Johann Maximilian von Lamberg

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Johann Maximilian v. Lamberg (1648),
painting in the Friedenssaal of the historic town hall of Münster
Johann Maximilian von Lamberg

Johann Maximilian von Lamberg , since 1636 Imperial Count von Lamberg, Baron zu Ortenegg and Ottenstein , (born November 23/28, 1608 in Brno ; † December 12/15, 1682 in Vienna ) was an Austrian nobleman, imperial diplomat and minister as well Burgrave of the city of Steyr ( Upper Austria ). He was one of the main imperial negotiators and signatory of the Peace of Westphalia and Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece . He was considered "one of the greatest and most experienced state ministers of the 17th Seculi".

origin

Johann Maximilian belonged to the original noble family von Lamberg from Carniola , namely to the oldest main line named after the Orteneck rule in Carniola. He was the son of Baron Georg Siegmund von Lamberg, Freiherr zu Ortenegg and Ottenstein auf Stockern and Amerang (* 1565; † 1660/62), and his third wife, Johanna Della Scala Freiin von der Leytter zu Behrn and Vicenz, heiress of Amerang († August 17, 1644), from the house of the Scaliger , the former lords of Verona . His mother was first married to Siegmund (II.) Von Dietrichstein, since 1600 Imperial Count von Dietrichstein etc. († 1602). As a result, Johann Maximilian was a half-brother of Maximilian von Dietrichstein , the second imperial prince of Dietrichstein zu Nikolsburg († 1655).

Life

Johann Maximilian completed his law studies at the University of Vienna and then went on the usual cavalier tour , visiting Italy, France and Spain, where he learned the national languages ​​so well that he mastered them as well as his mother tongue German and Latin. On his return he entered the imperial service and was appointed imperial chamberlain by Ferdinand II (1610–1637) . He was the Crown Prince, Archduke Ferdinand III. , at that time King of Hungary and Bohemia , and accompanied him, who was commander-in-chief of the imperial troops after the fall of Wallenstein since 1634 , on his campaigns. He therefore took part in the conquest of Donauwörth and Regensburg , as well as in September 1634 in the battle of Nördlingen and the subsequent expulsion of the Swedes from southern Germany. He returned with Ferdinand III. returned to Vienna and was appointed Reichshofrat - d. H. appointed a member of the highest court in the Holy Roman Empire alongside the Imperial Court of Justice, which was responsible for imperial fiefs , imperial privileges and reservation rights.

Johann Maximilian accompanied Ferdinand III. on the occasion of his coronation as Roman-German King , which took place on December 22, 1636 in Regensburg . Ferdinand III. elevated him to hereditary imperial count because of his services and entrusted him, in Primogenitur , with the Grand Palatinate . The relevant diploma was not issued until September 5, 1641.

Contribution to the Peace of Westphalia

As Reichshofrat, Lamberg had been concerned with questions of the foreign policy of the empire and the Habsburg hereditary lands since 1634 . He played his most important role in the effort to end the Thirty Years' War . To end the war, negotiations between the warring parties began in 1637 on a "Universal Peace Congress", whereby in 1641 an agreement was reached on the participants and the places of the negotiations. From 1643 a peace congress of all warring parties took place, which for reasons of prestige and religion met separately and at the same time in the town halls of Münster and Osnabrück.

Lamberg took part in this congress from 1643 as authorized minister of the emperor under the coordination of the chief envoy, the imperial high court master Count Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff- Weisberg. He was responsible for the negotiations that took place in Osnabrück and was supported by the imperial councilor Johann Krane . Unlike in Münster, where the Pope and Venice played mediating roles, negotiations in Osnabrück took place directly between the imperial, the imperial and the Swedish envoys. The main topic, and thus Lamberg's primary task, was originally to work out the terms of peace between the empire and Sweden. Through the participation of the imperial estates, against which Emperor Ferdinand III. had resisted in vain, questions of the organization of the Reich and the estates came to the fore, whereby the conference at Osnabrück also became a German constitutional convention.

Lamberg's most important negotiating partner for the peace negotiations was the envoy of Queen Christina of Sweden , Count Johan Axelsson Oxenstierna († December 15, 1657), the son of the Swedish Chancellor Count Axel Oxenstierna . On the other hand, he had a large number of negotiating partners for questions of internal affairs in the Reich: the envoys of the States General , the Catholic and Protestant estates and the Swiss Confederation .

Lamberg's negotiations with the Swedish envoy were made much more difficult by the fact that, despite the peace congress, the war continued unabated, with Sweden trying to improve its negotiating position through military success. The Swedish commander in chief, Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson († 1651) , penetrated the Austrian hereditary lands in 1645, traversed Bohemia victoriously , set fire to Lower Austria and was only defeated by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in Brigittenau , just outside the gates of Vienna. In 1648, Count Hans Christoph von Königsmarck , a German general in Swedish service, invaded Bohemia after traveling through Saxony , the Electoral Palatinate , Lower Saxony and Westphalia , where he succeeded in conquering the Lesser Town of Prague on July 26, 1648 and stealing the Prague art Organize in 1648 .

The separate negotiations in Münster and Osnabrück also led to two separate but complementary peace treaties: the "Münster Peace Treaty" (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM) between the Kaiser and France and the "Osnabrück Peace Treaty" (Instrumentum Pacis Osnaburgensis, IPO) between Kaiser and Empire on the one hand and between Emperor and Sweden on the other.

The text of the Osnabrück Treaty, in the drafting of which Lamberg played a not insignificant role, was finalized and compared on July 27, 1648 and held in public on October 24, 1648 in the old town hall of Münster in the name of Emperor Ferdinand and Queen Christina von der Graf Lamberg and Oxenstierna as well as signed by the representatives of the imperial estates and announced on October 25th. At the same time, the Treaty of Münster between Emperor Ferdinand and King Louis XIV of France was signed by the emissaries of the Emperor (Trauttmansdorff), France ( Henri II. D'Orléans-Longueville ) and the various imperial estates involved in the drafting .

The Treaty of Osnabrück negotiated by Lamberg largely regulates internal affairs of the empire and the imperial estates, in particular territorial, religious and administrative questions that arose from the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War. This treaty thus became the most important constitutional document of the Holy Roman Empire since the Golden Bull of Emperor Charles IV and remained part of the imperial constitution until the end of the empire in 1806. At the same time, it also formed a basis for the development of modern international law.

Among other things, Article VII.2 provides that all essential matters of the empire require the approval of the imperial estates and that they have the right to conclude alliances with one another, but also with foreign powers, provided that they do not contradict their duties towards the emperor and the empire. This granted the imperial estates the greatest possible independence.

Article X. contains the territorial arrangements with Sweden, whereby the tactful concealment of the territorial losses of the empire to Sweden appears remarkable: various territories fall under Swedish rule, but remain part of the empire by defining them as imperial fiefdoms. The kings of Sweden received the right of immediate imperial estate for these territories and thus the right to participate in the diets with a seat and vote as dukes of Bremen, Werden and Pomerania, as princes of Rügen and lords of Wismar.

After the negotiations in Osnabrück were over, Lamberg returned to the Viennese court, where he was entrusted with various diplomatic missions in addition to his work as Reichshofrat and Imperial Councilor . So appointed him Emperor Ferdinand III. 1650 as chief steward of the Crown Prince, Archduke Leopold . In the following year he was appointed chief steward of the future empress, Eleonora Magdalena Gonzaga of Mantua-Nevers , and commissioned this third wife of Emperor Ferdinand III. to pick them up from their homeland and to accompany them with their entourage to their wedding (April 2, 1651) to Vienna.

Soon after, he was appointed to the Real Privy Council and in 1655 was accepted as the 437th Knight in the Order of the Golden Fleece .

Ambassador to Spain

An important diplomatic mission was entrusted to him in 1657, when he was appointed imperial ambassador to the Spanish court and thus mediator between the two lines of the " Casa de Austria ". Lamberg came to Madrid at a turbulent time . Bilateral relations between Vienna and Madrid had been clouded since the Peace of Westphalia. Domestically, there were constant uprisings in various provinces in Spain, which is why King Philip IV personally took over the government in 1659 to pacify the country. In terms of foreign policy, the conflict with Paris continued. Although France was defeated at Valenciennes in 1656 , it allied itself with England in 1657 in order to divide Flanders, which had remained Spanish, with England . The following year, Spain was defeated on June 14, 1658 by the united Anglo-French troops in the Battle of Dunkirk ("Batalla de las Dunas"). As a result, Spain had to conclude the Peace in the Pyrenees with France in 1659 . In doing so, it accepted the loss of important provinces and at the same time concluded an agreement on the marriage of Infanta Maria Teresa of Spain , the eldest daughter of King Philip IV, to Louis XIV (her cousin), which took place in 1660. There were also problems with Portugal . During the Restoration War (1659–1668), Philip IV tried in vain to recapture the Kingdom of Portugal, which had been lost in 1640.

There was thus more than enough material for Lamberg's reporting from Madrid, although these developments were received with understandable concern in Vienna, since ten years after the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (April 3, 1559), the then Spanish hegemony was over France had entered a hegemony of France over Spain and there was a risk that the enormous inheritance of the Spanish Habsburgs (Spain, Naples, Sicily, Milan, the overseas territories in America etc.) could not fall to Austria but to France.

Lamberg was obviously trying to protect Austria's interests. The Infanta Maria Theresa was induced to renounce all hereditary claims to the Spanish throne before her marriage to Louis XIV. At the same time, Lamberg tried to initiate a marriage between the Infanta Margarita Teresa of Spain , a daughter of Philip IV from his second marriage to the Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria , and her uncle, Emperor Leopold I. Given the precarious situation of the Spanish line of the Habsburgs ( Charles , the only surviving son of Philip IV, was a toddler and of fragile health), such a connection could be decisive in underpinning the inheritance claims of the Austrian Habsburgs. The agreement on this marriage was signed on April 6, 1663 by the imperial special envoy Count Pötting and the Duke of Medina de las Torres. The importance of this connection became apparent in 1665 after the death of Philip IV, as he had expressly excluded an inheritance from France in his will and stipulated that in the event of a premature death of the Infante Charles II, the Infanta Margarita Theresia and after her the descendants of his sister , the Infanta Maria Anna of Spain , the wife of Emperor Ferdinand III., should inherit the Spanish kingdoms. Thus the succession of the Austrian line of the "Casa de Austria" was fixed in the will. It is not known to what extent Lamberg was able to influence the drafting of the will; in any case, it corresponded exactly to the interests of his client, Emperor Leopold I.

Court dignitaries and ministers

Lamberg, who had already been appointed hereditary stable master in Carniola and Windischen Mark (Slovenska marka) in 1662 , returned to Austria in 1664 after a seven-year mission in Madrid. In Vienna he was appointed Imperial Chamberlain by Emperor Leopold I. In this capacity he accompanied the emperor to Tyrol in 1665 to pay homage to the hereditary by the estates of Tyrol and the Austrian foothills , which had fallen back to the emperor when the short-lived Tyrolean line had expired (the death of Cardinal Archduke Sigismund Franz of Austria-Tyrol) .

In the following year he took part in the ceremonial entry of the emperor with his bride, the Infanta Margarita Theresia, in Vienna on December 5, 1666, as well as in his function as the Imperial Chamberlain, which was celebrated with great pomp.

On August 25, 1666, Lamberg succeeded in an important expansion of his land holdings, as he was able to acquire the rule and city of Steyr from Emperor Leopold I, which his father had already taken over as a pledge on the basis of bonds, for 365,844 guilders as free property. From this rule and his other possessions, the dominions Amerang (in Bavaria) Stockern (in Lower Austria ), Kitzbühel (in Tyrol), Molln (in Upper Austria), Raming and Ternberg (near Steyr), he set up a Fideikommiss in 1669 .

In 1675 he was appointed imperial high steward and secret state and conference minister (member of the secret conference of the Austrian hereditary lands ). He exercised these functions until the end of his life. In the same year he was also enfeoffed with the office of Oberst-Erbland treasurer in Austria ob der Enns (Upper Austria).

At an advanced age, Lamberg undertook an architectural project by converting the Kunštát Castle in South Moravia (Kunštát in Okres Blansko), which he had acquired and expanded by Georg von Podiebrad, King of Bohemia (1458–1471), into a rectangular baroque castle around 1680 had to rebuild, whereby parts of the old castle and the Renaissance building were retained.

As a curiosity, it should be noted that Lamberg issued the first craft regulations for manufacturers of jew's harps (musical instruments) in the Upper Austrian market town of Moll in the Kirchdorf an der Krems district around 1680 . Jew's harps are still produced there today and also adorn the local coat of arms.

Johann Maximilian von Lamberg died in Vienna on December 12, 1682 and was buried in the Karlskapelle of the Augustinian Church in Vienna.

Marriage and offspring

Lamberg married Countess Maria Judith Johanna Eleonora Rebekka von Würben and Freudenthal (Bruntálští z Vrbna in Czech) on July 25, 1635, imperial court lady and star cross order lady , (* 1612; † March 16, 1690 in Vienna). She was buried with her husband in the Augustinian Church in Vienna. She was a daughter of George the Elder († in exile May 20, 1625), Lord of Würben and Freudenthal, on Freudenthal ( Bruntál ), Helfenstein ( Helfštýn Castle ), Kwassitz (Kvasice), Leipnik (Lipník nad Bečvou), Weissenkirchen and Drahotusch (Drahotuš Castle), all in today's Czech Republic . Georg von Würben and Freudenthal was Imperial Chamberlain and Councilor, Protestant, member of the Moravian Directory (1619–1621), Chief Justice of the Margraviate of Moravia; he was arrested after the battle on White Mountain . Her mother was Helena von Würben († n. 1625), heir daughter of Albrecht the Younger von Würben, Herr auf Gross-Herrlitz (Velke Heraltice) (Czech Republic) and his wife Johanna Sedlnitzky von Choltitz .

The following children came from the marriage:

  • Eleonora Franziska (* 1636; † November 19, 1689 in Vienna), Lady of the Star Cross ; ⚭ April 1, 1665 Imperial Count Heinrich Wilhelm von Starhemberg from the Wildberg family (* February 28, 1593; † April 2, 1675 in Vienna); Imperial Chamberlain, Real Privy Councilor and Obersthofmarschall, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece ; ⚭ 2.) 1676 Count Franz Anton von Lamberg
  • Franz Josef I (baptized St. Michael October 29, 1637; † November 1, 1712 in Steyer), 2nd Prince of Lamberg, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg , 1668 Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece; ⚭ Prague, February 4, 1663 Countess Anna Maria von Trauttmansdorff -Weinsberg (* 1642 - April 21, 1727), daughter of the Bohemian governor Adam Matthias von Trauttmansdorff (1617–1684) and granddaughter of Count Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff -Weinsberg, who negotiated the Peace of Westphalia with Johann Maximilian von Lamberg
  • Maria Anna Elisabeth (7 November 1638 - 22 November 1689); ⚭ 1.) Laibach November 19, 1662 Count Otto Sigismund Ernst von Zinzendorf (January 1640; † December 29, 1701) from the Freideck family, imperial councilor; ⚭ 2.) May 9, 1660 Count Hans Adam Hrzan von Harras († January 22, 1681)
  • Johanna Theresia, (baptized Michaelerkirche Vienna, December 30, 1639; † February 3, 1716 in Vienna); ⚭ October 28, 1662 Imperial Count Ferdinand Bonaventura I of Harrach zu Rohrau (* July 14, 1636 - June 15, 1706), Baron zu Bruck and Pyrrhenstein, Ambassador to France and Spain, Chief Chamberlain of Emperor Leopold I , Knight of the Order from the Golden Fleece
  • Georg Sigismund (born July 20, 1641; † 1672), Knight of the Order of Malta
  • Maria Anna Helene (baptized May 12, 1643 - March 27, 1674); ⚭ April 29, 1661 Prince Johann Karl von Porcia and Brugnera († April 27, 1667)
  • Clara Katharina Maria (* 1644; † before May 2, 1669); ⚭ July 27, 1661 Ernst Emmerich t'Serclaes, Imperial Count of Tilly and Breiteneck († April 22, 1675), Fideikommissherr in Altenburg, Tillysburg, Weissenberg, Traun etc.
  • Kaspar Friedrich, on Kunstadt and Zeliboritz (* 1648 in Münster, † July 20, 1686 in Brno); ⚭ 1.) 1675 Marie Franziska Teresia Hiesele of Chodau (Hýzrlová z Chodù) († 1684); ⚭ 2.) December 31, 1684 Maria Aloysia Theresia Countess von Waldburg-Zeil (* approx. 1658; † August 14, 1717)
  • Johann Philipp von Lamberg (* May 25, 1651 or 1652; † October 20 / October 21, 1712), March 27, 1663 Canon of Passau , June 5, 1675 Canon of Salzburg , 1689–1712 Prince-Bishop of Passau , 1700–1712 Cardinal , Prince of Lamberg in 1709 (ad personam)

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Lamberg, Johann Maximilian Graf von. In: Johann Heinrich Zedler : Large complete universal lexicon of all sciences and arts . Volume 16, Leipzig 1737, columns 284-286.
personal data
SURNAME Lamberg, Johann Maximilian von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Lamberg, Johann Maximilian Reichsgraf von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Austrian diplomat, court official, minister
DATE OF BIRTH November 23, 1608 or November 28, 1608
PLACE OF BIRTH Brno , Bohemia
DATE OF DEATH December 12, 1682 or December 15, 1682
Place of death Vienna