St. Juergens Church (Lilienthal)
The St. Jürgens Church in the district of Lilienthal in Lower Saxony of the same name is a listed Evangelical Lutheran church. The small church from the 12th century, consecrated to Saint George ( Jürgen is the North German name variant), was regularly washed over by floods until the 20th century and opened for the Reformation in 1535 . Nowadays it is a popular destination for day trippers and cyclists.
In view of financial and personnel cuts, maintaining a regulated, independent community life became more and more difficult in the first half of the 2010s despite cooperation with neighboring churches. To counter this problem, St. Jürgen was merged with St. Marien to form the new parish Lilienthal at the beginning of 2015, which has around 8,300 members and belongs to the Hanover regional church through the Osterholz-Scharmbeck parish .
location
Located on a Kirchwarf , the St. Juergens Church has a dominant position within the completely flat marsh meadows of the Lower Saxon St. Juergen Land north of the Wümme meander and the Bremen Blockland , which adjoins it to the south. The Wümme thus forms the national border. Immediately adjacent to the property on the south side, a larger drainage ditch flows with the church canal in an east-west direction. Next to the church building are the half-timbered bakery , rebuilt in 2004 , a sexton's house and the thatched rectory . The ensemble is located on Kirchweg, which runs diagonally from northeast to southwest, and connects Kreisstraße 8 with the Wümmedeich in the village of Höftdeich. Starting from the church, a last section of the old Moorkampstrasse runs in a westerly direction, which was part of a connecting route between Bremen and Hamburg around the year 850 . Like almost all Christian sacred buildings, the St. Juergens Church faces east-west with the apse facing east. It is located on the meridian of Bremen Cathedral and exactly 11.27 kilometers north of it. From a political point of view, the formerly independent town of St. Jürgen has belonged to Lilienthal as a district since its incorporation in 1974 - as have the ten localities assigned to it, which formerly formed an independent parish. The numbering of the buildings has been carried out since ancient times in such a way that the parsonage is listed as No. 1, the bakery as No. 1 b, the church as No. 2, the sexton's house as No. 3 and an adjoining building in Höftdeich as No. 4 .
architecture
The small church is a Romanesque brick and sandstone building with a white plastered interior and exterior and a total length of 31.5 meters and a width of up to ten meters. Two ribbed vaults dominate the interior of the church. One of them culminates directly above the organ on its gallery , while the other spans most of the benches. Both are eight meters high, 7.75 meters wide and six meters long and are covered by a uniform, twelve-meter high gable roof. The vault is connected to the east by the 6.25 meter long, 6.5 meter wide and 6.25 meter high chancel or altar room , which shows traces of late Romanesque. The roof above him is 9.5 meters high. The end of the church to the east is the small apse with a height of up to 4.75 meters. It is 6.5 meters wide and only 2.5 meters deep. The tower at the western end of the structure is 21.25 meters high with a weather vane showing Saint George slaying the kite, 19 meters without a weather vane. It has a non-public staircase in its south wall and has a footprint of seven by 5.75 meters. The church clock is on the north wall.
The nave has a total of 15 Romanesque arched windows. If there are one on each side of the choir and three small stained- glass windows in the apse , four windows were built into each of the vaults - two in each wall. Below this in the organ vault there are two smaller ones set back in the thick wall. In earlier times there were entrances there, the main entrance being on the south side.
history
Building history
The beginnings of the St. Juergens Church lie in a small stone path chapel, which Archbishop Ansgar had built around 865 at its current location on a sand dune. In the then impassable terrain from Bremen to Osterholzer Geest , it probably also served as a protective castle and watchtower. It is possible that there was a Germanic cult site at this point in pre-Christian times . This assumption results from the fact that St. George, to whom the chapel was consecrated from the beginning, often took the place of the Germanic deity Wodan during Christianization in order to be able to adopt old customs more easily.
The exact year of construction is in the dark. It is certain that Dutch settlers negotiated a contract with Archbishop Friedrich I of Bremen in 1106 that expressly permitted the construction of church buildings in the region. Nowadays it is assumed that the construction of the St. Jürgen Church can be dated to around 1190. It would therefore be older than the Lilienthal Monastery . The community is first mentioned in a document in 1244. The building was most likely built in one go; the tower was only built in the 15th century in conjunction with other renovations. Other sources suggest, however, that the choir with the apse was the first to be built because it shows older architectural traces. The nave was therefore added in the second half of the 13th century.
In the middle of the 18th century, the chapel was still a 14 by 18 foot extension to the choir and had a measuring altar, a holy water kettle and a measuring bell. The church council had this remnant of the chapel removed, probably around 1747, since "those who came too late and also the youngsters did a lot of mischief in it to hinder public worship". Three major restorations of the nave were carried out in the 20th century. In 1931 the architect Kurt Schulze-Herringen worked out the original shape of the church in a lengthy process, after the interior had previously been repeatedly adapted to current tastes. A lead glass window in the anteroom of the church with yellow and white inserts still reminds of his work. Thirty years later, Jan Noltenius from Bremen and the painter H. Oetke from Delmenhorst carried out renovation work between April and October 1961 after serious damage to the tower had been repaired a year earlier. During the renovation in 1986, it was possible to uncover the foundations of the old chapel in the area of the old sacristy on the south side of the chancel. When the exterior plastering of the nave was removed during the same renovation work, it became apparent that the church had to undergo extensions in the gable area and on the north and south sides of the church walls. This probably happened around 1747, because the former pastor Johann Wilhelm Hönert wrote in his notes:
"We were noticed around 1747 that the entire roof structure of the church, the tower and the bell cage were in danger of collapsing."
Elsewhere it is speculated that the vaults of the nave could only have been drawn in in the 14th century instead of the original wooden beam ceiling. As the weight on the vaults was much more than on the previous ceiling, the outer walls were reinforced at a later date. In fact, Romanesque churches often have wooden ceilings that have been removed over the centuries. In St. Jürgen, however, Romanesque lines can be found in the vaults, which indicate that the vaults were drawn in very early or that they were part of the church from the beginning.
Church history
Immediately after its construction, the St. Juergens Church must have served as a place of pilgrimage . This is indicated by the deep furrows in the north-west corner of the tower. They are a sign that there men, possibly warriors, sharpened their knives and swords on the sandstone, which was then considered sacred . The Reformation reached St. Jürgen relatively late for the region. The last Catholic priest, Warnerus Weber, was persuaded to resign in 1535 by the St. Jürgen church jury Johann Borcherdes, Lüder Rust and Arend Barnstorp against payment of 60 Bremen marks. It can therefore be assumed that the congregation heard Reformation sermons for the first time in that year. When exactly the first Lutheran preacher, a man by the name of Bartholomew, came is unclear - his period of activity can no longer be precisely determined. In the chronicles there is a gap of 100 years before a pastor Lademann is mentioned, who worked in the church around 1645. One of his successors, Florenz Holzkamp, was allegedly brutally murdered by local residents in 1671 after only three years in office. They attacked him at night, sprinkled gunpowder on his cut chest and calves, set it on fire and tortured him to death. The reason for this act of violence is unclear and not known. What is certain, however, is that it was the only attack on a pastor in the community.
A constant problem for the building ensemble presented over the centuries the annual flooding of the marshes by flooding the Wümme or even the Weser . At the flooding the church due to the increased site often so towered over many kilometers as the only building from the water, you now and then of the insula perdita ( de .: "lost island") spoke. In such cases, churchgoers were forced to go to church in rowboats in summer, as evidenced by several iron rings on the stone church wall built in 1889 to which the boats were tied. If the surface of the water froze over in winter, sledges or ice skates were used . In very adverse weather conditions, the service could also be canceled for six weeks and the pastor, family and sexton were isolated for a long time. Despite its exposed location, the nave was often up to a meter under water. The sexton's house was also devastated at times, for example in 1682 and 1861. Around 1820, a protective wall made of tree trunks was built on the terp to protect it from the floods. No flood has risen to the top of the mound since 1935. In the summer months, as a result of the flooding in the wet meadows, large areas of reed beds and sedge beds grew and formed the natural vegetation cover. Soon the church was therefore known as Ecclesia Beati Georgii in Terra Graminum (de .: "Church of St. George in the land of grasses") or Villa Sancti Georgii in Terra Graminum (de .: "House of St. George in the land of grasses") ) designated. These or similar mentions can still be found today.
The church was not only a place of worship, but also traditionally a meeting place for the community and residents of the region. Trials took place in the churchyard, the square in front of the rectory. It was the place where the new teacher of St. Jürgen "heard" and was thus introduced to his office. To this end, the assembled parishioners lifted him up in his chair three times and shouted the words "I hear the young heir judge thom first, annern and darten meal". Then you read him the boundaries of his jurisdiction . Weddings were also celebrated in the old chapel until it was demolished, as marriages had to be concluded outside the church as secular affairs. The small building was therefore colloquially referred to as the bride's house. According to legend, Karl J. Ludolf Parisius (pastor from 1881 to 1892) invented the postcard around 1871 as a student when he got the idea of painting cards and sending them to friends.
Furnishing
The interior of the St. Juergens Church is kept very simple and bright and the light blue benches convey a North German character. The pulpit is on the left side as seen from the parish at the passage from the cross vault to the chancel. One of the treasures of the church is a large, old chandelier in the nave. It was given to the community in 1895 by a London merchant. It was removed in 1931 as part of a thorough renovation and stored together with another for decades on the floor of the sexton school and in the attic of the rectory. At the end of the 1980s, the church mayor Jürgen Scholtissek had the candlesticks restored. The one from London, whose candles are lit on all major festivals and holidays, was hung again in the choir room for Easter 1989.
A figure quarrel in the 18th century became famous within the community. At that time there was an ensemble of two medieval, half-man-high wooden sculptures next to the pulpit. They showed the knight St. George with his horse and a mounted stable master . Pastor Lorenz Gerhard Bergst had the figures removed from the room in 1751 due to disrepair and worm infestation and stored on the church floor. When he took office in 1758, his successor, Johann Wilhelm Hönert, opposed the express wish of the community to put the sculptures back on display. He took the view that "the residents were practicing superstitious abuse". As compensation, he gave the angry churchgoers an epitaph with an alabaster representation of St. George. The original is now kept in the rectory, but a clay replica of Alma Tietjen is in the original position on the north wall.
At the tower entrance you can see the remainder of a stone woman's head and a banner with Gothic minuscule and on the outside of the south wall in 1684 at a height of almost three meters a square stone slab about 25 centimeters in size, which serves as a sundial .
Paintings
In the interior of the nave, numerous filigree late Gothic wall paintings from the period before 1500 were found in earlier centuries . In the 18th century, pastor Johann Wilhelm Hönert described the dense figural painting very vividly. Accordingly, in addition to artistically valuable images of the apostles, for example on the arch of the tower, there was a larger than life image of St. George who fought his battle with the dragon while a king with a crown and scepter watched. Paintings of crowned women adorned a bay window and the cross vault near the tower depicts the resurrection of Jesus Christ in the presence of three Roman armed guards. The second vault above the pulpit was adorned with a painting that showed the birth of Jesus Christ, the Last Judgment , the resurrection of the dead, heaven and hell as well as various depictions of the devil with temptations to sin as a warning against dishonesty. In the choir or altar vault, however, the story of the Passion was reproduced. As early as 1759, in the second year of his term of office, Hönert had these presumably early medieval works removed with the consent of the consortium. He took offense at them and complained in detail in the pastorate's warehouse book about the poor preparation of the paintings, the blasphemous motifs and the implementation. At the beginning of his complaint he summarized the following in one sentence:
“What caught the eye, however, very indecently and annoyingly, were the strange paintings with which the walls were smeared all over. Between the windows one could see figures that even some of the pictures of the apostles were portrayed by a hand that was certainly not indecent, but only a wretched master worked on the others. "
After finishing his work, he noted that the church was "cleansed of the pictures and whitewashed".
Only a few representations escaped destruction at the time. Until the renovation in 1931 there were still two large-scale paintings. On the apse wall behind the altar, two apostles framed the middle window and in the cross vault above the passage to the chancel there was a depiction of St. George killing the dragon, with the arched slogan "GOD GOT THE VICTORY BY JESUM CHRIST". In 1989 an extensive investigation was carried out to find out whether Hönert had completely destroyed the works or merely had them painted over. The result was that 80 to 90 percent of the drawings had been completely scraped off at the time - presumably including the older paintings underneath.
Although the renovation in 1931, as mentioned, also lost two important pictures, many of the paintings visible today are due to this renovation. For example, most of the ornaments were created as a reconstruction of the remains uncovered that year. A small depiction of the devil was also discovered in the northeastern gusset of the organ vault, which had been painted over with emulsion paint in the 1960s and which was finally saved a few years ago. The old paintings on the vault ribs and belt arches could also be secured in 1931. In the meantime, the gray plastic paint from the 1960s on the vaults and walls has been removed and replaced with a protective lime paint that corresponds in color and texture to the Romanesque and Gothic primer paint. As evidence of the late Gothic painting, a relatively large, delicate tendril ornamentation in the southeastern gusset was found in 1990.
Completely untouched paintings in their original state are therefore hardly left. These can be found - in some cases, however, not yet uncovered - mainly in the choir, where Gothic ornaments were found. According to the samples, around a third of the representations are still there in the form of larger clods. A complete uncovering would be very tedious, complicated and costly, which is why it was agreed upon during the restoration to uncover a small area as evidence. A very pretty motif, and therefore shown in many writings, is also a fragment on the south wall of the organ gallery. It shows the head and torso of an apostle. The Romanesque window arches are decorated with red stripes and on the parapet of the organ gallery there are eleven rectangular paintings of the same size. These are symbols of the districts connected to the community and represent life in St.-Jürgens-Land. These include thatched half-timbered houses, a windmill, a peat barge on a drainage canal and a farmer with a carrying yoke .
Communion device
The small congregation has very old sacrament utensils . The jug and paten, for example, date from the 19th century, the larger goblet from the 18th century. In 1694 a churchgoer donated a host box with the inscription Hinrich Garves venerated this box to the church of St. Jurgen . Most valuable, however, is a small silver chalice with gold trim, which verifiably dates from 1524, i.e. from the pre-Reformation period. It had been forgotten for a long time before it was rediscovered in the chancel behind a small iron barred door in 1883.
organ
“An organist has never been here because there is no organ. Even so, an organ would be necessary here: as the sextons, who have been here since 1740, have so little experience of singing that the singing has become wildly wild and hardly the most common chants cannot be sung. "
During the tenure of Johann Anton de Reiss (pastor from 1733 to 1746) two wealthy Bremen brothers and merchants came to St. Jürgen and offered to donate an organ to the church . They only stipulated the condition that the community had to undertake to pick them up and later their heirs on a Sunday and a feast day each year with the peat barge from Bremen and to entertain them on site. The trade, however, did not take place for reasons not mentioned in the minutes.
The first document relating to an organ in St. Jürgen is a building contract for Peter Tappe from Verden dated February 14, 1825. According to this, the organ builder should then supply the missing trombone parts "made of wood 16 feet long with all accessories" the construction is completed. On September 7th, 1826, the royal consortium approved the organ, which was built "for the purpose of enhancing the church singing".
After countless repairs over the years, Johann Hinrich Röver from Stade issued a cost estimate for a further repair on July 4, 1878 and recommended a new building, which the community initially rejected. Finally, in 1896, a new organ was approved. The contract was awarded Heinrich Röver , the son of Johann Hinrichs, and on September 16, 1897 was officially decrease. During the First World War , 31 prospect pipes made of 108 kilograms of tin were taken from the instrument as part of the “metal donation” for armaments production . The organ barely escaped expansion in 1982, is now a listed building and was last restored in 1986 by Alfred Führer .
The instrument uses a wind pressure of 75 mm water column and has twelve stops on two manuals and pedal . The latter were equipped with pneumatic hanging valve drawers with Barker levers .
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- Mechanical coupling : manual, pedal, octave, pedal to I & II
Bells
The tower has one of the most valuable bells in the greater Bremen area. The smallest '' sugar loaf bell '' dates from the time the church was built. The two large bells were cast by the Bremen bell caster Goteke Klinghe when the tower was built at the end of the 15th century.
| Bell jar | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Surname | Maria | Katrina | - |
| Diameter (mm) | 1031 | 962 | 652 |
| Caster | Goteke Klinghe | unmarked | |
| Casting year | 1474 | 1478 | 4th V. 12th century |
| volume | ges' + 7 | as' + 3 | as '' + 6 |
Inscriptions
- Bell 1: ANNO DM. MCCCCLXXIIII. MARIA IK HETE. DAT KARSPEL TO SUNTE JURGEN ISSUE MI LATEN GHET
- Bell 2: ANNO DM. MCCCCLXXVIII KATRINA IK HETE: DAT KARSPEL TO SANTA JURGEN MI HEBBEN LATEN GHT
- Bell 3: without inscription, the only decoration is an ornamental ring on the wolm
graveyards
The St. Juergens Church has two cemeteries . The older of them almost completely surrounds the church building with the exception of the west side and dates from the time of the first chapel. It used to take in the deceased from all places affiliated with the community. The pastors and their families, on the other hand, were given the honor of being buried within the church. Since the establishment of a new cemetery, the old one is only intended for burials in the villages of Moorhausen, Niederende, Höftdeich, Vierhausen, Mittelbauer and Wührden and, previously, Worpheim. The most famous and worth seeing grave is that of the teacher Hinrich Barnstorf (according to other sources: Barrenstorff) from 1751. In the upper third of the tombstone he is depicted as the governor riding his horse, with a scroll of law and an executioner in his hand. In the cemetery, an oak from 1770 is also the oldest tree of the small building ensemble. Until the beginning of the 20th century, the annual floods often devastated the cemetery, washed away the earth and tore open numerous graves.
After several centuries, space problems forced the creation of a new burial site. For logistical reasons, it should be at the other end of the municipality and be reserved for the towns of Oberende, Torfmoor, Frankenburg and Kleinmoor. On March 20, 1844 a contract was signed according to which the manorial handkotner Claus Garbade from peat bog sold the individual community leaders for 100 gold thalers a little more than an acre of uncultivated land. After the approval of the church supervisory authority, the community elders decided on September 22nd of the same year together with the pastor HCA Thumann (active from 1837 to 1845) to set up the new cemetery. Today it is located in the Frankenburg district of Lilienthal (formerly Torfmoor) on Lüninghauser Straße and measures 76 meters in length and 32 meters in width. The cemeteries were not subordinate to the pastorate, but were administered and maintained directly by the farmers of the St. Jürgens Land.
Church life
Until 2015, the area of the community comprised the former places of the commune of St. Jürgen including St. Jürgen itself, all of which were incorporated into Lilienthal in 1974 , and extended over a length of eleven kilometers, with the church located at the western end of the catchment area . The pastor with the longest term in office is Johann Wilhelm Hönert , who worked from 1758 to 1790 and who also distinguished himself as a meticulous chronicler.
When the long-time pastor Hermann Schulz retired in 1969, the post was vacant for about ten years because the church district superiors found the congregation too small to be reoccupied and assigned St. Marien in Lilienthal. During this time St. Jürgen was looked after by the Lilienthal pastors in terms of worship and pastoral care. Due to the large extent of the community area, there was a secondary center in the Frankenburg district of Lilienthal: In the 1960s, the St. Jürgen School there granted hospitality for years before moving into its own premises in 1971 - primarily for older members without a ride to the church and confirmands. For this purpose, a farmhouse was redesigned under the structural management of the Church Office for Building and Art Preservation. Supply rooms, a tea kitchen and, in the rear part, a simple 100 square meter community hall were created. In 1975 Pastor Henning Brandes founded the Frankenburg women's group, which three years later already had 50 members.
The church councils of the Lilienthal parishes of St. Jürgen and St. Marien and the church committee of the Martin parish have been working together as a regional community since 2008, organizing services, summer churches, confirmation classes , visiting services, personnel planning , building management and committees together. In July 2009, St. Jürgen had 1056 members (in 1969 there were 1250) the smallest parish in the Osterholz-Scharmbeck church district . The full-time positions at that time were a half-day pastor's position, a secretary for eleven hours and a sexton for ten hours a week, a room nurse and an organist with a C examination. The community - which owned women's groups, a choir, confirmation groups and a wind group - was administered by the church council. A church service was held every second Sunday of the month, with the attendance rate corresponding to the average in the Hanover regional church . Weddings often took place in the church, with 30 to 40 percent of the couples coming from outside the church.
However, the fact that St. Jürgen's equipment was declining both in terms of personnel and finances made independence more and more difficult. At the end of 2014 the congregation was only entitled to a quarter pastor's position and only through skillful organization in the regional community it was still possible to celebrate a church service in St. Jürgen twice a month and on all major public holidays. On January 1, 2015, the previously independent parishes of St. Marien and St. Jürgen merged to form the new parish of Lilienthal. This has a good 8,300 members and owns the monastery church St. Marien, the church St. Jürgen and the Truper chapel as places of worship .
Sexton's house
To the west of the church, right next to the tower, has been the sexton's house since ancient times . Up until the middle of the 18th century, each sexton had to build and maintain it from his own resources. In 1742, the sexton Siedenburg obtained from the consortium in Stade through the church council that the community should pay for the construction of his house and commit to its maintenance. The parishioners accepted this, but refused to cover the costs for a planned adjacent barn, so that Siedenburg had to pay for it himself. The sexton's house, in which the organist's apartment was also located, also had a garden on the Wümmedeich. It was probably the site of today's house no. 4. The sexton's house was often not in good structural condition, and numerous conversions were organized and renovation requests made.
After the pastor had given the lessons to the sexton, teaching, family life and commercial activities took place in the sexton's house before a small, separate schoolhouse was built in 1745. In the run-up to the Sunday services, the sexton's house also served as an inn and bar for decades until well into the 20th century. Men and women were still separated here in the 18th century. While the latter moved into the rectory, the men drank in the sexton's. In this context, Pastor Schönfeld complained in 1877 about the drafts and the cold in the hallway, which did not make a stay there pleasant and prevented many men from coming, so that the services were also very poorly attended. He asked for a chimney to be built. On October 21 of the same year, the church council submitted a corresponding application, which it renewed on November 23 - with a cost estimate issued two days earlier by the carpenter Costens and the bricklayer Meier from Torfmoor for the purpose of creating a "heated hall".
Seven years later, the church and school board received an invitation to submit plans to expand the house. This demand was repeated in a warning letter from the Royal Consortium dated April 24, 1884. On November 29th of the same year, the consortium approved the plans for an extension and on December 29th, Johann Lürßen from Ritterhude presented his budget. Twelve years later, in 1896, he carried out the work and created the sexton's house in its current form.
The painter Christian Ludwig Bokelmann (* 1844; † 1894), who was Fritz Mackensen's master teacher in the winter of 1892/93, was born in the sexton's house in St. Jürgen on February 4, 1844 . A popular contender for the office of sexton was the writer Arno Schmidt . Correspondence with Alfred Andersch and Helmut Heißenbüttel shows that from the summer of 1957 he started looking for an apartment in northern Germany. On October 9th, he informed Andersch about the vacant sexton position in St. Jürgen. The sexton's house can be rented for 80 German marks a month if you agree to take on sexton services. Schmidt was fascinated by the loneliness of the church and the possible housing and intended to write his work Lilienthal there in 1801 , much later under the title Arno Schmidts Lilienthal 1801, or Die Astronomen. Fragments of an unwritten novel published to write. For this reason he sent an application to the rectory on October 22nd, but received a refusal from Hermann Schulz (pastor from 1957 to 1970) on November 7th.
literature
Historical records and factually related books
- Johann Wilhelm Hönert: Attempt to get a historical message from the parish of Sanct Jürgen or the so-called Sanct Jürgens-Landes in the Duchy of Bremen . Around 1770.
- Johann Hinrich Pratje: Old and new from the Duchies of Bremen and Verden. Volume 12, Chapter IV: Message from the Lilienthal Office . Stade , 1781
- Gerhard Uhlhorn: Hannoversche church history . 1902.
- Heinrich Schriefer: Worpsweder pictures from the old and new Teufelsmoor . Lilienthal, 1907.
- Dr. Friedrich Wilhelm Meier: Contribution to the history of the St. Jürgenland . Bremen , 1933
- Wilhelm Dehlwes: Lilienthal - monastery, churches and church community life . Lilienthal , 1978
- Jürgen Meyer-Korte: Churches under the open sky - Osterholz-Scharmbeck church district . H. Saade Verlag, Osterholz-Scharmbeck , 1978, ISBN 3-922642-10-1 .
- Wulf Lothar Köppe: Ecclesia Beati Georgii in Terra Graminum - Saint Jürgen - The church of Saint George in the land of grasses . H. Saade Verlag, Osterholz-Scharmbeck , 1989
- ST. JÜRGEN Gem. Lilienthal. Ev. St. George Church. In: Georg Dehio : Handbook of German Art Monuments . Bremen Lower Saxony. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-422-03022-0 , page 1256
- Wulf Lothar Köppe: Twelve days for my village. Sketches from Sankt Juergensland . Künneke communication. Bremen, 1995.
- Hans Snoek: Herzreise V - Sankt Jürgen, church in the land of the grasses . BookRix Edition, 2009
- Hella Oehlerking, Carsten Jäger (arr.): A childhood in Sankt Jürgen - memories of Hella Oehlerking. Recorded by Carsten Jäger . Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt , 2009, ISBN 978-3-8370-8707-9 .
Fiction
- Bernhardine Schulze-Smidt : In moor and marsh . Velhagen and Klasing, Bielefeld , 1893.
- Bernhardine Schulze-Smidt: The angel's cradle . Reissner, Dresden , 1911.
- Diedrich Speckmann: The island in the country.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Meyer-Korte (1978), p. 149.
- ↑ a b Köppe (1989), chapter on the history of the St. Jürgenskirche
- ↑ Dehlwes (1978), p. 91.
- ↑ Köppe (1995), chapter: 10th day
- ↑ Köppe (1989), chapter The Organ
- ↑ Dehlwes (1978), 87th
- ↑ Köppe (1989), chapter Die Friedhöfe
- ↑ Meyer-Korte (1978), p. 154.
- ↑ Self- description of the Lilienthal parish on their official homepage. Retrieved from kirchengemeinde-lilienthal.de on February 24, 2017.
- ↑ This Friedhelm Rathjen : Schmidt as sexton at St. Juergen! In: Friedhelm Rathjen: The art of life. Biographical research on Arno Schmidt & Consorten. Edition ReJoyce, Scheeßel 2007, ISBN 978-3-00-022856-8 , pp. 9-28.
- ↑ online at the SuUB Bremen: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:46:1-774
Coordinates: 53 ° 10 ′ 36 ″ N , 8 ° 48 ′ 29 ″ E
