Alexei Alexejewitsch Abrikossow

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Abrikosov 2012

Alexei Alexejewitsch Abrikossow ( Russian Алексей Алексеевич Абрикосов , scientific transliteration Aleksej Alekseevič Abrikosov ; born June 25, 1928 in Moscow , Soviet Union ; † March 29, 2017 in Palo Alto , USA , and was a major Russian physicist in the field of Nobel Prize laureate , who won the Nobel Prize in the field of condensed matter .

Life

Abrikosov was born in Moscow on June 25, 1928. After graduating from school in 1943, he began studying power engineering and switched to physics in 1945. After graduating in 1948, he began his doctoral thesis at the Institute for Physical Problems in Moscow, today's Kapitza Institute, and received his doctorate in 1951 from Landau on thermal diffusion in completely and incompletely ionized plasmas . He stayed at the institute and in 1955 became a "Doctor of Science", comparable to his habilitation , with investigations into quantum electrodynamics at high energies. In 1965 he was entrusted with the management of the Faculty for Theory of Condensed Matter at the newly founded Institute for Theoretical Physics, today's Landau Institute . In 1975 Abrikossow received an honorary doctorate from the University of Lausanne . In the same year he was to receive an appointment to the University of Zurich, but this did not materialize.

In 1991 he accepted an offer from Argonne National Laboratory ( Illinois ) and moved to the United States . In 1999 he took on the US citizenship, but remained connected to his Russian homeland. Abrikossow was a member of numerous renowned institutions, such as B. the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences .

In addition to his academic work, he taught at the Moscow Lomonosov University until 1969 and at the University of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod ) from 1970 to 1972 . From 1972–1976 Abrikossow held the chair for theoretical physics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , and from 1976–1991 a chair for the same subject at the Moscow Institute for Steel and Alloys (MISIS, now “State Technical University and Research Institute MISIS "). In the USA he taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Utah , and in the UK he taught at Loughborough University .

Abrikossow was married and had two sons and a daughter.

plant

Abrikossow, together with NV Zavaritskii, the experimental physicist at the Institute for Physical Problems, discovered a new class of superconductors , the "superconductors of the 2nd kind", which are now called Type II superconductors , while checking the Ginsburg-Landau theory . In contrast to type I superconductors, these new superconductors retain their superconducting properties even under the influence of strong magnetic fields (up to 25 Tesla). He was able to explain this behavior - building on the considerations of his Russian colleague Witali Ginsburg , who provided a theory for type I superconductors - through the formation of a regular grid of magnetic flux filaments surrounded by ring currents. This arrangement is also known as the Abrikosov vortex grid .

He also dealt with the transition to the metallic phase of hydrogen in hydrogen planets, with quantum electrodynamics at high energies, via superconductivity in high-frequency fields and in the presence of magnetic impurities (he discovered the possibility of superconductors without band gaps), and was able to do the Knight Shift Explain vanishing temperature by considering the spin-orbit coupling. Further work dealt with the theory of the non-superfluid ³He and matter under high pressures, with semimetals and the metal-insulator transition, the Kondo effect at low temperatures (whereby he predicted the Abrikossow-Suhl resonance ) and the construction of semiconductors without band gap; further investigations concerned one-dimensional or quasi-one-dimensional conductors and spin glasses.

Together with Lew Petrowitsch Gorkow and Igor Dsjaloschinski he wrote an internationally renowned book on field-theoretical diagram techniques in theoretical solid-state physics (see below).

At the Argonne National Laboratory he was able to explain most of the properties of high-temperature superconductors based on cuprate and in 1998 established a new effect (the "linear quantum magnetoresistance"), which Kapiza measured for the first time in 1928 , but was never recognized as an independent effect.

He received together with Vitaly Ginzburg and Anthony James Leggett in 2003 the Nobel Prize in Physics "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids ."

Awards

Monographs

  • Abrikosov, Gor'kov, Dzyaloshinskii: Quantum field theory methods in statistical physics. 1961, New edition Dover 1977, ISBN 0-486-63228-8
  • AA Abrikossow: Introduction to the theory of normal metals. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1976, ISBN 3-528-08382-4

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Прощание с нобелевским лауреатом Абрикосовым состоится 31 марта в Калифорнии (Russian)

Web links

Commons : Alexej Abrikosov  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Abrikossow, Alexei Alexejewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Абрикосов, Алексей Алексеевич (Russian); Abrikosov, Alexej Alexeevič (scientific transliteration)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian-American physicist
DATE OF BIRTH June 25, 1928
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow , Soviet Union
DATE OF DEATH 29th March 2017
Place of death Palo Alto , United States