German shipping company

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German shipping company GmbH

logo
legal form GmbH
founding July 1, 1952
Seat Rostock , MV Germany
GermanyGermany 
management Managing directors
Horst Rahe ,
Michael Westenberger
Branch Real estate, tourism, medicine, formerly shipping company
Website www.deutsche-seereederei.de

The Deutsche Seereederei (DSR) in Rostock , as the state shipping company of the GDR , was responsible for all ship operations in foreign trade from 1952 and reached its maximum size with over 200 ships at the end of the 1970s .

In reunified Germany , the Treuhandanstalt converted it from a state-owned company into a GmbH and sold it to the investors Horst Rahe and Nikolaus H. Schües . As a result of the subsequent transfer of the cargo ship business to the Hamburg shipping company F. Laeisz as well as spin-offs and sales in the following period, the company has not been active in the shipping and shipping business for several years. The remaining real estate and hotel business is managed by DSR as the management holding company. Operational operations are the responsibility of the respective subsidiaries.

After the successful marketing of the Arkona “holiday ship” left by the FDGB holiday service , the DSR financed a new ship that was widely known as the “club ship” AIDA and led to the development of today's cruise brand AIDA Cruises . After high start-up losses, the area was transferred to Horst Rahes Arkona Touristik GmbH and sold to the British shipping company P&O in September 1999 .

history

Starting position

With the division of Germany that became apparent after the end of the Second World War and the development of different economic systems, it became necessary for the area of ​​the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ) to independently rebuild fishing and maritime transport. The starting position was extremely unfavorable. Shipping in Rostock reached its peak around 1870 with 378 ships, by 1910 the number had fallen to 45 and in the years before the outbreak of the Second World War Rostock was home to an average of only 35 ships. Stralsund and Wismar had already become meaningless in the pre-war period. The reasons were a significantly better starting position of the North Sea ports for overseas traffic, the weak industrialization in Mecklenburg and Pomerania and the adherence to traditional forms of business such as the partner shipping company , which could not raise the capital necessary for modernization and growth. The few ships that remained in the port of Rostock at the end of the war in 1945 were confiscated after the occupation of the city by the Red Army , provided with crews and taken away as spoils of war. Only two ships, lying with engine trouble in Wismar steamer Johann Ahrens (the former Grete Cords ) 1,250 dwt and also damaged soul Ichter Quistorp IV , were still available.

In August 1950 the GDR Council of Ministers decided to build 18 new merchant ships between 1000 and 8000 tdw. The Johann Ahrens was repaired in the VEB Volkswerft Stralsund and from October 13, 1950 as Vorwärts by the "Deutsche Schiffahrts - and Umschlagsbetriebszentrale (DSU), which was actually responsible for inland shipping . The lighter also went to the DSU, but was in Greifswald and could not be used for the time being.

VEB Deutsche Seereederei Rostock (until 1973)

Freighter Forward in the port of Rostock (1953)

The Deutsche Seereederei was founded on July 1, 1952 under the name "VEB Deutsche Seereederei Rostock" (DSR). The beginning with the takeover of the Vorwärts was rather symbolic. In February 1954 the steamer was launched with irreparable boiler damage and the lighter, which had only entered service under the name Progress in 1953, had to be handed over to VEB Schiffsbergung for metal recovery with a leak on the ship's bottom. Until autumn 1954 the DSR was a shipping company without a ship.

In autumn 1954 the steamers were the first ships of Rostock and Wismar , and in December, the motor vessel (MS) Stralsund put into service in mid-1955 followed by several coastal vessels with 500 dwt. Applications were Baltic Sea , North Sea and Mediterranean , were transported foreign trade goods of the GDR. Due to the Cold War and the claim to sole representation of the Federal Republic of Germany, it was initially difficult to find foreign partners for trade, but also to supply and equip ships in foreign ports. On January 1, 1956, a Finnish shipping company started a joint liner service between southern Finland and the GDR ports. After initially improvising, the company began to expand into a shipping company that operates worldwide. Fixed liner services were set up to Eastern and Western Europe, the Far East, Central and South America and Africa. The African continent alone was connected to the East German transport network with five fixed routes. Since 1958, the DSR operated here - in association with the Soviet Baltic Shipping Company and the national shipping company of the United Arab Republic  - a line with Alexandria as the terminal port . In 1961 , a second line to West and Central Africa was added , this time in cooperation with Polish Ocean Lines and Polska Zegluga Morska. A year later, a third line followed through the Red Sea, which had to serve ports in East and South Africa. Initially operating alone, the DSR joined forces here in 1967 with Polish Ocean Lines to form Balt Africa in order to break the monopoly of Western conferences on the transport of coffee beans. After 1975, two more fixed lines with end points in Tunisia and Algeria were to be added.

In the years 1958 to 1960, the German shipping company took over used merchant ships from western countries for the first time. The basis for this was the decision of the Council of Ministers to set up a “currency and DM fund additional fleet”. This fund was used to raise the necessary funds for the purchase of the two cargo and training ships Heinrich Heine and Theodor Körner in February 1958 and three million Dutch guilders for Thomas Münzer on March 18, 1958 . It was followed by the freighter Archon Gabriel , who had recently stranded on Greifswalder Oie . After lengthy salvage work, the owner waived the originally requested cash payment of US $ 10,000 and left the wreck to Deutsche Auslands- und Rückversicherungs-AG (DARAG). Around four million marks in the cost of repairs in Gdynia could be paid in zloty , that is, in socialist accounting currency. The subsequent procurement of foreign currency for four cargo ships Kap Arkona , Stubbenkammer , Steckenpferd and Stoltera as well as three tankers Rositz , Schwarzheide and Lützkendorf is attributed to the Hobby Horse movement . The soap and perfume manufacturer VEB Hobby Horse in Radebeul had committed itself to generate 100,000 US dollars through additional exports. From this a broad initiative of numerous companies developed, which supported the expansion of the merchant fleet by overachieving their respective target, then exporting the additional production and donating the income earned in foreign currency. These initiatives were controlled by the SED.

At the end of 1962, the administration moved into a representative building in Rostock city center in Langen Strasse, which, however , had to be handed over to the FDGB in 1974 on the instructions of the SED and was renamed from "House of Shipping" to "House of Trade Unions". By 1964 there were 5670 employees at DSR and the number of ships grew to 111, with a total load capacity of over 700,000 tdw. 54 of these ships came from GDR shipyards. From 1965 onwards, all Kümos from the founding time of the DSR were eliminated due to unprofitability, and used ships were also sold. Nevertheless, the total number of ships increased in the following years.

In 1968, six independent fleet areas were formed, each of which was headed by its own director, but was subordinate to a common director general.

VEB Deutfracht / Rostock shipping company (until 1990)

Job advertisement from VEB Deutfracht

A second shipping company was founded on January 1st, 1970. The Special Shipping Directorate was dissolved and the employees were transferred to the new “VEB Deutfracht - International Freighting and Shipping Company” together with the employees of the freight forwarding company “VEB Deutfracht Berlin”. On January 1, 1974, however, with the establishment of the Combine Shipping and Port Management (KSH), both companies were reunited under the name “VEB Deutfracht / Seereederei Rostock” (DSR). Of the 195 ships in 1974, 64 came from GDR shipyards, 19 were newbuildings from foreign, and for the first time Western European, shipyards. The ships had a capacity of over 1.7 million tdw. DSR had over 11,000 employees. The greatest growth was achieved in the field of tankers and bulk carriers.

DSR office building in Rostock's overseas port (1983)

The expansion of the fleet reached its peak in 1977–1979: More than 200 ships with 1.9 million tdw. Sailed for the DSR. In 1977, 203 ships were listed in the register of the state shipping company. During the wedding, the company operated 28 liner services with which DSR had the most comprehensive liner network of any European shipping company. In those years, your freighters called at ports in more than a hundred countries.

After that, the number declined and by 1989 sank to 161 ships with a capacity of 1.7 million tdw. Despite great material and technical difficulties, attempts were made to keep up with modern developments such as container and RoRo traffic. A sea connection to the Soviet Union was built with the Mukran ferry port at extreme financial expense . In 1984, fleet areas were dissolved and four sales and operational areas were created. The working atmosphere deteriorated in the 1980s due to the tightened safety regulations and the massive use of the MfS, especially among seafarers. The years 1975–1989 were characterized by political control and regulation. With the formation of the “Industriekreisleitung der SED Seeverkehr und Hafenwirtschaft”, more and more political leaders came into management positions.

The vacation ships

In addition to the freight business, the Deutsche Seereederei also took over the operation of the holiday ships of the FDGB holiday service . From 1960 initially with Fritz Heckert and Völkerfreundschaft , from 1985 with Arkona , which had previously become known under the name Astor through the ZDF television series Das Traumschiff . With the appeal by a representative of the shipyard workers from Wismar, “In the past, the capitalists, the rich moneybags, used such ships. Today the workers are supposed to sail on such ships. ”At the 5th party congress of the SED in July 1958, the project started primarily in the interests of the state leadership and in view of the enormous propagandistic potential. The idea of ​​a "cruise vacation for everyone, not just for the chosen ones" was able to fascinate the population and between 1960 and 1990 almost three hundred thousand vacationers are said to have traveled on the ships.

The enthusiasm and belief that the superiority of the socialist economic system would soon make such luxuries part of the normal prosperity of a worker quickly faded. The vacation trips were used to flee to the West , so that soon only Eastern Bloc countries were used as travel destinations and shore excursions were severely restricted. The procurement of spare parts for the rapidly aging ships turned out to be increasingly difficult and the financial outlay was extremely high overall. In order to keep the losses at least somewhat within limits, the Fritz Heckert went out of service after nine years and the Arkona was chartered out to the Federal Republic to procure foreign currency in winter, when no GDR citizen wanted to go to Leningrad . There she was on offer as a "luxury liner" on behalf of TUI . Because of this, and under the impression that the trips were recently distributed more frequently to party and trade union officials instead of simple workers, the ships ultimately had a reputation for being mainly used as "bonz swings".

German shipping company GmbH

On March 1, 1990, the "Ordinance on the Conversion of State-Owned Combines, Businesses and Facilities into Corporations" was issued. All necessary balance sheets were submitted to the Treuhandanstalt and the conversion into a GmbH was completed on June 18, 1990. At the end of May, the combine shipping and port management was dissolved. The first profitability calculations for the DSR were carried out for monetary union. It turned out that the survival of the company was realistic if capacity and staff were massively reduced and start-up financing was provided. Many non-standard shipping companies with 1500 employees were released into self-employment in order to reduce costs. It was not always possible to keep these jobs. From 13,177 employees on January 1, 1990, the number of employees fell to 9,493 by the end of the year. At the end of 1991 there were still 5,328 employees, the number of ships fell to 100 with 1.2 million tdw.

On June 3, 1993, the DSR was finally privatized. The Treuhandanstalt decided to sell to a medium-sized consortium, the investor group Horst Rahe and Nikolaus H. Schües from Hamburg , who are responsible for the freight shipping division with “F. Laeisz Schiffahrtsgesellschaft ”merged into the shipping company F. Laeisz . 47 ships with a capacity of 917,000 tdw and 3,000 employees were taken over.

In the spring of 2016, the hotel division received a new structure. The a-ja Resort und Hotel GmbH , previously managed by DSR Hotel Holding , was subordinated directly to Deutsche Seereederei and the remaining hotel business was transferred to Deutsche Hotel & Resort Holding , a joint venture between DSR Hotel Holding and the first founded in February 2016 in equal shares Arkona hotel group, independent of DSR since 2009 . The operational responsibility for the new company lay with Alexander Winter, managing director of both the DSR Hotel Holding and the Arcona Group. Horst Rahe and Stephan Gerhard, who played a key role in the separation of the Arcona Group from DSR in 2008, are also registered as managing directors of the joint venture .

Holdings

Current investments (2016)

  • Real estate | Project development and management | Financial services
    • Deutsche Immobilien AG (sold in 2016 now DSR Immobilien GmbH) , Rostock: the AG, founded in 1992, deals with project development and management, the construction of real estate and its marketing and administration.
    • Deutsche Immobilien Invest GmbH , Hamburg
  • Hotel industry | Tourism | Health & Spa Business
    • a-ja Resort and Hotel GmbH , Hamburg
    • DSR Hotel Holding
      • Paradies Touristik AG , Ftan ( Switzerland )
      • Premedion GmbH , Hamburg: The business field of Premedion GmbH is the offer of medical wellness and preventive medicine. It includes management services and product development for health tourism.
      • Deutsche Hotel & Resort Holding GmbH & Co. KG (50% stake) with Hotel NEPTUN in Warnemünde , Hotel Louis C. Jacob in Hamburg and the houses of A-ROSA Resort and Hotel and arcona HOTELS & RESORTS .

Former holdings

  • Arkona AG - Tourism under the A-ROSA brand from 2003 (after buying back the rights from Seetours) to 2009 (outsourcing of the resorts and hotels. Management buy-out with the remaining river shipping division). On April 20, 2009 Arkona AG was converted into A-ROSA Flussschiff GmbH .
  • Interhansa Reederei AG - previously Reederei Hansa AG. Shipping, transport logistics and maritime services. Joint venture between DSR and Interorient Navigation Co. Ltd., Limassol, Cyprus, each 50% from July 2004. Squeeze-out procedure by the majority owner LIMRO Shipping from 2007, merged into LIMRO Shipping GmbH Rostock in 2010.
  • Scandlines AG - On August 30, 2007, Deutsche Bahn AG and the Danish Ministry of Transport sold 40% of their shares to the financial investors 3i and Allianz Capital , as well as 20% to Deutsche Seereederei GmbH (DSR) from Rostock. The corporation was converted to Scandlines GmbH . At the end of 2010, DSR sold its shares in equal parts to its co-investors.

Former fleet

Cargo ships (selection)

Surname Shipyard (construction no.) IMO number delivery Client Later names and whereabouts
Forward Actien-Gesellschaft Neptun , shipyard and machine factory in Rostock (214) - 1903 August Cords steamship company Built as Grete Cords . First ship of the DSU from October 13, 1950. Handover to DSR for foundation.
Out of service after boiler damage in February 1954. Then as a stationary ship.
Scrapped in Rostock-Marienehe in 1989 .
progress Shipyard Lebbin - 1904 Pomeranian Industry Association on Actien Built as Quistorp IV . 1950 by order of the Ministry of Transport of the GDR to the DSU.
Handover to DSR 1953. From November 1st, 1954 scrapped in Stralsund.
Rostock VEB Neptun, Rostock (206/808) 5300833 10/11/1954 VEB German shipping company Kolomna series , decommissioned August 24, 1965
Sold to Seagull Freighters, scrapped in Perama (Attica) in 1986 .
Capella VEB Peene shipyard 5062106 05/25/1961 VEB German shipping company Kümo 840 series , sunk in the Capella hurricane January 3rd, 1976 at position 53 ° 38'N - 06 ° 13E
Wismar VEB Neptun, Rostock (207/809) 5392305 11/18/1954 VEB German shipping company Kolomna series, decommissioned 1965
Sold to Albatros Freighters. Scrapped in Suez in 1976 .
Thomas Müntzer William Doxford & Sons , Pallion, Sunderland (639) 5359470 1937 Nolisement SS Co. Built as the Forest , sister ship to Hobby Horse . Handed over to DSR as Haulerwiyk on March 10, 1958.
Decommissioned April 30, 1968 and sold to Kourion Cia. Nav. SA, scrapped in Pakistan in 1978.
Heinrich Heine J. Cockerill SA, Hoboken (656) 5145855 July 1, 1938 Compagnie Maritime Belge SA Built as Mar del Plata , from March 26, 1958 in CUBALCO service at DSR
, decommissioned on May 2, 1968, sold to Loyna Cia. Navigation SA as Cleo II . Scrapped
in Kaohsiung from January 25, 1973 .
Theodor Körner J. Cockerill SA, Hoboken (654) - March 1938 Compagnie Maritime Belge SA Built as Copacabana , initially UNIAFRICA service at DSR, CUBALCO from November 1, 1962.
Decommissioned February 28, 1968, sold to Altis Cia. Nav.SA as Nedi II .
Scrapped in Kaohsiung from December 23, 1972.
Ernst Moritz Arndt California Shipbuilding Corp., Los Angeles (224) 5105946 July 28, 1943 Was Shipping Administration Built as the Liberty freighter Vernon L. Kellogg when Archon Gabriel ran aground in January 1958. Salvaged, repaired and in service for DSR from January 31, 1960. Sold in summer 1968 to Spiritath Cia. Navigation SA and service under the name Kypros until scrapping in August 1971 in Taiwan.
Cape Arkona Kockums , Malmo (284) 3008817 May 27, 1946 Rederi A / B Activ Mgr. Stig Gorthon Built as BO Börjesson , at DSR from November 12, 1958.
Sunk on January 19, 1964.
Stump chamber Kockums, Malmo (285) 3008916 September 22, 1947 Rederi A / B Gylfe, Mgr. Stig Gorthon Built as Tilia Gorthon , at DSR from December 17, 1958.
Sunk on November 25, 1967.
Hobby horse William Doxford & Sons, Pallion, Sunderland (628) 5339468 July 21, 1936 Shipping company Sea Steamship Co. Built as a skipsea . After various owners with DSR from January 5, 1959.
Sold on February 20, 1968 to Soloi Cia. Nav. SA, Panama. Scrapped in Kaohsiung in 1973 .
Stoltera Kockums, Malmo (283) 5341265 April 9, 1946 Rederi A / B Gefion, Mgr. Stig Gorthon Built as Nils Gorthon , at DSR from February 26, 1959.
Sold on December 1st, 1970 to LR Johansen, Norway. Scrapped at Gadani in 1980 .
Rositz De Groot & Van Vliet, Slikkerveer (246) 5300194 September 15, 1944 Navy Built as Ems (unfinished). Completion and reconstruction in 1952 in the Beckmann shipyard , Cuxhaven .
With DSR from March 28, 1960. On January 1st, 1967 transfer to the bunker fleet to VEB Minol.
Sunk after a fire in May 1984 by various owners.
Schwarzheide Kockums, Malmo (288) 5315620 July 9, 1947 Rederi A / B Svea Built as Gauthiod . With DSR from April 30, 1960. Sold
on January 15, 1969 to Recuperaciones Submarines SA., Santander . Scrapped in Santander in 1969.
Lützkendorf Kockums, Malmo (286) 5214931 January 15, 1946 Rederi A / B Saturnus Mgr. Eman Högberg Built as a Securus . With DSR from June 17, 1960.
Decommissioned on January 28, 1969 and scrapped in 1970.

Vacation and cruise ships

Vacation ships of the VEB Deutsche Seereederei or VEB Deutfracht / Seereederei Rostock
Surname Shipyard (construction no.) IMO number delivery Client Later names and whereabouts
Friendship between nations AB Götaverken , Gothenburg (611) 5383304 September 9, 1946 Swedish America Line (SAL) Built as Stockholm . Bought on January 3rd, 1960 for the FDGB and managed by DSR.
Handed over to DSR on November 19, 1963.
Sold to Neptunus Rex Enterprise 1985. Since 2013 as Azores with Cruise & Maritime Voyages .
Fritz Heckert VEB Mathias-Thesen-Werft , Wismar (191) 5121835 April 15, 1961 FDGB Operated by DSR after delivery. Handed over to DSR on January 1st, 1964.
From March 9, 1971 with various owners as Gulf Fantasy . Scrapped in Mumbai on March 4, 1999.
Arkona Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft , Hamburg (165) 8000214 December 16, 1981 HADAG Cruise Lines Built as an Astor . With DSR from August 28, 1985.
Flag change and re-registration to GmbH on June 18, 1990.
Cruise ships of the Deutsche Seereederei GmbH and subsidiaries
Surname Shipyard (construction no.) IMO number delivery Client Later names and whereabouts
Arkona Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Hamburg (165) 8000214 December 16, 1981 HADAG Cruise Lines From 1991 in full charter for TUI / Seetours. In 1994 transferred to DSR subsidiary 1. Passenger Shipping GmbH.
Sold on December 18, 1997 to Ariane Shipping Co. Ltd., Monrovia . With Saga Cruises since 2013 as Saga Pearl II .
Astra II Helsingør Skibsværft , Helsingør (404) 7346934 September 9, 1974 Royal Cruise Line 1994 Acquisition by DSR subsidiary Astra II Shipping Ltd., Nassau
As a bareboat charter to Caravella Shipping Co., Moscow , in use for Neckermann .
Sold to Liberty Investment Worldwide Management Ltd., Bahamas in 2000. From 2004 with various owners as Macau Success .
AIDA Kvaerner Masa Yards AB , Turku (1337) 9112789 June 4th 1996 German shipping company Handed over to DSR subsidiary Seetours International for ship management.
Sold in 1999, from 2001 as AIDAcara for various owners under the AIDA Cruises brand .

See also

literature

  • Otto Bönisch, Harry Wenzel, Joachim Stübner: DSR-Lines - The German shipping company Rostock . Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg 1996. ISBN 3-7822-0676-2
  • Franziska Cammin: The German shipping company as the state shipping company of the GDR: The merchant fleet between state control and freedom at sea . Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg 2014. ISBN 978-3-7822-1208-3
  • René Feldvoss: The German shipping company Rostock and its position within the GDR economy , GRIN Verlag 2012. ISBN 978-3-656-26170-4
  • Gerd Peters: From vacation ship to luxury liner: the sea tourism of VEB Deutsche Seereederei Rostock , Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg 2005. ISBN 978-3-7822-0920-5
  • Brigitte Götz, Harry Wenzel: DSR - German shipping company Rostock . Koehlers Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Hamburg 2004, 2nd revised. and extended edition. ISBN 978-3-7822-0899-4
  • Wolfgang Klietz: Unprotected at sea - attacks on civil shipping in the GDR , Hinstorff-Verlag, Rostock 2019, ISBN 9783356022667

Web links

Commons : VEB Deutsche Seereederei Rostock  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ management . German shipping company; accessed on October 12, 2015
  2. ↑ a b F. Laeisz: History - On to new shores . In: Company website, accessed October 12, 2015
  3. ↑ a b c divisions . German shipping company; Retrieved October 4, 2015
  4. ^ P&O strengthens position in German cruise sector . In: Carnival Corporation & plc ; press archive accessed on October 13, 2015
  5. ↑ a b Hans-Jürgen Klesse: 25 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall - This is how the German shipping company changed . In: Wirtschaftswoche , November 7, 2014; accessed on October 13, 2015
  6. ↑ a b Soul Light PROGRESS. Second DSR ship 1953. In: Seeleute Rostock e. V. Retrieved August 25, 2019 .
  7. ^ Baltic Shipping Company in the English language Wikipedia
  8. ↑ Torben Gülstorff: Trade follows Hallstein? German activities in the Central African region of the “Second Scramble” . Berlin 2016, p. 359–364 , urn : nbn: de: kobv: 11-100241664 ( hu-berlin.de [PDF]).
  9. ^ A b Gerd Peters: The purchase of old tonnage ships for the GDR merchant fleet . (PDF; 540 kB). In: Voll VOR , newspaper for driving people and friends of seafaring, issue No. 12, May 2007
  10. ↑ a b Andreas Stirn: Dream Ships of Socialism - The History of the GDR Vacation Ships 1958-1990 (PDF, 21kB), dissertation. Federal foundation to come to terms with the SED dictatorship ; accessed on October 28, 2015
  11. ↑ Dunja Stamer: Cocktails on the Sun Deck - A book about "Dream Ships of Socialism" . 3sat , March 3, 2011, accessed October 28, 2015
  12. ^ Andreas Stirn: The GDR dream ship - cruise with the class enemy . In: taz , August 16, 2008
  13. ↑ Reinhard Bünger: Luxury liner of the working class . In: Der Tagesspiegel , January 23, 2011; accessed on October 27, 2015
  14. ↑ Elke Ehlers: Arcona-Hotels and DSR form a joint venture. In: Ostsee-Zeitung . March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016 .
  15. ↑ Arcona Hotels and Deutsche Seereederei are moving closer together . ( Memento of the original from April 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: hotelling.net , June 19, 2015, accessed April 14, 2016  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hottelling.net
  16. ↑ Management buy-out at A-ROSA Flussschiff GmbH . Deutsche Seereederei, press release, April 20, 2009; accessed on October 13, 2015
  17. ↑ Deutsche Seereederei and Interorient Navigation Co. enter into a partnership in the shipping company Hansa AG . Deutsche Seereederei, press release, July 8, 2004; accessed on October 13, 2015
  18. ↑ Privatization: Scandlines sold for 1.56 billion euros . In: Hamburger Abendblatt , June 19, 2007; accessed on October 13, 2015
  19. ^ Scandlines history . Scandlines GmbH; accessed on October 13, 2015
  20. ^ Stephan Maaß: Deutsche Seereederei gets out of Scandlines . In: Die Welt , November 2, 2010
  21. ↑ Report about the accident and sinking of the DSR cargo ship MS Capella. January 4, 1976, accessed February 11, 2020 .
  22. ^ Report on diver investigations on the wreck of the sunken DSR cargo ship MS Capella. January 18, 1976, accessed February 11, 2020 .