Finnish hunters
|
Royal Prussian |
|
|---|---|
|
|
| active | May 30, 1916 to February 13, 1918 |
| Country |
.svg){kind=small} German Empire
|
| Armed forces | Prussian Army |
| Branch of service | Hunter |
| Type | battalion |
| structure | See outline |
| Insinuation | See submission |
| Location |
Lockstedter Lager Libau |
| Mission history | See stakes |
| commander | |
| Commanders | See commanders |
The Finnish hunters were volunteers from the Grand Duchy of Finland , which belonged to the Russian Empire until 1917, without having to provide soldiers for the Imperial Russian Army . They received military training in the German Empire from 1916 and were subsequently used in the battalion association of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 on the Eastern Front. These hunters formed the tribe of the Finnish armed forces after their return to their Finnish homeland on the occasion of the Finnish Civil War in early 1918 .
history
Finland's favorable strategic location in the Baltic Sea region became increasingly important after the beginning of the First World War , especially considering the German-Russian conflict on the Eastern Front .
Activist movement
On October 27, 1914, the "Provisional Central Committee of the Activist Movement" was founded in the Ostrobotnia student house in Helsinki . The founding of the “Activist Movement” marked the beginning of the Finnish hunting movement. The Activist Movement's Provisional Central Committee had the following objectives:
- To maintain good connections with Germany and to spread news from Finland in Germany in order to keep up the interest in the Finnish cause.
- To support the German military by gathering news of Russian troop movements, fortifications and weapons stores, and to prepare for a possible landing in Finland.
- Prepare for a future uprising of the Finnish people by educating the population and acquiring weapons and explosives.
The Finnish activists Bertel Paulig and Walter Horn traveled to Stockholm on December 2, 1914 , where they later met the German contact of the Finnish Committee, Herman Gummerus . At this meeting, the sending of volunteers to Germany for military training was discussed for the first time. Gummerus then informed the responsible German authorities and decision-makers, including the German military attaché in Stockholm Major Karl von Aweyden , about the content of the talks. The German authorities had very different views on how to proceed. The German admiralty's staff advocated acts of sabotage, but General Erich von Falkenhayn was interested in the possibilities of "stirring up an uprising". The Foreign Office was rather skeptical about the “Finland question” and a possible separate peace with Russia should not be jeopardized. Falkenhayn then set up a meeting to coordinate the further joint approach. At the following meeting on January 26, 1915 in the German War Ministry , it was realized that the establishment of a larger Finnish auxiliary corps did not correspond to current military considerations. The auxiliary corps was supposed to operate behind enemy lines if the Germans landed in Finland . In 1915, however, it was not yet possible to carry out such a landing operation. The 200 volunteers offered by the Finnish activist movement should nevertheless receive their military training in Germany, also in order to be prepared for a later landing operation .
Boy Scout Field Master Course
The first training course with 170 participants began under strict secrecy on February 15, 1915, and was referred to as the " Boy Scout Field Master Course" for camouflage purposes. The duration of the course should be four weeks. The volunteers brought in were well trained Finns. For reasons of secrecy , the journey had to be covered up, so 142 volunteers traveled via Stockholm . The remaining 28 participants were already registered in the German Reich before the course began. Major Maximilian Bayer took over the training of the volunteers in the Lockstedt camp . His position as Reichsfeldmeister of the German Boy Scout Association was excellently suited to lead this covert training measure. Initially, the training rules of the German scouts were also binding, but they were then necessarily replaced by the Prussian military regulations, although the training content of the scouts such as the reporting and signaling service also proved its worth. The main task was to train the young Finns to become military leaders. The reference to the likely area of activity also played a decisive role in the selection of the training content. This included shooting training, combat training - in relation to smaller departments - and infantry reconnaissance. The following training officers were assigned to the scout field master course:
- Pioneer training: Captain Walter Just
- Combat training: Captain Hans Bade
- Machine gun training : First Lieutenant Lemke
- Weapon and equipment training: Feldwebel Steinmüller and Feldwebel Peper
The training course was now divided into two practice companies. At the end of April 1915, the training companies each had a team of 100 men.
On April 25, 1915, the expansion of the two companies exercise was discussed at a meeting of those responsible, they should now four infantry companies , one engineer company and a machine gun company expanded. This proposal was called into question at the end of May, but was taken up again on June 16, 1915 at a meeting.
Stage line
The volunteers were led individually or in groups via the established stage line Finland – Stockholm– Gjedser - Warnemünde or Trelleborg - Saßnitz .
To organize the stage, the “ Berlin office” was set up at Landgrafenstrasse 20, where Captain Höckert and Adolf Fredrik Wetterhoff (1878–1922) went about their work. The office was also the first point of contact for the Finnish volunteers in Germany. A corresponding contact point was also set up in Stockholm, which was headed by Herman Gummerus. There the volunteers were given German passports, which they had to hand over again in Saßnitz.
In the Finnish coastal town of Tornio , however, was a secret communication base. Under the guise of business mail, "Mrs. Reuter", who worked there, forwarded important messages from the Stockholm office to the activists in Helsinki. The code name of the action was "Costa Negra". As part of the campaign, supposed business deals were also carried out and “business relationships” maintained.
Training force-Lockstedt
War Minister Adolf Wild von Hohenborn finally gave the order on August 28, 1915 to set up the immobile "Lockstedt Training Force". The troop strength should now be increased to 1200 men. Major Maximilian Bayer was again appointed head of the training course. As a result, the young Finns continued to receive mission-oriented military training. On the basis of the order of August 28th, Major Bayer formed two hunter companies, a machine gun company and a pioneer company. The companies were later commanded by a German and a Finnish company commander.
The secrecy of the training measure was maintained, in particular the mention of the formation in the press should be avoided at all costs.
As part of the new formation and new were Ranks introduced, but this change was referring only to the Finnish volunteers and their organizational structure. The German rank designations Gefreiter , Unteroffizier , Leutnant , Hauptmann and Major found their equal counterparts in the “Hilfsgruppenführer”, “Gruppenführer”, “Zugführer”, “Oberzugführer” and “Hauptzugführer”. A subordination of German teams to Finnish ranks was fundamentally excluded. The now formed training force Lockstedt was the General Command of IX. Army Corps subordinated.
The volunteers - now referred to as "hunters" - were divided into two classes.
- "Class A": All volunteers who entered the course before July 15, 1915 and had already completed six weeks of training were assigned to this class. These participants could be promoted directly to platoon leader, group leader and auxiliary group leader. In this way, three field masters were promoted to platoon leaders, 15 field masters to group leaders and 15 field masters to auxiliary group leaders.
- "Class B": All volunteers who joined later were assigned to this class.
On March 13, 1916, a light field howitzer battery was installed. On March 17, the Lockstedt training force finally reached its target strength of 1502 men.
Stage network
In the course of the increase in the Lockstedt training force, the network of stages also had to be expanded. In Finland, therefore, further stations and bases were set up, observing the required secrecy. The volunteers were led to Sweden via the new Finnish stage lines, from where they could begin their journey to the German Reich. The volunteers were either smuggled individually or in small groups across the Finnish-Swedish border or into the coastal towns on the Bothnian bosom . The stage network was also used to smuggle “couriers” and “advertisers” into Finland. Among other things, they dealt with spying on movements by Russian border troops and gendarmes. The information was collected and evaluated accordingly by the intelligence service. In Stockholm there was also the multi-stage office at Karlavägen 14, where Captain Karl Heldt, disguised as an “engineer”, had been on duty since October 1915. The "recruitment" organized by Karl Heldt for an iron ore mine in southern Sweden made it possible to leave Finland for Sweden without suspicion. The recruitment of volunteers had to be temporarily stopped in April 1916, as a large number of the Finnish shop stewards were arrested or they had to flee to Sweden.
In August 1916 two special commandos were dispatched. They had the order to set up two new stage lines. The increased recruitment, which would have been necessary for the establishment of a second hunter battalion, was to be implemented via the new connecting routes. The activities of the commandos, however, were severely restricted by the massive presence of Russian border guards and police commands of the governor of Oulu. While the eastern stage line served its purpose, the establishment of the western stage line did not materialize. The plans for a second battalion therefore soon had to be discarded.
In December 1916 one tried again to build a stage line. For this purpose, eight hunters were sent to Finland under the leadership of platoon leader Weckström, where they had to hide in a hut near Hyrynsalmi due to the winter weather conditions . However, they were betrayed by forest workers present in the area. Russian soldiers and police from Oulu were deployed in the course of the persecution . The persecution ended in a skirmish that resulted in deaths and injuries. Platoon leader Weckström was taken prisoner. However, he later escaped from prison.
Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27
In April 1916 the order was issued to mobilize the Finnish battalion. Mobilization began on May 2nd, and the battalion was ready for use by May 22nd. The mobilization finally took place on May 30th. On this day the mobile part of the battalion was given the designation "Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27". Subsequently, the battalion was subordinated to the reinforced 3rd Cavalry Brigade and thus belonged to the Mitau group. The unit was then moved to the Eastern Front, where it arrived in Libau on June 3.
From this point on, the Lockstedt training team served as a substitute department and was responsible for training and providing the substitute. Major Bayer continued to manage the associated office of the “Etappe Stockholm”.
As of June 1916, the Finnish soldiers were first Major Bayer in Kurland in trench warfare on the Misse at Mitau used west of the railway line Mitau-Riga.
In the course of the desertion of two Finns on June 25, 1916, it finally became known to the Russian units that they were faced with a battalion of Finnish volunteers. The Russian artillery subsequently shot itself at the battalion's positions. The hours of bombardment resulted in some losses.
Parts of the battalion began their first combat mission on July 25th. The attack on the lines of the 6th Reserve Division , which was in position at Eckau -Libau , which began on July 16, also made it necessary to supply additional forces. The battalion's pioneer company was assigned to action and subsequently assigned to Count Yorck von Wartenburg's (East Prussian) No. 1 Jäger Battalion, which was in position at Schmarden . Your mission, the capture and destruction of advanced Russian positions. While the first Russian positions were overrun in the night attack, the defense of the Russians was strengthened later. In this battle, the Finnish volunteers of the pioneer company proved their worth. The light field howitzer train - with its 10.5 cm howitzers - was involved in the previous defensive battles at Eckau- Keckau and proved itself.
By July 31, 1916, the battalion reached a strength of 1,495 men.
On August 14th, the engineer company received orders to move to Tukums . The company was then to develop a position on a tactically important section of the front in the formation of the 29th Mixed Landwehr Brigade.
The remainder of the Jäger Battalion No. 27 was provisionally detached from the front on August 25 and also brought to Tukums.
In September the Jäger Battalion was reassigned a section of the front, on the Gulf of Riga, the northernmost part of the Eastern Front. When they reached the small town of Kneis, the battalion released the hunters of the East Prussian Reserve Jäger Battalion No. 1 from their positions.
On September 16, Major Bayer received orders from the 29th Mixed Landwehr Brigade to prepare two companies to carry out a front leveling attack. The 4th Jäger Company and the Engineer Company were to carry out the attack. However, the order was withdrawn that evening.
Apart from the occasional Russian fire raids, there were initially no major activities by enemy formations in the assigned section. In the early morning of December 25, 1916, the Russian attack came , in which two Siberian regiments tried to penetrate the battalion's positions. The advanced machine gun emplacements were ultimately able to repel the attack.
The hunters remained in their section of the front until the beginning of January 1917. On January 5, they were finally transported to Tukums under the orders of Captain Knaths. The well-developed positions of the hunters were taken over by Infantry Regiment No. 332. From January 8th to 17th, 1917, the hunters were entrusted with security tasks in the front line, in a section near Kalnzem . After the end of the mission, the battalion was ordered back to Mitau .
In Mitau, four snowshoe companies were formed from the four hunter companies and the pioneer company. An urgently needed change, which was due to the winter weather. Initially, however, only five hundred snowshoes were available, so only the most suitable hunters could be equipped with them. The machine gun company, which had to adapt to the winter conditions, mounted its machine guns on small wooden sleds.
When the companies were supposed to march to Purmal on the Courland Aa on January 24, 1917 in wintry temperatures , 80 hunters refused this order. They were arrested and the hunter Saarikoski was shot after Oberzugführer Ståhlberg refused to give orders .
On January 27, the snowshoe companies moved to a newly assigned section of the front. There they had to withstand heavy Russian attacks at times and were exposed to constant artillery fire.
The battalion was mainly used in trench warfare in the following two months, in sections of the front with little enemy activity. The allocation of relatively quiet sections of the front also had the purpose of not endangering the crew and thus a later deployment in Finland. The basis for this was a resolution that was passed during a meeting on December 18, 1916 in Berlin. Representatives of the Foreign Office , the General Staff , the War Ministry and the Reichsmarinamt took part in this meeting . In the conversation, the Federal Foreign Office once again made it clear that it would continue to support the Finnish freedom movement. The conclusion of the German Army Command was that the Finnish volunteers should no longer take part in active combat operations of the German Army on the Eastern Front, with the exception of military operations that served Finnish interests.
On March 25, 1917, the battalion was finally withdrawn from the front and relocated to Libau. The hunters then moved into their quarters in the Bavaria and Hansa barracks. The time in Libau was again used for intensive training.
During the previous front mission there were multiple problems with discipline. These were triggered by general dissatisfaction, overload and mistakes in the management of the subordinates. The German command language and the resulting communication problems also repeatedly led to misunderstandings. The battalion also had its own penal department, which was known as the "Command of Workers" and was stationed in Hamburg.
In July 1917, selected group leaders were given separate training, with the content of tasks from the guerrilla warfare and gang warfare on Finnish soil . All hunters were now trained in artillery, intelligence, riding and pioneering work. Platoon leaders and group leaders also received training in general staff service. The reason for the intensification of the training measures was the increased likelihood of deployment on Finnish soil. This basically clarified the issue of deployment. In the course of the above-mentioned training measures, a riding department was set up in September, which was subsequently assigned to the 1st Jäger Company.
Entries in the battalion's war diary clearly show the amount of exercise the Finns had to cope with. An example of this is October 1917:
- October 4th - A news department is set up to intensify training in radio, flashing, telephoning and telegraphing .
- October 8th - Machine gun course begins
- October 9th - battalion exercise
- October 12th - five-day battalion exercise
- October 17th - German officers and Finnish platoon leaders to Mitau.
- October 25th - battalion exercise northeast of Libau
- October 29th - Training on the blinker at the telephone department 502.
The training of shock troops was also part of the extensive training program. Some hunters were assigned to specialized courses in which they learned how to use motorcycles and motor boats. Major Otto, the commander of the Libau Company Commanders School, personally took on the training of the future Finnish company and battalion commanders.
After the Finnish declaration of independence of December 6, 1917 and the request of the battalion of January 19, 1918 by the bourgeois government under Pehr Evind Svinhufvud , the reinforced hunter battalion was prepared for an imminent deployment. The requirement was also directly related to the planning and preparations of the German General Staff in relation to the upcoming Finland intervention .
On February 10, 1918, the Finnish Lieutenant Colonel Wilhelm Alexander Thesleff - as the official Finnish representative - inspected the battalion in Libau. The following day he promoted 403 hunters to officers and 720 hunters to non-commissioned officers in the Finnish military. After arriving in Finland, Theslaff briefly took over the leadership of the battalion unit.
The Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 and the Lockstedt training force were finally formally dissolved on February 13, 1918. On the same day, the hunters in the Trinity Church in Libau took their oath to the Finnish government. According to orders, the hunters in Libau had to take off their German uniforms and start their journey to Finland in civilian clothes.
An advance command of 80 hunters led by Harald Öhquist had already been sent to Vaasa with an extensive delivery of equipment and weapons . On the afternoon of February 14th, the rest of the battalion formation, on board the ships Arcturus and Castor, also left the port of Libau for Vaasa. A few days later, on February 25, 1918, Captain Ausfeld and the battalion unit went ashore in the port of the city of Vaasa and held a parade the following day in the presence of Lieutenant General Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim . Captain Ausfeld and six other officers were subsequently accepted into Finnish services.
With the completion of the transfer of the volunteers to Finland, the three-year training and deployment period under German leadership ended. A total of 1,897 Finns were trained in the Lockstedt camp.
Loss numbers 1916-18
- Dead: 26 hunters (15 died of illness)
- Wounded: 49 hunters
Polangen Detonation Unit
On August 2, 1917, 80 hunters of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 were relocated to the small town of Polangen , led by Lieutenant Mellis. Here the detached men received special training in combat and tactics behind enemy lines as well as in explosive and communications engineering. Under the guidance of two guards pioneers, the hunters went through an intensive pioneer course, in which the handling of explosives was also taught. The hunters trained in Polangen became operational when they completed their training on October 20th.
The platoon leader Juho Heiskanen, who already had operational experience, was also assigned to the command. Heiskanen was already involved in the implementation of a special command in northern Finland in June 1916. The command destroyed a shipment of ammunition destined for Russia near Kilpisjärvi on June 7th .
Calls
Eight hunters were dropped on the island of Västerö - north of Vaasa - on October 30th. They got there on the ship SMH Equity , commanded by Oberleutnant zur See Gustav Pezold , which started its voyage on October 27, 1917 from the Danzig port of Neufahrwasser. The weapons delivery on board: 6500 rifles, two million rounds of ammunition, 200 pistols, 4500 hand grenades, 30 machine guns with 800,000 rounds of ammunition, 8 motorcycles and large amounts of explosive material. This extensive delivery of weapons was intended for the white protective corps in south-east Botnia and the hunters entrusted with special tasks.
The hunters deposed on October 30th were also entrusted with training the members of the protection corps. For this purpose a training regulation for the Freikorps had been drawn up.
The second mission, which was supposed to lead to the coast of southern Finland, was far more dangerous. The fighters entrusted with the mission boarded the UC 57 submarine in Gdansk on November 12th . Despite some problems, the submarine reached its target area on November 18, six nautical miles east of Hangö near Hamnskär Island. After contact was made by light signal, a cutter approached, which took the eight hunters on board with their special equipment. One of the orders of the special command included the construction of a radio station on the coast, which was subsequently operated by aid group leader Ekberg and Jäger Tenhunen. The remaining hunters had a sabotage order that included the blowing up of the St. Peterburg – Helsinki railway line. So one of the most important supply routes of the Russians should be interrupted.
The submarine UC 57 and its crew disappeared without a trace after this mission. It was probably destroyed by a Russian sea mine in the western Gulf of Finland.
On the third mission - on December 3, 1917 - 22 hunters were to be brought to Finland to carry out their special missions. Again the cargo ship Equity was used. This time loaded with 10,000 rifles, 50 machine guns, ammunition and radio stations. This transport also reached the intended area of operation, but was unable to land its cargo due to the bad weather conditions and communication problems. The hunters were finally dropped off on Reveli Island with provisions for twenty days. From Reveli they should then cross over to the mainland.
In the following weeks, other smaller commandos were deployed. The Nordensvan Command was sent to Finland on December 20, 1917 and the Jacobsson Command on January 10, 1918.
The arms deliveries that took place at the same time were the result of negotiations in June 1917, in which Finnish representatives and the head of the political department in the German General Staff, Privy Councilor Ernst von Hülsen, took part. The Finns requested the delivery of captured Russian weapons from German stocks. An army of 100,000 men should then be equipped with the weapons. The Reich government gave its approval to this in July. The necessary details for delivery and transport were discussed in Saßnitz on Rügen on July 30th . Privy Councilor von Hülsen, the German commercial attaché Steinwachs (Stockholm) and the Finnish representative Magister Kai Donner took part in the conference.
Work Soldiers Command
A separate set of punitive instruments was created for the Finnish battalion in October 1916. The establishment of a separate punishment command was due to the special position of the battalion.
The command of the work soldiers in the replacement division field artillery regiment No. 45, Altona-Bahrenfeld was located in an artillery depot in Hamburg-Bahrenfeld. Refusal to obey , disobedience to discipline and negative influence on the teams within the battalion association or the Lockstedt training force were the reasons that justified a transfer to this command. The Mitau court martial transferred 15 hunters to the newly established work detachment, who were classified as "inciters". By August 1917, over 200 hunters were assigned to the command.
Whereabouts
On the instructions of Mannerheim, the battalion association was assigned to the associations of the " White Guard ", which resulted in the dissolution of the association. 200 hunters were immediately assigned to various protective corps. However, the majority of the hunters were given military training and organizational tasks. Subsequently, six hunter regiments, one rider regiment and one artillery regiment could be set up. The hunters trained in Germany took on management positions in these new associations.
The former Lockstedt hunters fought - partly in cooperation with the German intervention troops - against the Red Guard in the battles of Tampere , Tavastehus , Lahti , Lempäälä , Viipuri , Rautu and on the Karelian Isthmus.
It is noteworthy that not all hunters trained in Germany fought on the side of the “White Guard”. A not inconsiderable number decided - out of political conviction or because of their own origin - to fight on the side of the Red Guard. The civil war ended with the occupation of Viipuri. In the months of the civil war on Finnish soil, 128 hunters were killed and 222 hunters injured.
Numerous young hunter officers joined the Freikorps in East Karelia between 1919 and 1922 .
In 1921 the hunter colonel Lauri Malmberg was appointed commander in chief of the Finnish protection corps. He was a former Oberzugführer of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27. Malmberg became Minister of Defense in 1924 and later retired as Lieutenant General.
The fighters of the Finnish Volunteer Battalion formed the tribe of the Finnish military. In the winter war of 1939/40, the officers trained in the Lockstedt camp made up the majority of the Finnish commanders, including Major General Ernst Ruben Lagus. The temporary commander in chief of the Finnish armed forces Lieutenant General Hugo Österman was a former member of the battalion.
Even today, infantry soldiers in Finland are called Jääkäri (= hunters).
Subordination and structure
The Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 and the Lokstedt training force were subordinate to formally separate units and different associations.
Insinuation
(Status after mobilization on May 30, 1916)
Lockstedt training force
- General Command IX. Army Corps
- Lockstedt training force (Major Graf v. Schwerin)
- Berlin office
Hunter Battalion No. 27
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8th Army
- Mittau group
- 3rd (reinforced) cavalry brigade
- Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 (Major Bayer)
- 3rd (reinforced) cavalry brigade
- Mittau group
Structure and staffing
April 25, 1915
-
Boy Scout Field Master Course
- 1. Training company
- 2. Training company
August 28, 1915
-
Lockstedt training force
- 1st Jäger Company
- 2nd Jäger Company
- Machine gun company
- Engineer Company
Mobilization on May 30, 1916
-
Lockstedt training force (immobile part)
- 1st Jäger Company
- 2nd (mixed) company
- Pioneer train
- Field howitzer train
- Machine gun platoon
-
Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 (Major Maximillian Bayer and Hauptzugführer Torsten Jernström)
- 1st Jäger Company (Captain Höcker and Oberzugführer Armas Ståhlberg)
- 2nd Jäger-Company (Captain Bade, later Captain Mangold and Oberzugführer Runar Appelberg)
- 3rd Jäger-Company (Captain Ullrich von Coler and Oberzugführer Harald Öhquist)
- 4th Jäger-Company (Captain Eduard Ausfeld and Oberzugführer Horn)
- Pioneer Company (Captain Just and Oberzugführer Karl Mandelin)
- Machine Gun Company ( Lieutenant Stahel and Oberzugführer Gabriel von Bonsdorff)
- Train with light field howitzers ( Lieutenant Frantzen and platoon leader Torsten Lesch)
Outline on February 13, 1918
-
Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 (Captain Ausfeld and Hauptzugführer Torsten Jernström)
- 1st Hunter Company (Oberzugführer Armas Ståhlberg)
- 2nd Jäger-Company (Oberzugführer Erik Heinrichs)
- 3rd Jäger Company (Oberzugführer Gadolin)
- 4th Jäger Company (Oberzugführer Hugo Östermann)
- Pioneer Company (Oberzugführer Karl Mandelin)
- 1st machine gun company (Oberzugführer Gabriel von Bonsdorff)
- 2nd machine gun company (Oberzugführer Karl Oesch)
- light field howitzer battery (Oberzugführer Lauri Malmberg)
- Riding department (platoon leader Paul Ljundberg)
- News department (conductor Lars Homén)
Uniformity
Lockstedt training force
As instructed, the training force was equipped with the Prussian hunter's uniform. The Deputy General Command of IX was responsible for providing the uniforms and equipment. Army Corps in charge.
Members of the pioneer company had to wear a "P" on their left upper arm as a special symbol. The hunters of the MG company, however, received an "M" as a special symbol. The battalion's snipers were also given a light green stripe on their left forearm.
In the training force, after the introduction of their own ranks, corresponding new rank badges were introduced. The platoon leader received two silver linings on the lower edge of the armpit cover. The armpit tabs of the group leaders received a silver stripe and those of the auxiliary group leaders a blue stripe.
On February 5, 1916 the ranks of Oberzugführer and Hauptzugführer were introduced. The armpit flaps of the Oberzugführer received a wide stripe in different colors as a rank badge. Hauptzugführer Jernström received armpit flaps with crossed silver ribbons, which were later decorated with the German silver battalion number.
Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27
In the course of the renaming to the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27, the hunters received armpit flaps with the battalion number "27". The badges of rank already introduced in the Lockstedt training force were retained.
Armament and equipment
Armament
There were fundamental differences in armament compared to the Prussian Jäger battalions. The members of the Lockstedt training force were trained exclusively on Russian prey weapons. The Russian weapon models used included the Mosin-Nagant M / 1907 and the Maxim machine gun .
Only after the mobilization of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 was the changeover to German armament carried out. The machine gun company was equipped with six Type 08 machine guns at the beginning of the war . Two 10.5 cm field howitzers of type 98/09 were already available to the light field howitzer platoon.
equipment
In the course of the reorganization of the Lockstedt training force, additional equipment was purchased. All equipment that had to be supplemented was provided by the deputy general command of the IX. Army Corps available. The companies of the Lockstedt training force also received 20 bicycles and the equipment for four infantry telephone commands.
Flag and awards
Battalion flag
Gösta Hahl and his wife Hedwig donated a battalion flag to the battalion . Hahl had the elaborately designed flag made by the Rudolph Hertzog company. The flag was made of white and blue silk and shows the crowned Finnish coat of arms in the center. In the corners there are yellow medallions that are framed by a laurel wreath.
The official handover of the flag could not take place because of the ongoing mobilization. For this reason, at the end of May 1916, it was handed over personally to battalion commander Maximilian Bayer. Only before leaving for Finland, in February 1918, was the flag consecrated in Libau and handed over to the hunters.
In 2015 the battalion flag was displayed in the Hämeenlinna Military Museum on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Finnish hunter movement .
Hunter badge
In 1919 the Finnish Ministry of War issued a decree confirming the Jääkäriristi as an official medal .
The hunter badge was available to every former member of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27. The order consists of an iron cross , made of matt silver , with a gold-plated battalion number "27", which is framed by a green laurel wreath .
Commanders
Lockstedt training force
| Rank | Surname | date |
|---|---|---|
| major | Maximilian Bayer | August 28, 1915 to May 30, 1916 |
| major | Hans Bade | June 1, 1916 to July 15, 1916 |
| major | Count Schwerin-Mildenitz | July 15, 1916 to August 31, 1917 |
| Captain | Humps | August 31, 1917 to February 13, 1918 |
Hunter Battalion No. 27
| Rank | Surname | date |
|---|---|---|
| major | Maximilian Bayer | May 30, 1916 to January 7, 1917 |
| major | Julius Knaths | January 7, 1917 to September 29, 1917 |
| Captain | Eduard Ausfeld | September 29, 1917 to February 13, 1918 |
Tradition and culture of remembrance
Takeover of tradition
The tradition of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27 went on April 1, 1938 to the III garrisoned in Greifswald . (Jäger-) Battalion of the 92nd Infantry Regiment of the Wehrmacht . On the occasion of the takeover of the tradition, the commander of the Finnish armed forces Lieutenant General Hugo Österman was presented with a facsimile print of the war diary by Colonel General Walther von Brauchitsch .
The Finnish volunteer battalion of the Waffen SS , in the association of the SS division "Wiking" , was not in the tradition of the Royal Prussian Jäger Battalion No. 27. A tradition was not taken over. However, the battalion flag handed over by the Finnish military attaché in October 1941 also showed the symbolism of the Finnish hunters. A later suggestion by General of the Waffen-SS Felix Steiner , the traditional name “27. Admitting hunters' should not be pursued. In this context, the Finnish SS-Obersturmbannführer Kalervo Kurkiala submitted some suggestions for names, including the designations "Kradschützenregiment Finnish Jäger" and "Panzergrenadierregiment 27 Finnish Jäger".
Remember today
The German-Finnish tradition is still maintained today. An annual commemorative event takes place in Hohenlockstedt . The event is attended by a large number of Finnish military personnel and diplomats. A delegation from the Finnish military also takes part in the Infantry Day in Hammelburg every year.
Monuments
Hohenlockstedt memorial stone
In the Ehrenhain in Hohenlockstedt, on the former military training area of the IX. Army Corps Lockstedter Lager , a memorial stone was erected in honor of the Finnish hunters. In addition to the portrait of a Prussian hunter in field uniform, the memorial stone bears a contemporary inscription. The monument, inaugurated on May 31, 1939, was created by the sculptor Lauri Leppänen (1895–1977).
Monument at Smārde
In the village of Smārde (Schmarden), west of Riga, a four-meter-high and five-tonne memorial stone commemorates the first combat mission of the Finnish hunters. The monument was inaugurated in July 2016 in the presence of the Finnish Ambassador to Latvia and the Finnish Defense Minister.
Johannisfriedhof Osnabrück
On the Osnabrücker Johannisfriedhof are twelve Finnish hunters buried that 1918 were killed in a train accident killed and received a special award for their 100th anniversary by a high-level delegation of nine former generals and officers of the Finnish Hunters Foundation.
Soldiers' graves in Ohlsdorf
There are five well-known grave sites in the Ohlsdorf cemetery in Hamburg, where members of the Finnish hunter battalion were buried. The hunters buried there were not buried under their Finnish name, but under their "Germanized" cover name, which they received at the start of their training. The graves are to be found north of Ida-Ehre-Allee (formerly Kriegerehrenallee), on the grave field for German soldiers of the First World War.
Finnish hunters march
Jean Sibelius composed the hunter's march ( Jääkärimarssi ), which was very popular in the Finnish military for a long time , to accompany the nationalist verses of the hunter Heikki Nurmio (1887–1947) . Today the hunter's march is played as the first piece of music at the official reception of the Finnish President on Independence Day .
Song of the Finnish Hunters
(German translation by Otto Manninen (1872–1950))
Our blow is hard, our hatred is cold,
we avenge past generations.
Close up - that's luck! Dare everything - and soon
victory stands before Finland as guardian.
Be careful when the call flies through the districts,
our war call is proclaimed by poets -
then gather in heaps and fight until you win
and light the torch of freedom.
When the hope disappeared from our people,
we hunters followed the stars
and became
stewards and carers for the sacred fire of the future in the night .
Our effort is directed towards the glorious goal,
the proud work will succeed us.
We are composing an adventure that boldly
adorns the book of times.
Our fluttering flag is heart blood red,
see the lion shine like the sun!
We lift you, Finland, out of night and death
with secure and wider borders.
When the northern lights blaze, and
the executioner sinks to earth in the death cry
, your day will shine, you will one day be free
in the free north.
Others
Museums
In the museum at the Hohenlockstedt water tower there is a permanent exhibition on the history of the Finnish hunting movement .
Literature and Sources
- Agilolf Keßelring : The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland (= DFG series of publications . Volume 5). Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-8305-0905-7 .
- Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938.
- August Rehbein: Book of Honor of Green Color. Schulz & Paschke, Berlin 1926, pp. 493–501.
- Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II. Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920.
- Pentti Virrankoski: Suomen historia 2. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura (SKS), Helsinki 2001, ISBN 951-746-342-1 .
- Matti Lackman: Suomen vai Saksan puolesta? Jääkäreiden tuntematon historia: Jääkäriliikkeen ja jääkäripataljoona 27 (1915–1918). Helsingissä: Otava 2000. ISBN 951-116-158-X .
- Winfried Baumgart : The German Ostpolitik 1918: From Brest-Litowsk to the end of the First World War. R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1966.
See also
Web links
- Instructions for the formation of the "Lockstedt training force".
- Chronology of the training of the Finnish volunteers in the Lockstedt camp. Archived from the original on March 7, 2008 ; accessed on June 1, 2016 .
- German aid for Finland in 1918. With the landing corps to Helsingfors. In: Filmothek of the Federal Archives.
- Restoration of order in Finland in 1918. In: Filmothek of the Federal Archives.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Garrisoned in the Bayern and Hansa barracks from March 1917.
- ↑ Botta historiikki 1912–2017. In: bottanhistoria.fi. Retrieved April 10, 2018 (Finnish).
- ↑ a b Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 51.
- ↑ On April 26, 1918, killed in battle against the Red Guards near Viipuri (Wiborg).
- ↑ Matti Lauerma: Kuninkaallinen Preussin Jääkäripataljoona 27: vaiheet ja vaikutus . Porvoo, Helsinki 1966, p. 72 f .
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland. BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 57.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 55 f.
- ↑ Rupert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 52.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 60 ff.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 64 ff.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 61 f.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 67 f.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 66 f.
- ↑ a b c Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, pp. 70–76.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 77 f.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 96.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 131.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 79.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 101 ff.
- ^ Peasants and Heroes, A Book of Finland . (Ed.) Ruppert, Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 55.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 108 f.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 149 f.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 151 ff.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 91.
- ↑ BArch inventory: (PH 10 / III, FC 2052 N, sheet 532), war diary entry from May 30, 1916.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 141.
- ↑ a b Joachim Möller: On the trail of the Finnish hunters in Latvia . In: Norddeutsche Rundschau. August 12, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 143.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild . Volume II, Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 740.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The emperor's “Finnish Legion”. The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 100.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 109.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 108.
- ↑ BArch inventory: (PH 10 / III, FC 2052 N, sheet 148), war diary entry from January 24, 1917.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 154 f.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, pp. 98-109.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 107.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 111.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 193.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild . Volume II, Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1219.
- ↑ Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book . Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 45 f.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 66 f.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 219 f.
- ↑ 69,000 rifles with a considerable amount of ammunition, 70 machine guns, 363 pistols, 11,025 hand grenades and other equipment.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild . Volume II, Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, pp. 1237-1245.
- ^ Military weekly paper of October 17, 1941 , p. 433.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 220.
- ↑ a b Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 177 f.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II. Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1249.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II. Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 980.
- ↑ Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 55.
- ↑ a b c d Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II. Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1101.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 196.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 197.
- ↑ Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 60.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 198.
- ↑ a b Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 199.
- ↑ Bodo Herzog: German U-Boats 1906–1966. Karl Müller Verlag, Erlangen 1996, p. 98.
- ↑ a b Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II. Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1102.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II. Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1102.
- ↑ a b c Ruppert (ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 59 f.
- ^ Agilolf Keßelring: The North Atlantic Alliance and Finland 1949-1961: Patterns of Perception and Politics in the Cold War . Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-71175-2 , p. 70 .
- ^ Walter Schücking, Albrecht Phillip (ed.): The work of the investigative committee of the German constituent national assembly and the German Reichstag, 1919-1926. tape 3 . German Publishing Society for Politics and History, Berlin 1926, p. 34 .
- ↑ Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 59.
- ↑ a b Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 62.
- ↑ Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 62.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland. BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 115.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War . Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 165.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland. BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 117.
- ^ Pentti Virrankoski: Suomen historia 2 . SKS, Helsinki 2001, pp. 732-735.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 93.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 114.
- ↑ CG Mannerheim: Memories. Atlantis Publishing House. Zurich 1952, p. 186.
- ↑ BArch inventory: (PH 10 / III, FC 2070 N, sheet 579-586), command no. 2, commander "Training Troop-Lokstedt" from August 31, 1915.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland . BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 79 f.
- ↑ Heinz Halter: Finland's youth breaks Russia's chains: The history of the Prussian Jäger Battalion 27, a factual report from the World War. Schwarzhäupter-Verlag, Leipzig 1938, p. 98.
- ↑ a b c Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II, Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1061 ff.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II, Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1248.
- ↑ In the absence of Major Bayer, Captain Knaths was entrusted with the command of the battalion.
- ↑ Responsible for the tour.
- ↑ Jaakko Sjjomalainen: Jägarbataljonen 27 en Historik i Ord och Bild. Volume II, Söderström & Co Verlags AG, Helsingfors 1920, p. 1098.
- ↑ Agilolf Keßelring: The Emperor's "Finnish Legion". The Finnish hunter movement in the First World War in the context of the German policy towards Finland. BWV, Berlin 2005, p. 15.
- ^ FW Seidler: Avant-garde for Europe. Pour le Mérite Verlag for Military History, Selent 2004, p. 76 f.
- ↑ Bernd Wegener: Hitler's Political Soldiers: The Waffen SS 1933–1945. Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 1982, p. 314 (footnote 246).
- ↑ Military attaché Walter Horn was a former hunter, he used the code name "Cornu" during his training in Lockstedt.
- ↑ BArch inventory: (SS-HO 1765), Germanic control center from March 10, 1943.
- ↑ Joachim Möller: Finnentag: March of Remembrance . In: Norddeutsche Rundschau . February 28, 2015, accessed June 20, 2017.
- ↑ Joachim Möller: Hunters laid the seeds of democracy . In: Norddeutsche Rundschau. March 2, 2015, accessed September 7, 2017.
- ↑ Joachim Dierks: Memory of "Finnish hunters". In: New Osnabrück Newspaper. February 22, 2019, accessed February 23, 2019.
- ↑ Otto Louti (German: Otto Lauti), Edvard Back (German: Ernst Back), Kalske (German: Halske). see. Aila Radden: Graves of Finnish hunters in the Ohlsdorf cemetery. In: Förderkreis Ohlsdorfer Friedhof (Hrsg.): Ohlsdorf magazine for mourning culture. No. 119, November 2012.
- ↑ a b Ruppert (Ed.): Farmers and Heroes, A Finland Book. Lühe-Verlag, Leipzig 1944, p. 50.
- ↑ Sibelius: Jääkärimarssi (Youtube video)