Clintonia
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Habit, leaves and inflorescence of Clintonia udensis |
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Clintonia is a genus within the family of the lily family (Liliaceae). The only five species are common in temperate to subarctic areas in the northern hemisphere .
description
Appearance and leaves
Clintonia species are perennial herbaceous plants . Short rhizomes with a diameter of 1.5 to 8 cm are formed as persistence organs. Thin, fibrous roots are formed on the rhizomes.
Basic Constantly on the rhizome two sit to six sessile leaves and in some species also stalked leaves can occur on stems. The obovate to lanceolate leaf blade has a prominent central nerve and is somewhat hairy with a smooth edge.
Inflorescences and flowers
The flowers are terminal rarely individually or usually in groups of up to 45 in dold-like or racemose inflorescences . The bracts are foliage-like or linear.
The hermaphrodite flowers are threefold. The six free, almost identical bloom cladding sheets are upright to spread, obovate to narrow, lanceolate and white or yellow. There are nectaries . There are six fertile stamens . The stamens inserted at the base of the bracts are widened and hairy at their base. The anthers are oblong-obovate to oblong-linear. The ovoid to almost cylindrical, usually two, rarely insulated draft tube ovary is upper constant and bare. There are two to ten ovules in each ovary chamber. The columnar, laterally slightly compressed stylus usually ends two, rarely three-lobed in an easy scar . The flower stalks of unequal length elongate until the fruit is ripe and straighten up.
Fruits and seeds
The ellipsoidal to egg-shaped, smooth berries are metallic blue to black when ripe and contain 4 to 30 seeds. The shiny brown seeds are two or three edged.
Sets of chromosomes
The basic chromosome number is x = 7. The North American species are mostly polyploid with 2n = 28 .
Systematics and distribution
The genus Clintonia was identified in 1818 by Constantine S. Rafinesque-Schmaltz in American monthly magazine and critical review , 2, p. 266 with the type species Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. set up. The scientific generic name Clintonia honors the American politician DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828). Clintonia is closely related to Medeola .
The Clintonia species thrive in the temperate to subarctic zones of the northern hemisphere . Only Clintonia udensis is native to Asia. The other four species are found in North America.
The genus Clintonia contains only five species:
- Clintonia Andrewsiana Torr. : It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 400 meters in southwest Oregon and western California .
- Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. : It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 1,600 meters from the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Manitoba to the northern and eastern US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York, Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia , Illinois , Minnesota , Wisconsin, Georgia, Maryland , North Carolina , Tennessee, and Virginia.
- Clintonia udensis Trautv. & CAMey. : The wide distribution area extends from the Himalayas with India ( Uttar Pradesh , West Bengal), Bhutan , Sikkim , Nepal and Myanmar via China ( Gansu , Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Hubei , Jilin , Liaoning , Shaanxi , Shanxi , Sichuan , Yunnan and Xizang ) to Russia's Far East (Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Kurilen, Sakhalin) and North and South Korea to Japan ( Hokkaidō , Honshu ).
- Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong : It thrives at altitudes of 200 to 1000 meters in the eastern US states of New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Georgia, Kentucky , Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina , Tennessee and Virginia.
- Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult. F.) Kunth : It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 2600 meters from southern Alaska to the western Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and the western US states of Idaho , Montana, Oregon, Washington to eastern California.
use
Indigenous peoples of eastern and western North America used Clintonia species as eye and heart medicine, and also to alleviate dermatological and gynecological complaints.
swell
- Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi), Minoru N. Tamura: Clintonia. , P. 127 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2000. ISBN 0-915279-83-5
- Frederick H. Utech: Clintonia. , P. 164 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5 (sections description, distribution and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Frederick H. Utech: Clintonia. , P. 164 - same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2002. ISBN 0-19-515208-5
- ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Clintonia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 2, 2014.
- ^ A b c Clintonia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
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