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===Toponymy===
===Toponymy===
[[Image:BlackburnClockTower1906.jpg|thumb|right|Blackburn's old clock tower in 1906 with time ball at the top of its mast.]]
[[Image:BlackburnClockTower1906.jpg|thumb|right|Blackburn's old clock tower in 1906 with time ball at the top of its mast.]]



Blackburn means 'dark-coloured [[burn (stream)|burn]]' (burn meaning 'stream') from Old English ''blæc'' "black" and ''burna'' "stream", recorded as ''Blacheburne'' in 1128. In 1887, ''John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles'' described Blackburn like this:
Blackburn means 'dark-coloured [[burn (stream)|burn]]' (burn meaning 'stream') from Old English ''blæc'' "black" and ''burna'' "stream", recorded as ''Blacheburne'' in 1128. In 1887, ''John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles'' described Blackburn like this:


Revision as of 18:03, 29 March 2008

This article is about the town in Lancashire, England. For other uses, see Blackburn (disambiguation).
Blackburn
PopulationExpression error: "105,085" must be numeric
OS grid referenceSD685277
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townBLACKBURN
Postcode districtBB1 - BB2
Dialling code01254
PoliceLancashire
FireLancashire
AmbulanceNorth West
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Lancashire

Blackburn (pronunciationⓘ) is a large town in Lancashire, a county in the North West of England. With a population of 105,085, Blackburn is the largest and most populous settlement within the Blackburn with Darwen Local Authority area, which itself had a population of 137,470 at the time of the 2001 census.[1] The town was a key centre for the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution. Blackburn is situated to the north of the West Pennine Moors.

History

Toponymy

Blackburn's old clock tower in 1906 with time ball at the top of its mast.

Blackburn means 'dark-coloured burn' (burn meaning 'stream') from Old English blæc "black" and burna "stream", recorded as Blacheburne in 1128. In 1887, John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles described Blackburn like this:

Blackburn. parl. and mun. bor., par. and township, NE. Lancashire, 9 miles [14 km] E. of Preston and 210 miles [340 km] NW. of London by rail -- par., 48,281 ac., pop. 161,617; township, 3681 ac., pop. 91,958; bor., 6974 ac., pop. 104,014; 4 Banks, 2 newspapers. Market-days, Wednesday and Saturday. It is one of the chief seats of cotton manufacture, besides producing calico, muslin, &c., there being over 140 mills at work. There are also factories for making cotton machinery and steam-engines. B. has been associated with many improvements in the mfr. of cotton, among which was the invention (1767) of the "spinning jenny" which was invented in nearby Oswaldtwistle by James Hargreaves, who died in 1770. There are several fine churches and public buildings. A Corporation Park (50 ac. in area) is on the outskirts of the town. Several lines of railway converge here, and pass through one principal station belonging to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Ry. Co. B. returns 2 members to Parliament.[1]

Prehistory

There is little evidence of settlement in the Blakewater valley (where Blackburn would later be situated) during the Prehistoric period. It is generally thought that most human activity in East Lancashire during this period occurred on hilltops. Evidence of such activity during the Bronze Age has been discovered in the form of urn burials, two examples of which have been found in the hills around Blackburn.

Workers producing shuttles for the textile industry, circa 1920. Rowland Baguley and Company, based on Addison Street, produced a wide range of shuttles for the home textile industry and for export before it closed in the early 1930s.

In 1879, a cinerary urn was discovered beneath a tumulus at Revidge, north of the town. Another was excavated at Pleasington Cemetery, west of the present town, by gravedigger Grant Higson in 1996.[2]

That prehistoric man was active in the area now covered by the town centre is inferred from the presence of a possible sacred spring, perhaps in use during the Iron Age, at All Hallows Spring on Railway Road.[3]

Roman Blackburn

Blackburn is thought to have originated as a small settlement along the Roman road between Bremetennacum Veteranorum and Mancunium which passed through the town to the east of the present Blackburn Cathedral, probably crossing the River Blakewater at Salford (not the present-day city so named)[4]

George C. Miller in his Blackburn - the Evolution of a Cotton Town says:

The ancient military way from Mamucium (Manchester) to (Bremetennacum) (Ribchester), passing over Blacksnape, plunges on its unswerving course through Blackamoor, over the scarp at Whinney Heights, to pass across the Blakewater in the vicinity of Salford. This fact alone presents a reasonable argument for the existence of a British oppidum or walled village on the site, it being customary for such primitive communities to cluster in the vicinity of a ford or bridge.[5]

The aforementioned All Hallows Spring was purportedly excavated in 1654[6] and was found to contain an inscribed stone, allegedly commemorating the dedication of a temple of Serapis by Claudius Hieronymus, legate of Legio VI Victrix.[7]

Medieval Blackburn

Strike of cotton mill workers in 1920 in Cowell Street in the Nab Lane area.

The traditional date for the coming of Christianity to Blackburn is 596[8] or 598 AD[9] and the town was certainly important during the Anglo-Saxon era. It was during this period that Blackburnshire Hundred came into existence, probably as a territorial division of the kingdom of Northumbria.[10]

The name of the town first appears in the Domesday Book as Blachebourne, a royal manor during the days of Edward the Confessor and William the Conqueror. Archaeological evidence gleaned during the demolition of the medieval parish church on the site of the present Cathedral in 1820 suggests that a church was built during the late eleventh/early twelfth century.[11] A market cross was also erected nearby in 1101[12]

The manor came into the possession of Henry de Blackburn, who divided it between his two sons. Later, one half was granted to the monks of Stanlow Abbey. This moiety was later granted to the monks of Whalley Abbey.

However, during the twelfth century, the town's conjectured importance declined as Clitheroe became the regional centre.[13]

In addition to the settlement in the town centre area, there were several other medieval domiciles located nearby.

Politics and governance

For general election results, see Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency) (1955–); Blackburn East (UK Parliament constituency) and Blackburn West (UK Parliament constituency) (1950-1955); Blackburn (historic UK Parliament constituency) (1832-1950)

Blackburn is administered by Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority, which encompasses Blackburn and the small town of Darwen to the south. Blackburn council and its successor have been controlled by the Labour Party since 1945. The town sends one MP to Westminster, the current Leader of the House of Commons and former Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw. Previous MPs for Blackburn include former Labour cabinet minister Barbara Castle, who represented the town in Westminster from 1945 to 1979.

The historic constituency of Blackburn sent two MPs to Westminster, was created for the 1832 general election and abolished in 1950. It was replaced for one parliamentary term by two new single-member constituencies, Blackburn East and Blackburn West, before being replaced at the next general election when the two were merged into the modern-day constituency, returning a single MP.

Allegations of vote-rigging and corruption recently dogged the council, which was Labour controlled for 24 years until May 2007. In April 2005, local councillor Mohammed Hussain was jailed for three years for rigging the 2002 town hall election by stealing at least 230 postal vote ballots in his ward.[14] Straw was challenged in the 2005 general election by a former Foreign Office subordinate, the ex-British ambassador to Uzbekistan Craig Murray. Murray stood for election in Blackburn on a platform of opposition to the war in Iraq and electoral corruption. Murray described the constituency as a "Labour rotten borough" and said of the build up to the election, "I've been approached by several people in the Asian community who are under huge pressure from Labour activists to apply for a postal vote rather than a ballot vote and then hand their postal vote over to the Labour party." Over 50% more people used postal votes in the 2005 general election in Blackburn than in 2001.[15] The anti-Straw vote was split, however, and the incumbent was returned with a comfortable majority of over 8,000.

Around 20% of the Blackburn's population come from ethnic minorities and in recent years the town has witnessed a resurgence in the fortunes of far-right political parties in local elections. The council until recently had two members for the England First party, Mark Cotterill for Meadowhead ward and Michael Johnson for Fernhurst. Mark Cotterill has since stood down and Michael Johnson joined the For Darwen party. Members of the British National Party (BNP) have previously won a council seat in the town in November 2002 following elections in May which saw three of their colleagues elected in nearby Burnley. The BNP's Robin Evans secured a 16-vote majority in Mill Hill ward with two recounts following a campaign using pub meetings and leafleting.[16] The incumbent Liberal Democrats were pushed into third place behind Labour. Although plans had been blocked by the time of the poll, proposals to convert a nursing home in the ward into a centre for asylum seekers were seen as a key election issue.[17] Developments in Burnley and Blackburn were regarded as something of a renaissance for the far right in British politics, no such councillors had been elected in the UK since victories in Tower Hamlets nearly ten years before.[18]

leftCondoleezza Rice and Jack Straw in February 2006.

Template:BwDCouncil

Commenting on the elections, Blackburn MP Jack Straw said: "It is very sad. We had the far right in Blackburn 26 years ago when they won two seats in Shadsworth. But there the whole community decided they wouldn't have it. You can never say they won't put candidates in Blackburn but we will work hard on community relations."[19] Blackburn had two council members from the National Front in the 1970s. Although many towns in North West England suffered race riots in the summer of 2001, the streets of Blackburn remained quiet.

The town was the subject of international media interest in 2006 when U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited Blackburn from 31 March to 1 April during a tour of European capitals. The visit reciprocated a trip made by Jack Straw to Rice's home state of Alabama when he was UK Foreign Secretary. Rice's itinerary included Pleckgate School, Ewood Park football stadium, Blackburn Cathedral and the Town Hall in Blackburn while in Liverpool she attended a classical music concert. Rice's visit was met with protests from anti-war and human rights campaigners, although many local residents expressed support of the visit.[citation needed] The committee at Masjid Al Hidayah Mosque on Millham Street, Blackburn, in conjunction with Muslim scholars from the region, withdrew an invitation to Ms Rice to visit the mosque due to safety issues.[citation needed]

In October 2006, comments made by Jack Straw angered some in the Muslim community. Writing in the Lancashire Telegraph, the MP said that Muslim women who wear full veils make "better, positive relations" between communities more difficult and that failing to show the mouth and nose was "a visible statement of separation and of difference."[20][21]

Coat of Arms

The coat of arms of the former Blackburn Borough Council has many distinctive emblems. The arms displays Argent a Fesse wavy Sable between three Bees volant proper on a Chief Vert a Bugle stringed Argent between two Fusils Or. On the crest, a Wreath of the Colours a Shuttle Or thereon a Dove wings elevated Argent and holding in the beak the Thread of the Shuttle reflexed over the back and an Olive Branch proper. The latin motto of the town is 'Arte et Labore', correctly translated as 'by art and by labour' but often translated as 'by skill and hardwork'. The motto, granted on 14 February 1852 to the former Borough of Blackburn, is poignant as Blackburn, once a small town, had risen to importance through the energy and enterprise of her spinners and manufacturers, combined with the skill and labour of her operatives. The Borough of Blackburn was formed by the amalgamation of the County Borough of Blackburn, the Borough of Darwen, part of the Turton Urban District and the parishes of Yate and Pickup Bank, Eccleshill, Livesey, Pleasington and Tockholes from the Blackburn Rural District. Other notable features include:

  • Three bees in flight. The bee is an emblem of skill, perseverance and industry. "B" also stands for Blackburn; and further, as the Peel family sprang from this neighbourhood and bears a bee in flight on its shield, the idea naturally suggests itself that Sir Robert Peel had adopted the Blackburn bee.
  • The shield is silver or white, and thus emblematical of calico, the product of the Blackburn bees during the industrial revolution.
  • The broad wavy black line represents the Black Brook (the River Blakewater) on the banks of which the town is built.
  • The silver bugle horn was the crest of the first Mayor of Blackburn, William Henry Hornby. It is also an emblem of strength.
  • The gold lozenges, or fusils (diamond shaped), are the heraldic emblems of spinning, derived from the Latin "fusus" or "fusilium", meaning a spindle, and they refer to the invention of the spinning jenny in 1764 by James Hargreaves, a native of the district. They also denote the connection of Joseph Feilden with Blackburn, as Lord of the Manor, as he bore lozenges on his shield.
  • The background of green is there to remind us of the time when Blackburn was one of the royal forests in the time of Edward the Confessor.
  • The shuttle is the emblem of weaving, the trade which has contributed more than any other to the prosperity of the town.
  • The dove taking wing with an olive branch in her beak (the emblem of peace) attached to the thread of the shuttle, represents the beneficial results emanating from the art of weaving.

Geography

Location and transport links

Blackburn is situated in the county of Lancashire to the north of the West Pennine Moors. Although the city of Preston, the administrative centre for the county, is located around 14.8 kilometres (9.2 mi) to the west, Blackburn is the largest municipality in what is known as East Lancashire. The town is bounded on other sides by smaller towns, including Accrington to the east and Darwen to the south. Blackburn and Darwen together make up Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority. Around 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the north of the town centre, just within the boundary of the Ribble Valley, is the village/suburb of Wilpshire, with the village of Langho approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) further to the north west. A number of even smaller localities are sometimes considered extended suburbs of Blackburn, including Rishton to the east, Great Harwood to the north east and Mellor to the north west. Rishton, Great Harwood and Accrington are part of the local government district of Hyndburn. 17 kilometres (11 mi) further to the east lies the town of Burnley[22]

Blackburn is served by a newly redeveloped train station located in the town centre next to the bus station and served by Northern Rail. The nearest train station on the West Coast Main Line is Preston. Blackburn has four junctions with the M65 motorway. The town is less than an hour's drive from Manchester and Blackpool and just over an hour away from Liverpool, Leeds and Chester.[23]

Geology and terrain

Sketch of coal mining equipment on Coalpit Moor, formerly known as Blackburn Moor, from 1846.

Located in the midst of the East Lancashire Hills, some areas of the town are characterised by steep slopes. The town centre is located in a depression surrounded by a number of hills. The area of Revidge to the north can be reached via a steep climb up Montague Street and Dukes Brow to reach a peak of 218 metres (715 ft) above sea level. To the west, the wooded Billinge Hill in Witton Country Park is 245 metres (804 ft) high, while Royal Blackburn Hospital is situated to the east of the town at a vantage point of 202 metres (663 ft).[24] These figures can be considered in the context of other hills and mountains in Lancashire, including Great Hill at 456 metres (1,496 ft), Winter Hill at 456 metres (1,496 ft), Pendle Hill at 557 metres (1,827 ft) and Green Hill 628 metres (2,060 ft).

The River Blakewater, which gives its names to the town, flows down from the moors above Guide and then through the areas of Whitebirk, Little Harwood, Cob Wall and Brookhouse to the town centre. The river was culverted during the industrial revolution and runs underground in the town centre, under Ainsworth Street and between Blackburn Cathedral and Blackburn Bus Station. On the western side of the town centre the Blakewater continues under Whalley Banks and through the Redlam area before joining the River Darwen outside Witton Country Park and continuing on to join the River Ribble at Walton-le-Dale.

The geology of the Blackburn area yields numerous resources which underpinned its development as a centre of manufacturing during the industrial revolution. Mineable coal seams have been used since the mid-late 16th century.[25] The coal measures in the area lie on a bed of millstone grit, which has been quarried in the past for millstones and, along with local limestone deposits, used as a construction material for roads and buildings. In addition, there were deposits of iron ore in the Furness and Ulverston districts.[26] The Blackburn area was subjected to glaciation during the Pleistocene ice age, and the sandstone-and-shale bedrock is overlain in much of the area by glacial deposits called till (which is also called "boulder clay") of varying thickness up to several tens of feet. Glacial outwash (sand and gravel) also occur in small patches, including along Grimshaw Brook.[27][28][29]

Areas

Blackburn consists of a number of areas:

  • Audley
  • Bank Hey
  • Bank Top
  • Bastwell
  • Beardwood
  • Billinge
  • Brookhouse
  • Brownhill
  • Cherry Tree
  • Ewood
  • Feniscliffe
  • Feniscowles
  • Fernhurst
  • Griffin
  • Higher Croft
  • Knuzden
  • Lammack
  • Little Harwood
  • Livesey
  • Mellor
  • Mill Hill
  • Nova Scotia
  • Pleckgate
  • Queen's Park
  • Redlam
  • Revidge
  • Roe Lee
  • Shadsworth
  • Shear Brow
  • Sunnybower
  • Wensley Fold
  • Whitebirk
  • Witton

Demography

According to the UK Government's 2001 census, Blackburn has a population of 105,085.[30] According to the same statistics, some of which include the small town of Darwen to the south, the town is 77.9% White British (national average for England and Wales 91.3%) with significant Indian (10.7%) and Pakistani (8.7%) ethnic minorities.[31] 9.6% of the population was born outside the European Union. In terms of religion, 63.3% of residents are Christian (national average 71.7%), 19.4% Muslim (national average 3.0%) with 16.6% no religion or not stated. This gives the town the third highest proportion of Muslims in England and Wales and the highest outside London.

55.1% of the town are in employment, with 4.1% unemployed and 1.2% long term unemployed. This compares unfavourably with respective national averages of 60.6%, 3.4% and 1.0%. 8.7% of residents are looking after a home and/or family, the fifth highest for any borough in England and Wales. Average household size is 2.54 people, the 9th highest in England and Wales. The town is slightly below the national averages on health indicators. Just over one in five (20.3%) of the population say they have a "limiting long term illness" compares with a national average of 18.2%. One in nine(11.1%) describe their general health as "not good" compared with an average of 9.2%.

Economy

The town centre is currently subject to a new multi-million pound investment, and Blackburn with Darwen Council have already made some refurbishments and renovations of key public places, notably the Church Street area with its Grade II listed[32] art deco Waterloo Pavilions complemented by street furniture and sculptures.

The Mall (formerly known as Blackburn Shopping Centre) is the main shopping centre in Blackburn with over 130 shops and 400 further outlets close by.[33] The other side of Ainsworth Street is Blackburn Markets, first opened in 1964, comprising the 3-day market (Wednesday, Friday, Saturday) and the Market Hall (Monday-Saturday). The town centre was expanded by construction of the Grimshaw Park retail development (including Blackburn Arena) in the 1990s, and more recently the adjacent Townsmoor Retail Park, and Peel Leisure and Retail Park.

The markets continue to offer a wide range of local produce - Lancashire cheeses, tripe, Bowland beef and lamb can all be found. There is also Walsh's Sarsaparilla stall. The markets are expected to move into the Mall shopping centre in 2010, and to open six days a week.[34]

Major employers in Blackburn include:

Popular culture

Blackburn is known to fans of The Beatles as the town featured in the song "A Day in the Life". An article in the Daily Mail about a plan to fill potholes in the town caught John Lennon's eye as he was writing the song, giving birth to the lyric: "I read the news today. Oh, boy. 4,000 holes in Blackburn, Lancashire". Blackburn is the home of Blackburn Rovers Football Club - the title of the unofficial fanzine of Blackburn Rovers is 4,000 Holes.

Landmarks

Blackburn Cathedral sits in the middle of the town centre
King George's Hall, Blackburn

Blackburn Cathedral is one of the main focal points of the town, and a symbol of Blackburn. An image of the Cathedral is used behind BBC interviews held in Blackburn, which are filmed at BBC Radio Lancashire on Darwen Street, opposite the Cathedral. The largest and most prominent buildings in the skyline of Blackburn are Blackburn Town Hall, located above the shopping centre, and Thwaites Brewery, situated on the edge of the town centre.

Sports landmarks include Ewood Park football stadium, which opened in 1890, and the Blackburn Arena, which opened in 1991 and is home to the Blackburn Hawks ice hockey team.

Blackburn Railway Station features a 24 foot (7.3 m) mural by Stephen Charnock, which depicts eight famous faces associated with the town, including Mohandas Gandhi, who visited nearby Darwen in 1931. The station was renovated in 2000. BBC Radio Lancashire has its studios on Darwen Street in the town centre. Thwaites Brewery which produces cask ale has had a position in the centre of the town since 1870. There is also Thwaites Empire Theatre and King George's Hall , which is an arts and entertainment centre.

A notable green space is Corporation Park which opened in 1856. A section of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal runs through the town. Witton Country Park is a 480 acres (1.9 km2) space to the west of the town.

Education

See List of schools in Blackburn

There are numerous schools and colleges in Blackburn, and the most notable of these is the independent Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, locally referred to as "QEGS".

Tauheedul Islam Girls' High School, in Blackburn, became the first Muslim state school in the North West. It was originally independent but its status changed in 2005.[35] It has been a success in school league tables, with a high score for contextual value added.[36]

Although the town's ethnic minority population is below 25%, in some schools the vast majority of pupils are from the ethnic minority population, whilst other schools are almost entirely white, and this segregation has been identified as a problem for racial integration within the town.[37]

East Lancashire Institute of Higher Education (ELIHE) is for degree students over the age of 18. There are plans being developed for a university campus in the town.[38]

Sports

Blackburn Rovers and Football

Main article: Blackburn Rovers F.C.

Premier League Football side Blackburn Rovers is based at the Ewood Park stadium. The club has done much to raise the profile of the town, winning the Premier League in 1995 and the League Cup in 2002. The club was established in 1875, and in 1888 became a founder member of The Football League. In 1890 Rovers moved to its permanent home at Ewood Park. Until the formation of the Premier League in 1992, the majority of Blackburn Rovers' success was pre-1930 when they won the league twice and FA Cup six times. Blackburn has had a particular strong history of football. Rovers weren't the town's only side in the 19th century; other rivals included Blackburn Olympic F.C. (1883 winners of the FA Cup against Rovers themselves) and Blackburn Park Road F.C., among others.

In the early 1990s Jack Walker, a local boy and life-long supporter who made millions in the steel industry, invested heavily in the club. He lured former Liverpool legend Kenny Dalglish as manager and a number of shrewd player purchases followed, most notably Alan Shearer. This lifted the club back into the first division, just before it became the F.A. Premier League – making Blackburn one of only a handful of clubs to be founders of both the Football League and the Premier League. After finishing runners-up to Manchester United in 1993/1994, Rovers won the championship the following year. A slump followed in the late 1990s, with relegation to League Division One. In 2001, the team secured promotion back into the Premier League, and in 2002 won the League Cup.

Notable people

People, involved in the arts, born in the town include: the actress Kathleen Harrison in 1892[39]; the author of the Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells Alfred Wainwright in 1907; broadcaster Russell Harty in 1934; the writer Josephine Cox in 1941 who set many of her novels in Lancashire; the actor Anthony Valentine in 1939[40]; the actor Michael Billington, star of UFO in 1941; actor Ian McShane in 1942[41]; actor Jon Walmsley in 1956; film maker Michael Winterbottom in 1961[42]; actor Steve Pemberton in 1967[43]; and actress Wendi Peters in 1968.

Notable sports personalities born in Blackburn include: rock climber John Sumner in 1936[44]; and England rugby union player Will Greenwood in 1972. Additionally the motor racing engine designer Keith Duckworth was born here in 1933.

John Morley, British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor, was born in Blackburn in 1838

In the political arena, John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn, OM, PC, Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor was born in the town in 1838. The town is also closely linked to Barbara Castle who was an MP in Blackburn for 34 years (1945-1979) as well as holding the positions of Secretary of State for Employment and Productivity, First Secretary of State and Secretary of State for Social Services during the Labour governments of the sixties and seventies.

References

  1. ^ Census 2001: Blackburn with Darwen Local Authority, Office for National Statistics. Retrieved on 28 March, 2008.
  2. ^ "Rare Treasure Found". Lancashire Evening Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. 1996-03-27. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  3. ^ "Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn: Historic Town Assessment Report" (PDF). Lancashire County Council. 2005. p. p. 16. Retrieved 2008-03-03. {{cite web}}: |page= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Lancashire County Council (2005), Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn, p. 16.
  5. ^ George C. Miller, Blackburn - the Evolution of a Cotton Town, p.4.
  6. ^ Site of All Hallows Spring-Holy well, Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  7. ^ Lancashire County Council (2005), Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn, p. 16.
  8. ^ Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  9. ^ Lancashire County Council (2005), Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn, p. 17.
  10. ^ Lancashire County Council (2005), Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn, p. 17.
  11. ^ Lancashire County Council (2005), Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn, p. 17.
  12. ^ Market Cross, Archaeological Data Society. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  13. ^ Lancashire County Council (2005), Lancashire Historic Town Survey: Blackburn, p. 17.
  14. ^ Vote-rigging Crackdown, Lancashire Telegraph, 24 January 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
  15. ^ Could the election be won by fraud?, Robert Winnett and Abul Taher, The Sunday Times, 10 April 2005
  16. ^ BNP snatches council seat in Straw constituency, David Ward, The Guardian, 23 November 2002
  17. ^ Straw condemns BNP after victory in his backyard, Graeme Wilson, Adam Powell, Daily Mail, 23 November 2002
  18. ^ "BNP wins seat on East End council after recount", Mary Braid and Nick Walker, The Independent, 17 September 1993
  19. ^ BNP secures three seats, UK Newsquest Regional Press, David Higgerson, 27 November 2002
  20. ^ Straw in plea to Muslim women: Take off your veils, David Bartlett, Lancashire Telegraph, 5 October 2006
  21. ^ Straw asks women for veil rethink, 5 October 2006, BBC News Online
  22. ^ Map of Blackburn and surrounding region, Google Maps; RecPath used for distances.
  23. ^ Transport information from Teaching in Blackburn with Darwen, Blackburn with Darwen Council, accessed 27 October 2006
  24. ^ Blackburn, Ordnance Survey Get-a-map, accessed 27 October 2006
  25. ^ Coal mining in Blackburn with Darwen, Cotton Town Project, accessed 27 October 2006
  26. ^ Geography and geology, Cottontown Project, accessed 27 October 2006]
  27. ^ Geology of the Blackburn Area, Grimshaw Origins and History, 2000
  28. ^ A Landscape Strategy for Lancashire - Landscape Character Assessment, Lancashire County Council
  29. ^ Contaminated land inspection strategy, Blackburn with Darwen Council
  30. ^ KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, Office for National Statistics
  31. ^ Office for National Statistics, Census 2001. Statistics about Blackburn.
  32. ^ Waterloo Pavilions : Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council
  33. ^ Tourism in Blackburn with Darwen: Shopping, Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council, 8 November 2005, retrieved 2 May 2006.
  34. ^ Market Site Not For Supermarket (from Lancashire Telegraph)
  35. ^ "School celebrates new funded status". Lancashire Evening Telegraph. Newsquest Media Group. 2005-06-17. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  36. ^ "Secondary schools in Blackburn with Darwen: CVA score". BBC News. 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  37. ^ Easton, Mark (2006-06-14). "School choice 'means classroom ghettos'". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  38. ^ "Campuses planned for 20 towns". BBC News. 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
  39. ^ "Biography for Kathleen Harrison", The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 14 May 2006
  40. ^ Anthony Valentine The Internet Movie Database, Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  41. ^ Ian McShane BBC website
  42. ^ "Essential facts on Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn", This Is Lancashire, 27 August 2001. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
  43. ^ "Steve Pemberton", The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 6 September 2006.
  44. ^ John Sumner obituary, Colin Wells, The Independent, 13 March 2004

Further reading

  • W. A. Abram (1877). A History of Blackburn Town & Parish. ISBN 0-948494-10-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • David Allin. Blackburn Since 1900. ISBN 0-948946-18-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • M. Baggoley (1996). Blackburn in Old Photographs. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1262-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Derek Beattie (1992). Blackburn: The Development of a Lancashire Cotton Town. Keele University Press. ISBN 1-85331-021-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Matthew Cole. Blackburn's Shops at the Turn of the Century. ISBN 1-872895-28-X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Jim Halsall. Blackburn in Times Gone By. ISBN 1-872895-39-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Geo. C. Miller. Blackburn: the Evolution of a Cotton Town. ISBN 0-948494-18-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Jeremy Seabrook (1973). City Close-up: Blackburn. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-003721-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • Geoffrey Timmins (1993). Blackburn: A Pictorial History. ISBN 0-85033-865-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  • William Woodruff (1993). Billy Boy: The Story of a Lancashire Weaver's Son. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 1-85331-047-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  • William Woodruff (2002). The Road to Nab End: A Lancashire Childhood. Abacus. ISBN 0-349-11521-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)(This is the same book retitled as the previous one Billy Boy)

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