Explanations on sheet 66 Gmunden . P. 57.
- ↑ Ruttner, Bernd: The vegetation of the Höllengebirge . Pp. 25-30.
- ↑ Severe weather statistics for hurricane Kyrill ( Memento from July 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.7 MB).
- ↑ Friedrich Grashäftl has been observing the weather on the Feuerkogel for 30 years. Oberösterreichische Nachrichten, accessed on February 2, 2013 .
- ^ Climate data from Austria 1971–2000. ZAMG , accessed February 2, 2013 .
- ↑ Ruttner, Bernd: The vegetation of the Höllengebirge . Pp. 40-114.
- ↑ Ruttner, Bernd: The vegetation of the Höllengebirge . Pp. 148-155.
- ↑ a b Pils, Gerhard : Die Pflanzenwelt Oberösterreichs , Ennsthaler, Steyr 1999, pp. 185–186 and 195–196.
- ↑ Ricek, Erich W .: The fungal flora of Attergaues, Hausruckviertel and Kobernaußerwald Forest , editor and publisher of the Zoological and Botanical Society in Austria, Vienna 1989, p 142-322 PDF online
- ↑ Steiner, Helmut: The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) in the Upper Austrian Limestone Alps . Egretta-Vogelkundliche Nachrichten aus Österreich 42, Salzburg 1999, pp. 172–173 PDF online
- ↑ ARGE Ornithology at Upper Austria. State Museum and BirdLife Austria: Ornithological news from Upper Austria . Biology Center Upper Austria, Linz 2003, p. 86 PDF online
- ↑ Reinthaler-Lottermoser, Ursula: Analysis of the distribution of the Alpine Salamander in Austria using a community based approach . Master's thesis at the University of Salzburg, Salzburg 2009, p. 16 PDF online
- ↑ Brader & Aubrecht (editorial): Atlas of Breeding Birds in Upper Austria . Denisia 7, Linz 2003 online
- ↑ Koller, Engelbert: 350 years of the Ebensee saltworks . Pp. 85-87, pp. 92-95.
- ^ Wallentin, Gudrun & Wallentin, Herta: Alpine history in a nutshell. Steinbach am Attersee . Pp. 30-32.
- ^ Almanac Upper Austria. State of Upper Austria, accessed on February 2, 2013 .
- ↑ a b c Wallentin, Gudrun & Wallentin, Herta: Alpine history in a nutshell. Steinbach am Attersee . Pp. 45-60.
- ↑ An overview of lifts and slopes. feuerkogel.net, accessed on March 5, 2013 .
- ↑ Hochlecken ski area info. Hochlecken ski lifts, accessed on March 5, 2013 .
- ↑ Hirschlucken- north face at bergstieg.com
- ↑ Koller, Engelbert: 350 years of the Ebensee saltworks . P. 85.
- ^ Upper Austrian saga book - devil sagas. Sagen.at, accessed February 1, 2013 .
- ↑ Upper Austrian saga book - Of treasures. Sagen.at, accessed on February 3, 2013 .
