History of Kals am Großglockner
For centuries, the Austrian community of Kals am Großglockner belonged to the Duchy of Carinthia and the Gorizia Empire . It was not until 1500 that it came to the State of Tyrol through inheritance . The area was shaped by agriculture and the Kals farmers, who until 1850 suffered from the current free pen law , which was particularly burdened by taxes to the landlords. Only with the liberation of the farmers and the beginning of tourism in 1855 did the community experience a slight upswing. A fundamental change in agriculture and a significant increase in tourism did not take place until after the Second World War . At the same time, Kals became known throughout Austria through the discussion about the Dorfertal power plant, the prevention of which and the simultaneous establishment of the Hohe Tauern National Park made it possible to turn to gentle tourism .
Name story
The name Kals was originally used for the entire valley basin and comes from the Slavic root Kal-, which means mud or pool . One possible interpretation for the naming is based on the fact that the Slavs had to drive their cattle through the valley basin in the early Middle Ages , where the Kalserbach consists of many rivulets and formed numerous pools.
Prehistory and early history
Researchers today assume that the Kalser Valley was visited by hunters and gatherers in the Paleolithic and was settled around 9,000 years ago. The oldest finds in the Kals municipality come from the Stone Age . The area around the huge boulder, which the locals call Gradonna , is an outstanding find . Here, in the northeast of the Burg district, at an altitude of 1,540 m, 50–70 ibex skulls were uncovered in 1975 in a chapel , some of which were arranged in a circle around a fireplace. This suggests a sacrificial cult, as the horns and heads were ascribed magical meaning and the transmission of courage and wisdom. Finds from 1995 provide a connection to a Mesolithic culture from the time between 9000 and 5300 BC. BC. The oldest ceramics in East Tyrol were found at Gradonna, including the edge of a so-called “vasi a bocca quadrata” (vessel with a square opening). A piece of ceramic discovered in 1995 is even older. It has a barbed wire-like, line-filled triangular pattern that was torn before the fire. This finding points to an older section of the Vasi-a-bocca-quadrata culture and was dated to the 5th millennium BC. Dated. Another find was made in 1953 at the Kalserbach. A heart-shaped prasinite stone with a clean drill hole turned out to be a Bronze Age stone hammer, which was made around 2000 BC. Was dated.
Bronze finds were also secured at the Gradonna. It is a bronze sword that was made between 1500 and 500 BC. Was manufactured. The sword that was in the prehistoric collection in Munich is lost today. During the late Iron Age ( La Tène period ), Celts invaded the Alpine region and replaced the pre-Celtic population. This was formerly attributed to the Illyrians , today experts also suspect an older population living in the Alpine region, which they call the "Tyrolean cultural province ". The Laianken tribe , who had settled in East Tyrol, joined forces towards the end of the 2nd century BC. BC with other Celtic tribes to form a loose confederation, the Kingdom of Noricum . This empire maintained a lively trade with the neighboring Romans and recognized 15 BC. The Roman sovereignty over the area of Noricum. Noricum thus became a Roman province.
Roman times
While the city of Aguntum gained supraregional importance in Roman times, the Kals valley played a subordinate role. The increased traffic over the Kalser Tauern was probably of economic importance, while the Kalser population also benefited from new cultivation methods and technical progress. Relics from Roman times are a ceramic beaker with silver coins found at Lana, bearing the portrait of Emperor Septimius Severus (193 to 211 AD), and a 10.3 cm bronze statue of Victoria , the goddess of victory , which was excavated in 1931 during canal construction work.
Kals in the Middle Ages
Early middle ages
From the 5th century onwards, Germanic and Slavic tribes invaded the Roman provinces on a broad front. In 400/406 the regional center of Aguntum was badly damaged by the invading tribes and in 610 it was finally destroyed in a great battle between Bavaria and Slavs. After the battle, the Slavs advanced into the valleys of East Tyrol and occupied them up to the Kristeinerbach . Slavs also settled in the Kalser Valley, but the Romansh population was able to hold onto leading economic positions for a long time. In alternating battles, the Slavs lost their supremacy over East Tyrol back to the Bavarians in the 8th century , with the result that the area was incorporated into the Duchy of Bavaria. In 769 Christianization began with the foundation of the San Candido monastery . A. Plattner is of the opinion that a Carolingian imperial parish with an imperial court was founded in Kals around 800 , the church of which was consecrated to St. Peter . (A. Plattner: Osttiroler Heimatblätter. 1950 No. 4)
From the late 8th century onwards, an increasing number of Bavarian settlers settled in the Kalser Valley. At the same time, a creeping but peaceful Germanization began, which was reinforced by the cultural policy of the Bavarian aristocratic families. Nevertheless, Slavic was probably spoken in the Kalser Valley until the 13th century , and the Romance language only slowly died out in the Middle Ages. Extensive name research in the Kalser Valley showed that 65% of the field, village and personal names can be interpreted as German or Bavarian. 6% are derived from Slavic, 29% from Romanic ( Ladin or pre-Roman). Of the 13 village names, including Kals, six come from the Slavic language.
After Duke Tassilo III was disempowered. In 788, Charlemagne incorporated the Duchy of Baiern with East Tyrol into the Franconian Empire. The Archdiocese of Salzburg and the Patriarchate of Aquileia vied for missionary influence in the region for a long time . In 811 Charlemagne established the Drava as the border between the two dioceses. As a result, Kals fell into the ecclesiastical sphere of influence of Salzburg, which lasted until 1818. In the secular area initially the Bavarian influence remained. After the Bavarian Duke Heinrich II had led a rebellion against Emperor Otto II , he then separated parts of what is now East Tyrol and Carinthia from Bavaria and founded the independent Duchy of Carinthia in 976 .
High and late Middle Ages
In the 11th century, the Duchy of Carinthia split into four districts. The westernmost, called Lurngau , also comprised the Kalser valley and was subordinate to the Counts of Lurngau ( Meinhardiner ), who called themselves Counts of Görz from 1120 onwards. Meinhard von Görz inherited Tyrol in 1253 and united it with his lands. After Meinhard's death, the property was again divided among his sons. Kals fell to Albert II , who divided his property into regional courts. The district court of the Lurngau was established in Lienz , with the administrative division of the district court into the Kals, Virgen and Lienzer Klause courts . The Lower Court of Kals was founded around 1280.
Kals was first mentioned in a document on August 19, 1197 during a court session in Patriasdorf, a district of today's city of Lienz . The document that has been handed down confirms the release of several subordinates by Count Heinricus de Matrei into eternal freedom, which was also attested by Rainardus plebanus de Calce (Reinhard, pastor of Kals). As part of the Lurngau region and under Germanic law, the Kalser Valley was a conquered area of Herzogsland. This gave the Kalser valley as a fief . As in the entire rule of Lienz, the free pen law also applied in Kals , which transferred extensive rights to the feudal lord and heavily burdened the population until 1782.
In 1299 there were 50 free pen properties in Kals in the Görzer Urbar, nine of which were larger. Before that, the Kalser Ruprechtskirche was mentioned in a document in 1274, for whose altar Albrecht von Görz donated money. In 1331, in Avignon , where the papal exile was, the Kals parish church was awarded to Heinrich von Brixen , who was able to take tithe as pastor-designate without exercising the office himself. With the permission of Archbishop Pilgrim of Salzburg, Bishop Heinrich von Lavant consecrated the nearby branch church of St. Georg in 1366 . In addition to numerous title deeds and sources on religious matters, the documents from the late Middle Ages also deal with military matters and cattle breeding in Kals. In 1424 a document confirms that butchers from Lienz had the right to buy cattle in Kals at that time. The 36 oxen and 14 thirds that the butchers acquired in Kals in 1424 were likely to have benefited the Gorizia court or the citizens of Lienz. A draft list from 1428 reports that the Counts of Gorizia in Kals had 34 shooters with crossbows and 52 warriors with spears .
Modern times
Kals from the 15th to the 18th centuries
As early as 1462, Count Leonhard von Görz had signed a contract of inheritance with the Prince of Tyrol and Archduke Siegmund in front of Austria . This guaranteed Siegmund in the event of a childless death in Gorizia, the receipt of numerous courts in the Pustertal and neighboring areas, including the district court of Lienz with Kals. After Leonhard's death in 1500, the area fell to Maximilian I , who incorporated it into the County of Tyrol in February 1501. For lack of money, Maximilian sold the city of Lienz as well as the district court and the assigned offices to Baron Michael von Wolkenstein-Rodenegg on August 10, 1501 . He himself only reserved the sovereignty, which included taxation, conscription and the mines. Due to the sale of the area, a planned conversion of the free pen property into the hereditary series failed. For the Kals farmers this meant a continuation of the heavy loads.
In addition to agriculture, mining was also practiced early in the Kalser Valley, which experienced an upswing, particularly from the middle of the 16th century. In 1607 a smelter was built in Unterpeischlach . In 1616 the lumbermen of the Staniska pits started a forest fire, but a trial against the mine owners was unsuccessful. However, mining collapsed in the Isel valleys a short time later. The rule of the Counts of Wolkenstein Rodenegg also came to an end soon. In 1653 the count family went bankrupt. The Lienz district court with the Kals court court was subsequently acquired by the Haller Damenstift . The hopes of the Kals farmers that the pious canons would reduce the honors, however, were not fulfilled. The Kals free pen builders tried again and again in the 17th and 18th centuries to reduce the dues to the manor, but they were hardly heard. Even when protests against the massive taxes arose in 1762, only the ringleaders were punished. With the abolition of the women's foundation in 1783 by Emperor Joseph II , there was at least a slight relief after Emperor Josef 1789 issued two thirds of the arrears by decree.
Napoleonic Wars
After the defeat of the Austrian troops in the Battle of Austerlitz , Emperor Franz Tirol had to surrender to Bavaria . The Bavarian occupiers soon aroused displeasure with their interventions in church life and in April 1809, under Andreas Hofer, the Tyroleans revolted against the occupiers. After a victorious battle at the Lienzer Klause in August 1809, the neighboring Matreier organized renewed resistance against the enemy troops in the winter of 1809. The Matreier rifle leader Anton Wallner also convinced the Kalser to take part in the fights. The leadership of the 150 Kalser riflemen subsequently took over as sub-commander of the landlord Rupert Groder. A total of 900 riflemen from the surrounding valleys finally awaited the French attack on November 9th.
In the dangerous situation for the French, the Lienz councilors brokered an armistice. This was closed on November 9th in the Kals area in Unterpeischlach . A new occupation of the Isel valleys by the French led to another uprising on December 6th, during which the advancing French at Ainet were put to flight on December 8th. In December, however, the Isel valleys were occupied by the French and on December 28, 800 French officers moved into Kals. Instead of the wanted rifle commander and father of the family, Rupert Groder, his brother Stephan reported, who was shot two days later by the French commandant without further checking his identity. Kals was finally added to the newly created three Illyrian provinces , in the narrower sense the Illyrian province of Carinthia. This was followed by the introduction of French laws, French money, and French administration. In 1813, however, the French rule ended with the entry of Austrian troops.
Peasants Liberation
Due to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the former rule of Lienz was reconnected to Tyrol. A new administrative division divided East Tyrol into the three new regional courts Lienz, Matrei and Sillian , whereby Kals lost its status as a court. The following fire disasters destroyed individual groups in the municipality. In 1821 10 houses and feeders burned down in the hamlet of Unterlesach, and in 1825 Oberpeischlach and its chapel were destroyed by fire. Another problem for the residents of Kals turned out to be the tax burden due to the still existing free pen law. The Bruneck district chief Theodor von Kern succeeded in removing half of all taxes in 1835. In 1847 a resolution by the emperor handed over the partial forests of the Rotten into the ownership of the farmers. The revolution of 1848 finally led to the liberation of the peasants and basic relief.
Beginning tourism
While the Großglockner had already been climbed from Heiligenblut in 1800, Kals, which is much closer to the summit, but difficult to reach, did not yet play a role for alpinism at that time. It was not until 1855 that the first ascent of the Großglockner was made from the Kals side by the locals Georg Ranggetiner and Johann Hutter. At the end of the 1960s, after the first ascent of the Großvenediger, increased tourism also began in Kals. With the support of Johann Stüdl , Kals became the leading Glockner valley base and numerous Kalsers found additional income as mountain guides. The people of Kals soon organized a mountain guide association that brokered mountain tours at fixed rates. At the same time, the upswing promoted the inn, tourists even sought accommodation in the rectory. Wealthy tourists also hired Kals mountain guides for mountain tours in the Pyrenees , the Caucasus and even the Himalayas . However, a big problem for Kals tourism was the poor infrastructure. Although Kals was more easily accessible through the connection from Lienz to the Drautalbahn , until 1912 only a cart path led into the Kalser Tal. The construction of a road did not begin until 1912, but it could not be completed until 1927 after the outbreak of the First World War . With the hydropower plant on the Dorferbach built between 1906 and 1907, however, Kals was the first East Tyrolean municipality to have its own power station.
20th century
Kals under the sign of the world wars
With the outbreak of the First World War , numerous Kals men were drafted into military service, many of them serving in the Kaiserjäger regiments in Galicia . When Italy also entered the war in 1915, the remaining young and old men were commanded as riflemen on the new southern front. As a result, the Kalser Valley became almost empty of men. A total of 51 Kalser died in the fighting, and a flu wave in November 1918 also caused casualties among the civilian population. The inflation after the end of the war, however, hit the Kalser less hard, as they were able to provide themselves with the most necessary. From 1925 on, tourism began to grow again, so that the 25 active mountain guides found a livelihood. In addition, the traffic infrastructure in the Kalser Valley could be significantly improved and Kals was connected to the road network in 1927. However, the global economic crisis did not spare the Kalser Valley either. As the prices of cattle and wood plummeted, the farmers had problems paying off their loans, which led to farm auctions.
While the early 1930s in Austria were marked by the conflict between socialists and conservatives, in rural Tyrol the call for the emperor became louder again. Kals also underlined this wish by appointing Otto von Habsburg as an honorary citizen of the community. The annexation of Austria to the German Reich , the Kals population benefited from debt relief and numerous promotions. Nevertheless, in the referendum in Kals, only around 90% (Austria-wide 99.73%) voted for the connection. Little changed for the Kalser at first. The municipal administration remained unchanged, there were only a few religious restrictions and, in addition, the restrictions on goods had little effect due to the self-sufficiency of the people of Kals. Major changes in the life of the population, however, brought about the drafting of the armed forces , which were gradually extended to ever larger age groups. 57 Kalser died in the fighting or were reported missing. Kals was not spared from the bombing war either. An emergency drop hit Glor in the summer of 1942, but did not cause any significant damage. On January 20, 1945, on the other hand, three children were killed on their way to school by a bomb that had fallen into the Luckner farmer's feed house, where the children had taken shelter from an American bomber squadron.
post war period
In the immediate post-war period, there were torrential rains on August 8th and 9th, 1945, which severely affected the municipality. Numerous bridges and the light pipe were destroyed. In the winter of 1950/51 severe avalanches led to new catastrophes in which, however, no people were harmed. Numerous alpine pastures in the Dorfertal, Lesachtal and Oberarnig were destroyed. Another avalanche near Haslach buried the road for four weeks. The subsequent investments in torrent control and avalanche protection reduced the environmental dangers, but also brought work into the valley. From the mid-1950s onwards, the farming methods of the Kals farmers were also changed over the long term. On the one hand, consolidations led to better economic efficiency, on the other hand, arable farming was pushed back in favor of cattle breeding . At the same time, the expansion of the road network into the Dorfertal and the Ködnitztal made it easier for farmers to access the alpine pastures.
The dispute over the Dorfertal power plant
The history of the municipality of Kals was particularly marked by the power plant dispute over a reservoir in the Dorfertal. As early as the 50s and 60s, attempts were made to implement the plan that provided for the drainage of 20 streams and the construction of Austria's largest dam (220 meters) in the Kalser Dorfertal. However, the plan initially failed due to a lack of alternative pasture grounds for the cattle and financing problems. Investments like in the Felbertauernstrasse and the elimination of the flood disaster of 1965/66 had led to an overheated construction industry in East Tyrol at the end of the 1960s, so that there was renewed call for major projects. At the beginning of the 1970s, the construction of the dam was requested again.
However, the first politicians of the Greens and federal representatives of the ÖVP and SPÖ came out against the project, while ÖVP state and district politicians, the ÖGB , the energy industry and, for a long time, the affected communities campaigned for its implementation. In 1987 the population of Kals finally voted against the project with 63.49%. In 1989, Minister of Economics and Energy Robert Graf finally announced the end of the Dorfertal power station. Now the way was clear for the diversion of tourism in a gentle direction, which was significantly supported by the establishment of the Hohe Tauern National Park .
Economic and educational history
Agriculture
The Kalser Valley has been shaped by agriculture and cattle breeding since it was settled by humans . The focus of agricultural production in the Middle Ages can be guessed from the Görzer Urbar from 1299. At that time, 50 farms in the Kalser Valley were subordinate to the Görzern, who in particular had to deliver cheese (13,940 pieces) and live animals (134 lambs , 69 sheep and 7 pigs ). Furthermore, the farmers had to hand over rye (approx. 1600 l), oats (approx. 6,430 l), smoked meat (50 pieces) and loden (222 m), among other things . With the early modern era, tax policy and with it the focus on agriculture had shifted significantly. The 42 farms that the Wolkensteiners owned from Gorizia now had to pay more grain instead of cheese as a tax. This was probably due to the constant lack of grain in the state of Tyrol. In order to produce the seven times higher demands on wheat , six times the demands on rye and twice as much on oats, the people of Kals now had to grow grain wherever possible. The demand for cheese, on the other hand, had shrunk to around a third, and living animals hardly had to be given up.
The agricultural area in the Kalser Valley was increasingly fragmented through inheritance and farm division. Due to the self-sufficiency of Kals agriculture, the few productive arable farming due to the altitude remained. Most of the fields were only 10 to 20 acres in size. While arable farming was mainly used for self-sufficiency, the cattle breeding of the well-known Kals ox on the numerous alpine pastures was the most important source of income. A far-reaching reform of agriculture did not begin until after the Second World War . Stimulated by the discussion about the power plant in the Dorfertal, a conversion community was formed in 1959 under Mayor Stefan Schneider, which 77 of the 92 farmers joined. In numerous committees and plenary sessions reason mergers, were plots rounding and Einödung six courts decided, with the implementation lasted until 1,971th
At the same time, the structure of agriculture was changed significantly. In 1953 there were 246 hectares of arable land, but by 2001 the area had been reduced to a tenth of the area (23.2 hectares). In return, the farmers increasingly rely on grassland farming and cattle breeding. However, due to the over-fertilization of the meadows, the Kals climate led to a massive spread of the meadow gold oat , as a result of which the sheep and cattle fell ill with calcinosis and had to be slaughtered. The problem reappeared in 1999/2000, albeit in a less pronounced form. In addition to the resolution of agriculture occurred due to export problems to Italy and the reduced milk production to switch from centuries held Pinzgauer cattle towards the Simmental .
forestry
From the mid-1960s, the Lienz agricultural authority suggested the establishment of agricultural communities in the district. In 1972 the Kals agricultural community was finally founded in Kals, to which 114 members with 2,200 hectares joined. Since large parts of the community forest were included, the community Kals received 60% of the shares. As a result, protective forest projects and around 40 km of forest roads were implemented, which were financed through the sale of wood from 2,000 to 3,000 m3 per year. Initially, the wood was mainly supplied to the Kals forest cooperative, which emerged from the Großdorf sawmill association in 1959 and processed around 2,500 to 3,000 cubic meters of wood from the mid-1970s .
However, despite modernization, the sawing plant became uneconomical due to high transport costs and poor wood quality. As a result, the sawing business was stopped in 1984 and the forest cooperative was dissolved. In 1985 the Kals Agricultural Association took over the saw, but only processed around 500 to 600 solid cubic meters of round wood . By 2002/03 the amount processed had dropped to 150 fm, so that another shutdown was in the room. Ultimately, a private person should take over the sawmill on lease.
tourism
| Overnight stays in Kals | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| year | summer | winter | total |
| 1939 | 28,000 | ||
| 1950 | 11,000 | ||
| 1955 | 47,500 | ||
| 1960 | 66,316 | 6,650 | 72,966 |
| 1970 | 110,431 | 31,819 | 142,250 |
| 1980 | 127.108 | 54,288 | 181.396 |
| 1990 | 99.281 | 37,723 | 137.004 |
| 2000 | 80,786 | 53,140 | 133,926 |
The roots of tourism in Kals do not lie in recreational tourism, but in early alpinism . The initial spark was the ascent of the Großglockner in 1855 from the Kals side by locals. After that, more and more alpinists, especially members of the Alpine clubs, moved to Kals. The Prague merchant Johann Stüdl became a pioneer for tourism in Kals and the development of the Großglockner . Building on the ideas of the civil engineer Egidius Pegger from Lienz who died in 1873, the enthusiastic Stüdl financed the construction of the path to the Vanischarte and the first Stüdlhütte , which was completed in 1868. From here, the Großglockner could now be climbed via the ice-free south-west ridge (Stüdlgrat), which is secured with ropes.
However, the number of visitors initially remained manageable, only a few valley inns were available to alpinists. Only with the completion of Kalser Strasse in 1927 and the connection to the public bus service ("Osttiroler Verkehrsbetriebe") was the foundation stone laid for a broader group of guests. Now summer visitors also became aware of Kals and in addition to Austrians, Hungarians and Czechs, Germans also traveled to Kals. At the end of the 30s, Kals was also one of the first places in East Tyrol where alpine skiing was practiced. However, the thousand-mark barrier and the Second World War brought tourism to a standstill.
It was not until 1950 that tourism began to pick up again, and winter tourism was expanded at the same time. In the 1950s, the first drag lift was built below Burg, and in 1961 the first chair lift "to the forest" was opened. The number of overnight stays in winter could suddenly be more than doubled and Kals became the most important ski area in East Tyrol. However, further expansion of tourism was subsequently hampered by the discussion about the Dorfertal power plant, as infrastructure investments were linked to the implementation of the major project for a long time. Nevertheless, the 60s and 70s were the pioneering days of Kals tourism. Numerous beds were created in private rooms and accommodation establishments, as well as inns in the individual groups. In addition, the network of hiking trails was expanded from 80 km to 200 km between 1960 and the mid-1970s. The opening of Felbertauernstrasse in 1967 brought additional guests to Kals. In 1981 the Kalser Glocknerstraße was opened, which opened up the Ködnitztal with the Lucknerhaus for tourism. Constantly falling winter overnight stays made investments in alpine skiing necessary in the 1990s. In 1996, three new 3 quad chairlifts were built. This measure almost doubled the number of overnight stays in winter and is now almost in the range of overnight stays in summer. A ski swing to Matrei (Goldried Bergbahnen) is currently being planned and should go into operation in December 2008. The location in the Hohe Tauern National Park , which encompasses two thirds of the municipal area, is particularly important for today's tourism .
Mining
The ore mining in the Kalser valley took place from the early settlement to the beginning of the 18th century. There were scarce holes on the Ganot, in the Fallwindestal behind Elepart, in the Lesachtal and in the Burgertal. Significant silver deposits were also located below the Stüdlhütte and on the Gradötzwand in the Dorfertal. Deposits of copper and iron ore below the Muntanitz Keeses and in the Kalserbachklamm near Staniska were also developed later . In the middle of the 16th century in particular, mining boomed in the inner Isel valleys. The Staniska pits were taken over by the Glaureter Trades, who applied for the construction of a hut in Unterpeischlach in 1607 . Other important, surrounding melting furnaces were in Lienz and Sankt Jakob in Defereggen . The melted metal miners had a Fron paid. Around 1620 mining collapsed in the Isel valleys due to overexploitation , a lack of organization and deterioration in the climate (glacier advances). Later attempts to revive the mining industry were unsuccessful.
Infrastructure
Kals was the second Tyrolean municipality and the first East Tyrolean municipality to have its own power station . In 1906, five men formed a consortium with mandatory shares. In cooperation with an electrical company from Lienz and a turbine manufacturer from Graz, the 18 KW power plant was built by 1907 and supplied electricity for the first time on February 2, 1907. The stream version was located on the Dorferbach below the Burgerbach, the power house in Unterburg. However, the connection to the power grid was hesitant. In 1914 28 households were connected, in 1920 there were already 100. Economic difficulties led the municipality to take over the power plant, which expanded the plant. The power plant on Dorferbach no longer exists today, but TIWAG built a power plant in Unterpeischlach that uses the water from the Kalserbach, which is partially diverted at Staniska.
For centuries, Kals was only accessible via a cart path. It was not until 1912 that work began on a road that would connect Kals to Huben. However, with the outbreak of World War I, the road could not be completed until 1927. The road was also connected to Unter- and Oberlesach and in 1929 the road was extended to Großdorf . Forest roads and goods roads, which were also built at this time, made work easier for the farmers.
School system
For a long time the school system played a subordinate role in the Kalser Valley. Up until the end of the 19th century, from a financial point of view, parents were often unable to pay the necessary school fees. In addition, the children's labor was needed. The official compulsory school attendance was also not observed for a long time. In November 1804, for example, only four boys reported to school at the start of school, although compulsory schooling affected all children between the ages of seven and thirteen. From 1906 to 1908 the first regular school building with two classrooms and a teacher's apartment was built next to the head host in Kals / Ködnitz. 143 children had already attended classes in 1900. In 1910 Oberpeischlach was also given a one-class school house with a teacher's apartment.
Since there was a constant shortage of space in the Kals school, classes often had to move to other buildings. In 1938 the Kals school got a third classroom (126 students), in 1958 a fourth class was opened in the parish hall. An increase in the number of pupils made it necessary to open two more classes in Kals and the community decided to build a new school in the 1960s. The six-class elementary school was opened on January 7, 1969, while the elementary school in Oberpeischlach was closed in the 1971/72 school year and moved to the now nine-class elementary school.
The Kals secondary school students were initially enrolled in Matrei. However, under pressure from the Kalser, from 1976 a branch of the Matrei secondary school, and finally a small secondary school under its own management since 1984 (2006/07: 78 students).
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, p. 101
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, p. 102
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, p. 102; Catholic Tyrolean Teachers' Association (Ed.): District Studies East Tyrol . Innsbruck 2001, pp. 13, 18
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, p. 104
- ↑ Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch , II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. Volume 2: 1140-1200 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2012, ISBN 978-3-7030-0485-8 , p. 403-404, No. 913 .
- ↑ Hilda Antonia Leimser: History of Kals am Großglockner through the centuries. Kals am Großglockner 1998
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, p. 255
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, pp. 116–118, 176–188
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, pp. 250–255
- ^ Louis Oberwalder: Kals. Close to heaven. Kals am Großglockner 2004, pp. 276–278
literature
- Catholic Tyrolean Teachers' Association (Ed.): District Studies East Tyrol . Innsbruck 2001. ISBN 3-7066-2267-X .
- Simon Kurzthaler: History - Art - Culture. Encounters in the Hohe Tauern National Park region . Innsbruck 1997, ISBN 3-7066-2148-7
- Hilda Antonia Leimser: History of Kals am Großglockner through the centuries . Kals am Großglockner 1998.
- Louis Oberwalder : Kals. Close to heaven . Kals am Großglockner 2004.
Web links
