Smålandsfarvandet

Smålandsfarvandet
Connects waters	Great Belt
with water	Actual Baltic Sea
Separates land mass	Sjælland
of land mass	Lolland , Falster , Møn
Data
Geographical location	55 ° 0 ′ 0 "  N , 11 ° 40 ′ 0"  E Coordinates: 55 ° 0 ′ 0 "  N , 11 ° 40 ′ 0"  E
Islands	Agersø , Omø , Glænø , Enø , Gavnø , Masnedø , Farø , Bogø , Tærø , Langø , Lindholm , Nyord , Suderø , Kalvø , Vigsø , Askø , Lilleø , Havneø , Lindholm , Femø , Fejø , Skalø , Rågø , Rågø Kalv , Vejrø

Smålandsfarvandet or Smålandshavet ( Eng . Småland (s) fahrwasser, obsolete Vordingborg Bay) is a tributary of the Great Belt between the Danish islands of Sjælland , Lolland , Falster and Møn .

Its open central area including the Karrebæksminde Bugt extends over 908 km²; the southern part including Sakskøbing Fjord is 249 km². The catchment area in total is 3445 km², around 335,000 people live in it. The water depth in the central basin measures around 10 m, two shallow areas ( Venegrunde and Kirkegrund ) are only 6 m deep. The average salt content on the water surface drops from west to east from 18 PSU (1.8%) to 11 (1.1%) PSU in the winter half-year or from 15 PSU (1.5%) to 9 (0.9%) PSU in summer.

expansion

Detail from Sidney Hall's Denmark map (1830)

According to the official German definition, the border with the Great Belt runs in the west on the line from Korsør ( Paulskirche ) over the west side of the islands of Agersø and Omø to Onsevig on Lolland; the eastern border between Zealand and Møn is the Jungshoved – Ægholm Sand– Ulvshale line, the Hestehoved – Madses Klint line between Møn and Falster and the Flinthorne Rev – Skelby line on Guldborgsund . This geographical definition is based on the Danish nautical standard work Den danske Lods (15th edition 1983), which was founded in 1843 by Christian Christopher Zahrtmann .

From the belt side there are three main entrances for shipping: Agersø Sund between Zealand and Agersø, Omø Sund between Agersø and Omø and the fairway between Omø Stålgrunde and the north coast of Lolland. A smaller fourth passage is between Omø Tofte and Omø Stålgrunde.

From the east side, there are also three approaches to central Smålandsfarvandet: Bøgestrøm between Zealand and Nyord, Grønsund between Møn and Falster and Guldborgsund between Falster and Lolland.

A division into a western and an eastern water body is made at the meridian 11 ° 50 'E.

Other partial and backwaters

For Smålandsfarvandet include more partial and tributaries (clockwise): Skælskør Nor, Basnæs Nor, Holsteinsborg Nor, Bisserup Red, Karrebæksminde Bugt, Karrebæk Fjord , Dybsø Fjord, Avnø Fjord, Masnedsund, Færgestrøm, Storstrømmen , Ulvsund , Stege Bugt , Sortsø Gab , Vålse Vig, Hjelms Rende, Tårs Vig, Sakskøbing Fjord , Lindholm Dyb, Femø Sund, Rågø Sund.

Islands

In Smålandsfarvandet following islands are (clockwise): Agersø , Omø , Glænø , Enø , Gavnø , Dybsø , Avnø Røn , Masnedø , Farø , Bogø , Tærø , Langø , Lindholm , Tyreholm , Nyord , Degneholm , Ægholm , Dyrefod , Suderø , Hjem Ø, Kalvø , Kejlsø, Barholme, Vigsø , Askø and Lilleø , Havneø , Lindholm , Femø , Fejø , Skalø , Rågø , Rågø Kalv , Vejrø .

Cartography and name

Joan Blaeus map from 1645 shows the water still as an extension of the Guldborgsund , Dutch Golbersond .

Of secondary importance for international maritime trade, the knowledge of European cartographers about the bay's coastline remained rather limited until the 17th century. Cornelis Anthoniszoon (around 1560), Gerard Mercator (1595) and Joan Blaeu (1623/45) portrayed it as a narrow extension of Guldborgsund and Grønsund. Robert Dudley's Dell'Arcano del Mare (1646), the first world-wide sea atlas, only contained it mediocre copies after Lucas Janszoon Waghenaer (1580s).

Accordingly, the bay did not have its own name, but was known as Golbersond , the internationally accepted Dutch term for Guldborgsund.

In 1647, the water was first recognizable as a broad bulge of the Great Belt, in the case of Johannes Janssonius based on sketches by Johann Lauremberg . At the same time Johannes Mejer (1650) made significant progress. The name Golbersond was retained; alternatively it was known as de groene sont (read Grønsund) after Abraham Ortelius ' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (after 1584) .

The New Sea Chart of the Sound and the Two Belte (1777) by Christian Carl Lous brought a significant improvement . He was able to fall back on the geodetic survey of the main Danish islands, which had been tackled under Thomas Bugge. The following, for the first time carried out using modern methods, sea surveys by Poul de Løvenørn came to a standstill due to the war in 1807; In addition, the results remained unpublished in order not to let any information relevant to the warfare reach England.

In the first half of the 20th century, various names were in use, initially Vordingborg Bugt and Søen mellem Smaalandene . This designation was also used on Danish school wall maps until the late 1930s . "Smålandene" or "de små landsdele" is a collective name already in use in the Middle Ages for the islands of Langeland , Lolland, Falster and Møn. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that the names Smålandshavet and Smålandsfarvandet came up. Here was Smålandshavet first the official version. By the 1980s, Smålandsfarvandet became the standard name in Denmark.

The German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency currently no longer uses a collective term for the sea area in its international map series, but restricts naming (always in the local language) to sub-waters such as Karrebæksminde Bugt, Omø Sund or Ståldyb.

geology

In the north of the Smålandsfarvandet, a compensatory coast developed. A 3 km long spit was created from the material from Enø's steep bank to the southeast.

After the maximum advance of the glaciation during the Vistula Glaciation , the region was covered three times by the foothills of the ice sheet . The last advance (13 to 14,000 years ago) was from southeast to northwest, leaving behind the terminal moraines Knudshoved Odde –Venegrunde – Omø Stålgrunde, which divides the current seabed of the bay into a northern and a southern section.

Around 8000 years ago the Danish area formed a land bridge between Central Europe and Fennoskandia , the Baltic Sea was an inland sea ( Ancylus Sea ). The rivers in the north-westerly direction at that time shape the topography to this day: They form the passages from the Baltic Sea to the Kattegat: Fehmarnbelt – Great Belt, Guldborgsund – Smålandsfarvandet – Great Belt and Hohwachter Bay – Small Belt – Samsø Bælt . At the bottom of Smålandsfarvandet, two gullies towards the Great Belt with a depth of up to 40 m have been preserved. The fact that they were not filled in later by sediments is attributed to the strong currents. In this way, deep water can flow into the bay from the west, while only surface water can flow in from the actual Baltic Sea through the Storstrøm.

history

With the complete melting of the ice, the transgression of the sea was connected. The coastal areas were already inhabited in prehistoric times. Rich archaeological finds testify to this. a. off the island of Askø. In 2014, Roskilder researchers found a dugout tree made of linden wood over 6 m long, which they dated 5000 to 4500 BC with the help of the findings. BC ( Ertebølle culture ). The boat was used for fishing and transferring from island to island. In 2002 similar dugouts were secured in Stralsund .

In 1956, Danish researchers found a Stone Age settlement on the Argusgrund at the northern end of Guldborgsund at a depth of 4 to 5 m. An underwater archaeological investigation was only technically possible later and was carried out in 1984. The finds included a well-preserved fireplace and bones from at least four burials.

In Vordingborg a castle was in the 12th century Valdemar I. They served the king probably only for accommodation during the collection of the fleet ( ledingsflåde ), which was primarily called together for defense purposes, less often campaigns against turning . During this time Lolland and Falster suffered less attacks from the south than had long been suspected; nor was the castle big enough to function as a protective castle. It could also have been used to organize the customs posts on Storstrøm. When his successor Waldemar II had the building significantly enlarged around 1200 , the fortification was primarily intended to secure internal political control over the south of Zealand.

From 1911 onwards, the Småland Bay gained special strategic military importance in view of the naval policy of the great powers Germany and Great Britain and the looming threat of war. In order to be able to counter an injury to Danish neutrality (i.e. an invasion of the straits), the comparatively small Danish fleet had to be prepared for attacks from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea at the same time. That is why Fort Masnedø was built from 1912 and torpedo and submarines were stationed there. The bay became the primary base for fleet operations in the Great Belt and Fax Bay. Because of this key position, the German attacks on April 9, 1940 were particularly massive on Masnedø; it was the world's first successful war effort by paratroopers .

nature

LA Ring: Lady on the Beach at Karrebæksminde (1898). The painter, born in Ring near Næstved , found many landscape motifs in Karrebæksminde and Enø .

Karrebæksminde harbor.

Finn dinghies leaving for Smålandsfarvandet.

The small bay with its flat Nooren forms an important resting and breeding area for water birds. There are large populations of sand martin , eider , pintail , arctic tern , common tern , little tern , gray goose and avocet . The mute swan nests in colonies here, and since it sheds its wings in July and is temporarily unable to fly, the birds seek shelter in large groups in the shallow water areas of the Småland Bay. Because a closed ice cover is extremely rare in winter, many short-haul migrants from the north and the Baltic states as well as from Germany spend the winter here .

In addition, the water serves as a nursery for the bottlenose dolphin ; it can be found all year round and especially in the west of the bay.

Large parts are seal sanctuaries. The animals use spit hooks that are difficult to access from land to go ashore.

In Smålandsfarvandet, the Danish state has designated three Natura 2000 areas: No. 169 (Havet og kysten mellem Karrebæk Fjord og Knudshoved Odde), No. 170 (Kirkegrund) and partly No. 173 (Smålandsfarvandet nord for Lolland; Guldborgsund; Bøtø Nor; Hyllekrog-Rødsand).

Because of its shallow depth, the bay suffers less from a lack of oxygen than the Little Belt and Lübeck Bay; However, after warm summers, critical readings were also achieved here, especially in 2002 and 2010.

economy

The most important food fish was the plaice . However, the population has decreased drastically since the 1980s. The fishery for plaice has shifted accordingly to the Great Belt. The black-mouthed goby has spread in the Baltic Sea since 1990 and is now caught near Bornholm and in Smålandsfarvandet near Lolland, especially in Guldborgsund.

The Vindeby offshore wind farm was the first of its kind in the world in 1991. In just 5 m deep water off the coast of Lolland in the transition area Langelandsbelt / Smålandsfarvandet, eleven wind turbines were installed. Since 2008 the wave power plant “Poseidon 37” complements the system. The operator of the wind farm dismantled in 2017 was Ørsted (formerly Dong Energy).

In 2015, plans for another offshore wind farm at Omø Stålgrunde between the islands of Omø and Vejrø were completed. Subject to final approval of the plans in 2016, construction should be completed by 2020.

literature

• Handbook for Belte and Sund. Lille-Bält, fairway south of Fyn, Store-Bält, Smålandsfarvandet, Sund (loose-leaf collection No. 2004). German Hydrographic Institute , Hamburg 1987.
• Handbook Kattegat, Belte and Sund (loose-leaf collection No. 2009). Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency , Hamburg / Rostock 2009, ISBN 978-3-89871-938-4 .
• JP Trap: Danmark. Statistisk-topografisk beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark , Vols. 3 and 4, Copenhagen 4th edition 1921/23.
• Bo Bramsen: Gamle Danmarkskort. En historisk oversigt med bibliografiske noter for periods 1570–1770 . 3. Edition. Copenhagen 1975.
• Arend W. Lang: Nautical charts of the southern North and Baltic Seas. Their development from the beginning to the end of the 18th century . Hamburg 1968, ISBN 978-3-443-39035-8 .
• Frederik Raben-Levetzau: Lolland, Falster, Møn (Danmark, Vol. 8, edited by Svend Cedergreen Bech), Copenhagen 1988, ISBN 87-01-58562-2 .
• Erik Heller: Jordbund . In: Bent Rying (Ed.), Danmark. Sydsjælland (Gyldendals egnsbeskrivelse 5), Copenhagen 1972, pp. 15-30.
• E. Bergman Johansen: Smålands Øhav . In: Bent Rying (Ed.), Danmark. Lolland-Falster-Møn (Gyldendals egnsbeskrivelse 7), Copenhagen 1972, pp. 279-285.
• Achton Friis : Danmarks store øer , Volume 2. Copenhagen 1967. Travel information 1936/37.
• Erik Aalbæk Jensen : Livet på øerne. Smålandshavet and Nakskov fjord . Copenhagen 1981, ISBN 87-00-73041-6 . Essayistic reports.
• Not so Fischer: Stenalderbopladser i Smålandsfarvandet / Stone Age settlements in the Småland Bight , Copenhagen 1993, ISBN 87-601-3570-0 .
• ders .: Man and sea in the Mesolithic. Coastal settlement above and below present sea level , Osbow, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-946897-96-4 .
• Smålandsfarvandet. Vandplan 2009–2015 . (PDF) Naturstyrelsen.

cards

• Kort 1412 - Korsør , official map sheet. Geodætisk Institute, Copenhagen 1956.
• Baltic Sea. Fehmarnbelt to Sund . Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Hamburg / Berlin, 1st edition 1961, 11th edition 2015, ISBN 978-3-86987-640-5 .

Web links

• Visit Næstved. Tourist information Næstved and Karrebæksminde
• Sunday sailors. Sail impressions (Danish) Private website

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Duden. Dictionary of geographical names. Europa , Mannheim 1966, p. 605.
2. ↑ Cf. for example Justus Perthes' Pocket Atlas from the German Empire . 9th edition. Gotha 1928.
3. ↑ Naturstyrelsen: Vandplan 2009–2015 , p. 72 f.
4. ↑ Vandplan 2009–2015 . Naturstyrelsen, p. 14.
5. ↑ Natural conditions in the Baltic Sea. Part B of the manuals for the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat . Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Hamburg / Rostock 2008, ISBN 978-3-89871-161-6 , pp. 59, 61, 63, 65. Current values. Dansk Meteorologisk Institut DMI; accessed on January 16, 2016.
6. ^ German Hydrographic Institute : Handbook for Belte and Sund , Hamburg 1987, p. 265. Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency: Handbook Kattegat, Belte and Sund , Hamburg / Rostock 2009, p. 6, 138–159.
7. ^ Smålandsfarvandet . In: Christian Blangstrup (Ed.): Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon . 2nd Edition. tape 21 : Schinopsis spectrum . JH Schultz Forlag, Copenhagen 1926, p. 785 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
8. ↑ Handbook for Belte and Sund . German Hydrographic Institute , p. 265. Smålandsfarvandet . In: Christian Blangstrup (Ed.): Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon . 2nd Edition. tape 21 : Schinopsis spectrum . JH Schultz Forlag, Copenhagen 1926, p. 785 (Danish, runeberg.org ).
9. ^ Arend W. Lang: Nautical charts of the southern North and Baltic Seas. Their development from the beginnings to the end of the 18th century , Hamburg 1968, panel I a. Plate V. Bo Bramsen: Gamle Danmarkskort. En historisk oversigt med bibliografiske noter for periods 1570–1770 , Copenhagen 3rd edition 1975, Fig. 52.
10. ↑ Bo Bramsen: Gamle Danmarkskort , p. 76 f.
11. ↑ Also Golberson (d) t, later Golversont. Historical toponiemen databank (ndl.), Accessed on December 18, 2015.
12. ↑ Bo Bramsen: Gamle Danmarkskort , p. 13, no. 16.
13. ↑ Bo Bramsen, p. 57. Both alternatives included in Martin Zeiller's country description New description of the kingdoms of Dennemarck and Norway ... , Ulm 1658, p. 30.
14. ^ Arend W. Lang: Nautical charts of the southern North and Baltic Seas , p. 68 and panel XX.
15. ^ Arend W. Lang: Nautical charts of the southern North and Baltic Seas , p. 56 u. 68.
16. ↑ See also Stieler's Hand Atlas , 9th edition 1906, reprint Darmstadt 2007, map no. 41 with the untranslated Danish name; wikimedia commons: Stieler's Hand Atlas (1891) .
17. ↑ JP Trap: Danmark. Statistisk-topografisk beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark , vol. 3 u. 4, Copenhagen 4th edition 1921/23.
18. ^ Verner Dahlerup: Ordbog over det danske sprog , Vol. 20, Copenhagen 1941, Col. 746.
19. ↑ Bent Jørgensen: Danske stednavne , Gyldendal, Copenhagen 3rd edition 2008, p 263rd
20. ^ Bent Jørgensen, p. 263.
21. ↑ Geodætisk Institut: Kort 1412 - Korsør , official map sheet, Copenhagen 1956. According to Lademanns leksikon , Vol. 17 (1974), p. 248; Gyldendals Tibinds Leksikon , 9, 21 (1978); Lademanns leksikon , Vol. 26 (1993), p. 120.
22. ↑ Baltic Sea. Fehmarnbelt to Sund . Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Hamburg / Berlin 1st edition 1961, 11th edition 2015, ISBN 978-3-86987-640-5 ).
23. ^ Johannes Krüger, Steen Sjørring: Geologi og landskabsudvikling på Lolland Falster Møn . In: Svend Cedergreen Bech, Danmark , Volume 8 (Lolland Falster Møn), Copenhagen 1988, pp. 242-258, pp. 242 f.
24. ↑ Johannes Krüger u. Steen Sjørring, p. 251.
25. ↑ Naturstyrelsen: Vandplan 2009–2015 , p. 72.
26. ↑ Stenalderboplads og Stammebåd ved Askø Vikingeskibsmuseet, accessed on December 7, 2015.
27. ↑ Mads Raagaard: 6500 år gammel båd fundet ved Lolland Danmarks Radio, September 3, 2014.
28. ↑ Anders Fischer: An entrance to the Mesolithic world below the ocean. Status of ten years' work on the Danish sea floor , in: ders., Man and sea in the Mesolithic. Coastal settlement above and below present sea level , Osbow, Oxford 1995, ISBN 0-946897-96-4 , pp. 371-384, pp. 374 f.
29. ↑ Dorthe Wille-Jørgensen: Vordingborg Castle as the basis of Danish conquests to the Slavic Baltic Sea coast , in: Ole Harck, Christian Lübke (ed.), Between Reric and Bornhöved (research on the history and culture of eastern Central Europe 11), Stuttgart 2001, p 165-177, p. 167 f.
30. ↑ Dorthe Wille-Jørgensen, p. 175 f.
31. ↑ Michael H. Clemmensen: Det lille land for the store krig. De danske farvande, stormagtsstrategier, efterretninger and forsvarsforberedelser omkring kriserne 1911-13. Odense 2012, ISBN 978-87-7674-617-9 , p. 353.
32. ↑ Lokalitet Smålandsfarvandet Dansk ornitologisk forening, accessed on December 20, 2015.
33. ↑ Mute Swan (Danish) Naturhistorisk Museum, accessed on December 20, 2015.
34. ↑ J. Teilmann, S. Sveegaard: High density areas for harbor porpoises in Danish waters (DMU-rapport 657) DCE Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, accessed on December 20, 2015.
35. ↑ Pattedyr i havet  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) Danmarks naturfredningsforening, accessed on December 20, 2015.  
36. ↑ Natura-2000 planer ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Naturstyrelsen, accessed December 28, 2015. 
37. ↑ Iltrapporter, arkiv ( Memento of the original dated December 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Institut for Bioscience, Aalborg University , accessed December 8, 2015. 
38. ↑ No. 281-2014 Kystfisk I. Udviklingen i kystnære fiskebestande (PDF) ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. DTU Aqua, Institut for akvatiske ressourcer, accessed on December 20, 2015. 
39. ↑ Danske fritidsfiskere registrerer fangster DTU Fiskepleje, accessed on December 28, 2015.
40. ↑ Sortmundet kutling ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Naturstyrelsen, accessed December 28, 2015. 
41. ↑ Eksisterende parker og current projekter ( Memento of the original from August 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Energistyrelsen, accessed December 23, 2015. 
42. ↑ Smålandsfarvandet Havmøllepark (PDF) Naturstyrelsen, accessed on December 20, 2015.
43. ↑ Based on Den danske Lods , 2 volumes, Copenhagen 1971/74.