Mormon tulips

Mormon tulips
	Calochortus nuttallii
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Lily-like (Liliales)
Family :	Lily family (Liliaceae)
Subfamily :	Calochortoideae
Genre :	Mormon tulips
Scientific name
	Calochortus
	Pursh

The calochortus ( Calochortus ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family of the lily family (Liliaceae). The 70 to 74 species are distributed from western North America through Mexico to Guatemala .

Origin of common names and symbols

The indigenous peoples of Utah called Calochortus nuttallii “sago” (the Shoshone “sago” is the word for edible onion) and told the Mormons that they were edible. The cooked onion was used as food by the Utah settlers around 1848 and thus saved them from starvation. Therefore, in 1911 Calochortus nuttallii was declared the state flower of Utah , there called Sego Lily.

description

Illustration of Calochortus nuttallii

Opened capsule fruits of the white Mormon tulip ( Calochortus albus )

Calochortus species are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form onions as persistent organs. At most there are very small leaves on the upright stem . The mainly basal and alternate leaves are sessile, linear, simple, flat, have parallel veins and have entire margins.

The flowers are in terminal, simple or branched, racemose inflorescences with bracts . The long-stalked, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and threefold. There are two circles with three free bracts each. In some species the bracts of both circles are identical, in many species they are clearly different in shape and size. Nectar glands are located at the base of the inner bracts. Often the bracts are spotted. When they differ, the outer bracts are often narrower, smooth, sometimes green, or the same color as the inner ones. The inner bracts are often nailed, fringed, hairy, yellow, pink to red and often they are patterned. There are two circles with three fertile stamens each; they are always free from each other, but they can grow together with the base of the bracts. Three carpels have become a top permanent ovary grown. Each of the three ovary chambers contains 30 to 50 ovules . Pen can often not recognize when they are present, they are much shorter than the ovary. The scar is three-lobed.

The upright, bursting capsule fruits are three-leaved. The seeds are mostly flattened.

Golden Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus amabilis )

Three-fold, radially symmetrical flower of Calochortus ambiguus

Threefold, radially symmetrical flower of Calochortus apiculatus

Calochortus argillosus

Calochortus bruneaunis

Light blue Mormon tulip ( Calochortus caeruleus )

Calochortus excavatus

Calochortus kennedyi

Striped Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus macrocarpus )

Calochortus monophyllus

Calochortus tiburonensis

Pink Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus tolmiei )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Calochortus was created by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1814 in Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, ... , Volume 1, p. 240. Type species is Calochortus elegans Pursh . The botanical genus name Calochortus is derived from the Greek words kalos for beautiful and chortos for grass. Synonyms for Calochortus Pursh are: Cyclobothra D.Don , Mariposa (Alph.Wood) Hoover .

The genus Calochortus belongs to the subfamily Calochortoideae Dumort. within the family Liliaceae . Some authors place the genus Calochortus in a family Calochortaceae Dumort. with five genera.

Calochortus species thrive in temperate climates from North to Central America . The Calochortus species are found from British Columbia in western North America (56 species) via Mexico to Guatemala .

The genus Calochortus is divided into three sections, each with four subsections:

Section Calochortus :
- Pulchellii subsection

Section Cyclobothra :

Barbati subsection

Ghiesbreghtiani subsection

Purpurei subsection

Weediani subsection

Mariposa Section :

Gunnisoniani subsection

Macrocarpi subsection

Subsection Nuttalliani

Sub-section Venusti

There are 70 to 74 species in the genus Mormon tulips ( Calochortus ):

White Mormon tulip ( Calochortus albus (Benth.) Douglas ex Benth. ): It is distributed from California to northern Baja California.

Golden Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus amabilis Purdy ): It is found only in northwestern California .

Calochortus ambiguus (MEJones) Ownbey : It is distributed from southern Utah to New Mexico and in the Mexican state of Sonora .

Calochortus amoenus Greene : It occurs in California.

Calochortus apiculatus Baker : It is distributed from western Canada to the northwestern United States .

Calochortus argillosus (Hoover) Zebell & PLFiedler : It occurs only in western California.

Calochortus aureus S. Watson : It is distributed from Colorado to New Mexico.

Calochortus balsensis García-Mend. : It is common in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guerrero .

Bearded Mormon tulip ( Calochortus barbatus (Kunth) JHPainter ): It is common in the Mexican states from Chihuahua to Oaxaca .

Calochortus bruneaunis A.Nelson & JFMacbride : It is common in the western United States.

Calochortus catalinae S. Watson : It occurs only in southwestern California.

Calochortus cernuus Painter : It occurs only in the Sierra de Tepoxtlan in the Mexican state of Morelos .

Calochortus ciscoensis S.L.Welsh & NDAtwood : It is only found in Utah .

Calochortus clavatus S. Watson : It occurs with five varieties in California.

Light blue Mormon tulip ( Calochortus coeruleus (Kellogg) S. Watson ): It is found only in northern California.

Calochortus concolor (Baker) Purdy : It is distributed from southern California to the Mexican state of Baja California .

Calochortus coxii M.R.Godfrey & FTCallahan : It is found in Oregon .

Calochortus dunnii Purdy : It is distributed from southwestern California to the Mexican state of Baja California .

Calochortus elegans Pursh : It spreads from the northwestern United States to northern California.

Calochortus eurycarpus S. Watson : It is distributed from the northwestern United States to Utah.

Calochortus excavatus Greene : It is common in California.

Calochortus exilis Painter : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Hidalgo .

Calochortus fimbriatus H.P. McDonald : It is common in California.

Calochortus flexuosus S. Watson : It is distributed from the western United States to Mexico.

Calochortus foliosus Ownbey : It occurs only in the Mexican state of Michoacán .

Calochortus fuscus Schult. f. : It is common in Mexico.

Calochortus ghiesbreghtii S. Watson : It is distributed from Mexico to Guatemala .

Calochortus greenei S. Watson : It is distributed from southern Oregon to northern California.

Calochortus gunnisonii S. Watson : It occurs only in two varieties in the central and western United States .

Calochortus hartwegii Benth. : It is common in the Mexican states of Aguascalientes , Nayarit and Jalisco .

Calochortus howellii S. Watson : It occurs only in southwest Oregon.

Calochortus × indecorus Ownbey & M.Peck (= Calochortus tolmiei × Calochortus uniflorus ): It occurs only in southwest Oregon and was only found on the western slopes of Sexton Mountain in northern Josephine County, these stocks were considered extinct in 2002.

Calochortus invenustus Greene : It thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 3000 meters in California and occurs in Nevada only in the Bodie Hills.

Calochortus kennedyi Porter : It is distributed in two varieties from the southwestern US states of California, Arizona , Nevada and Texas to the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora.

Calochortus Leichtlinii Hook. f. : It thrives at altitudes of 1,300 to 4,000 meters in California, Oregon and Nevada.

Calochortus longibarbatus S. Watson : It occurs with two varieties in the western US states of Oregon, Washington to California. One of the varieties is endemic to the Ochoco Mountains .

Yellow Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus luteus Douglas ex Lindley ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 700 meters in California.

Calochortus lyallii Baker : It thrives on dry slopes and in open coniferous forests at altitudes of 300 to 1500 meters in southern British Columbia to Washington.

Striped Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas ): It is distributed in two varieties in western North America in the Rocky Mountains from the Canadian province of southern British Columbia to the western US states of Idaho , western Montana , Oregon, Washington, northern Nevada and northeastern California.

Calochortus marcellae G.L. Nesom : It is distributed in northeastern Mexico.

Calochortus mendozae Espejo, López-Ferr. & Ceja : It only occurs in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí .

Calochortus minimus Ownbey : It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 3000 meters in California.

Calochortus monanthus Ownbey : It thrives in meadows at altitudes of around 800 meters in California.

Calochortus monophyllus (Lindl.) Lem. : It thrives at altitudes of 400 to 1200 meters in Oregon and California.

Calochortus nigrescens Ownbey : It occurs in the Mixteca Alta region of the Mexican state of Oaxaca .

Calochortus nitidus Douglas : It thrives in meadows along streams at altitudes of 700 to 900 meters in Idaho , Oregon and Washington.

Calochortus nudus S. Watson (Syn .: Calochortus nudus var. Shastensis (Purdy) Jepson , Calochortus shastensis Purdy ): It thrives at altitudes of 1200 to 2500 meters in Oregon and California.

Calochortus nuttallii Torr. : It iswidespreadfrom the western to the central US states, northwestern Nebraska , southwestern North Dakota , western South Dakota , western Colorado , southeastern Idaho, Montana , Wyoming , northwestern New Mexico , northern Arizona , Nevada, and Utah . It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 3300 meters on dry soils .

Calochortus obispoensis Lemmon : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 100 to 500 meters only in San Luis Obispo County in California.

Calochortus palmeri S. Watson : It occurs in two varieties only in California.

Calochortus panamintensis (Ownbey) Reveal : It occurs only in the Panamint Mountains of California at altitudes between 2300 and 3200 meters.

Calochortus persistens Ownbey : It occurs only from Jackson County in Oregon to Siskiyou County in California.

Calochortus plummerae Greene : It thrives at altitudes from 0 to 1700 meters in California.

Calochortus pringlei B.L.Rob. : It occurs only in the Mexican states of Morelos , Puebla , Oaxaca and maybe also Jalisco .

Calochortus pulchellus (Bentham) Alph. Wood : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 200 to 800 meters only on Mt. Diablo in Contra Costa County in California.

Calochortus purpureus (Kunth) Baker : It is common in Mexico.

Calochortus raichei Farwig & V. Girard : This endemic occurs only in the headwaters of Big Austin Creek in Sonoma County , California. It is at risk from mining activities.

Calochortus rustvoldii Callahan : The species first described in 2015 occurs in California.

Calochortus simulans (Hoover) Munz : This endemic occurs only in central San Luis Obispo County in California and thrives at altitudes from 0 to 1100 meters.

Calochortus spatulatus S. Watson : It occurs only in Mexico from Chihuahua to Oaxaca.

Shiny Mormon Tulip or Beautiful Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus splendens Douglas ex Benth. ): It is distributed from California to Baja California, Mexico.

Calochortus striatus Parish : It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 1400 meters in California and Nevada .

Calochortus subalpinus Piper : It thrives at altitudes of 1000 to 2200 meters in Oregon and Washington.

Spotted Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus superbus Purdy ex JTHowell ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 1700 meters in California.

Calochortus syntrophus Callahan : It occurs only in California in Shasta County.

Calochortus tiburonensis A.J. Hill : It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 200 meters on Ring Mountain in California.

Pink Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn. ): It often thrives on nutrient-poor and dry soils at altitudes from 0 to 2000 meters in the western US states of California, Oregon and Washington.

Calochortus umbellatus Alph.Wood : It thrives at altitudes of 100 to 700 meters in California.

Calochortus umpquaensis N.A. Fredricks : It thrives in three subspecies at altitudes of 300 to 500 meters in Oregon.

Large-flowered Mormon tulip ( Calochortus uniflorus Hooker & Arnott ): It thrives on wet meadows at altitudes of 0 to 200 meters in Oregon and California.

Calochortus venustulus Greene : It occurs in two varieties only in central and northeastern Mexico.

Butterfly Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus venustus Benth. ): It thrives at altitudes of 300 to 2,700 meters in California.

Vesta Mormon Tulip or Mixed Forest Mormon Tulip ( Calochortus vestae (Purdy) Purdy ): It thrives at altitudes of 500 to 900 meters in California.

Calochortus weedii Alph.Wood : It occurs with three varieties California and Mexican Baja California.

Calochortus westonii Eastwood : It thrives at altitudes of 1500 to 2000 meters in California.

use

The onions can be eaten raw or cooked.

Some of the species and their varieties are rarely used as ornamental plants due to the very attractive flowers . They are considered delicate plants for lovers.

literature

PL Fiedler, RK Zebell: Calochortus. , P. 119 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
Mary E. Gerritsen, Ron Parsons: Calochortus: Mariposa Lilies & Their Relatives , Timber Press, 2007, ISBN 0-88192-844-5 . limited preview in Google Book search
Thomas B. Patterson, Thomas J. Givnish: Geographic cohesion, chromosomal evolution, parallel adaptive radiations, and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus (Calochortaceae): evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny , Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 2003 ( abstract )

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calochortus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 3, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi PL Fiedler, RK Zebell: Calochortus. , P. 119 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Calochortus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
↑ Calochortus nuttallii - Datasheet at Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center .
^ Utah State Flower - Sego Lily .
^ The Sego Lily, Utah's State Flower .
↑ Pursh 1814 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ Calochortus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 2, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
↑ Entries on Calochortus in Plants For A Future
^ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .

Web links

Commons : Mormon Tulips ( Calochortus ) - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

The genus Calochortus in the PacificBulbSociety . (English)

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Calochortus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved July 3, 2018.

[FoNA-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi PL Fiedler, RK Zebell: Calochortus. , P. 119 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5

[GRIN-3] Calochortus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

[wildflowercenter-4] Calochortus nuttallii - Datasheet at Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center .

[UtahSymbol-5] Utah State Flower - Sego Lily .

[UtahGov-6] The Sego Lily, Utah's State Flower .

[Pursh1814-7] Pursh 1814 scanned in at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[Tropicos-8] Calochortus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 2, 2014.

[Zander2008-9] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Walter Erhardt, Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

[PFAF-10] Entries on Calochortus in Plants For A Future

[Rothmaler2008-11] Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller (eds.): Rothmaler Exkursionsflora von Deutschland. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Berlin Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 .