Border between Lithuania and Russia
The Lithuanian-Russian border is an international border between the Kaliningrad Oblast , an exclave of Russia ( CIS and CSTO member), and Lithuania (member of the EU , NATO and the Schengen Agreement ). This part of the EU's external border runs from west to south-east, from the Baltic Sea to the triangle between Lithuania, Russia and Poland . The total length of the state border is 266.0 km, of which 29.9 km overland, 206.0 km through rivers and 30.1 km through lakes. In addition, there is an interstate maritime border delimiting the sovereign territories from 22.4 km west into the Baltic Sea.
The border sections over land are equipped with technical facilities (wire fences, fortifications and restricted zones). Most of the border sections barely had a fence until 2014, at most in some places near streets or villages (e.g. near Wystiten ). As a result of the Russian-supported attacks in eastern Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea , there were clear disruptions from 2014 onwards due to stricter controls on goods that are subject to embargoes and an increased need for security. Sanctions, restrictions and political concerns hampered border traffic. In early 2017, the Lithuanian government announced plans to strengthen the Kaliningrad / Ramoniškiai border crossing and other land borders with a fence financed by NATO , which many experts consider to be ineffective and in view of increasing military activities in the border area of the Russian side and political tensions in the region considered too expensive. It is doubted that this fence is a sufficient defense.
history
The historical borders between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Russian Empire changed considerably over the course of history and bore little resemblance to modern borders.
The current Lithuanian-Russian border was established after the Second World War. For the most part, it follows the older border between the former German province of East Prussia in the south with Russia in the north.
In 1923 the Klaipėda region ( Memelland ) was transferred to Lithuania and in 1939 Lithuania was forced to cede it to the German Reich . In 1945 the south side (East Prussia) of the border was taken over by the Soviet Union as Kaliningrad Oblast and the north side as the Lithuanian part of the Soviet Union . Thus it was an internal union border between the RSFSR and the Lithuanian SSR . It is noteworthy that before 1917, at times for a long time, it was a border with Russia to the northeast. Russia is currently in the southwest.
From August 1991, Lithuania became independent after the collapse of the USSR, which made this border between the former Union republics international again. In 1997, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Lithuania signed a border agreement that eliminated absurdities at the border. For example, Lake Wystiter was divided between states, with the entire area of the water surface being Russian. Fishermen and swimmers often injured the border from the Lithuanian side, which occasionally led to unpleasant actions by Russian border officials. Now the water area near the bank is Lithuanian. In return, Russia received the corresponding territorial compensation in other border areas. The contract came into force in 2003.
Border area
Crossing the border to Lithuania requires a visa under European Union law ( Schengen Agreement ) or a Russian visa to Russia.
Small border traffic
An agreement on " local border traffic ", such as that between Poland and Russia, which has since been suspended, did not exist between Lithuania and Russia. Only at the regional level is there travel relief for residents of the neighboring border areas. Some projects were planned across borders and partially implemented.
Borderline
Russia Kaliningrad Oblast |
⇄ | Lithuania | position | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maritime border of the territories |
55 ° 23 ' N , 20 ° 39' E | ||||
Border crossing Curonian Spit ( Russian Погранпереход Куршская Коса ), Morskoje (Морско́е) (Pillkoppen) | 27A-076 Р515 |
167 | PKP Nida (Nidden, Gem. Spit) | 55 ° 16 ′ 47 " N , 20 ° 57 ′ 50" E | |
Куршский залив (Kurschski saliw) |
Curonian Lagoon |
Kuršių marios | 55 ° 15 ' N , 21 ° 8' E | ||
Ibenwerder Rajon Slawsk (Heinrichswalde) formerly the district of Heydekrug |
Just east east ragimnis east |
Helena Werder , šilutė district municipality (Heydekrug) , district Klaipėda (Memel) former district Heydekrug | 55 ° 15 ′ 3 ″ N , 21 ° 17 ′ 25 ″ E | ||
Brijoniškės (Elkwinkel) ( Russian Зелёный Мыс ) , formerly the Moose Lowlands district |
Skirwiet / Ruß-Strom ↓ Memel ↓ ( Lithuanian Nemunas , Russian Неман ) |
Rusnė (Soot) , Šilutė Rajong Municipality (Heydekrug) | 55 ° 17 ′ 38 " N , 21 ° 23 ′ 2" E | ||
Sowjetsk ( Russian Советск , Tilsit ) |
Sovetsk – Klaipeda railway line |
Pagėgiai (Pogegen) | 55 ° 5 ′ 27 " N , 21 ° 53 ′ 12" E | ||
|
Panemunė (Übermemel) | 55 ° 5 ′ 1 ″ N , 21 ° 54 ′ 21 ″ E | |||
|
55 ° 4 ′ 33 " N , 21 ° 57 ′ 21" E | ||||
Pogranitschny (until 1938 Schillehnen, 1938–1945 Waldheide, Russian Пограничный),Krasnosnamensk Rajon(until 1938 Lasdehnen district, 1938–1945 Haselberg district) |
↑ Memel ↑ ↓ Šešupė ↓ ( Scheschuppe , Russian Шешупе ) |
Smalininkai ( Schmalleningken ) , Tauragė (Tauroggen) District | 55 ° 4 ′ 13 " N , 22 ° 35 ′ 21" E | ||
27K-105 |
|
184 | PKP Ramoniškiai near Sudargas (Sudargen) | 55 ° 3 ′ 35 " N , 22 ° 35 ′ 30" E | |
Dickiauten , desert in the Krasnosnamensk Raion |
Minsk – Kaliningrad pipeline |
Šilgaliai (Schillgallen) , district of Šakiai | 54 ° 56 ′ 9 ″ N , 22 ° 45 ′ 58 ″ E | ||
Kutusowo ( Schirwindt , Russian Кутузово ) |
↑ Šešupė ↑ ↓ Širvinta ↓ ( Schirwindt , Russian Шервинта )
|
( Kudirkos Naumiestis ) (Schirwindt-Neustad) | 54 ° 46 ′ 40 " N , 22 ° 51 ′ 34" E | ||
← 27A-012 |
|
138 → | 54 ° 46 ′ 34 " N , 22 ° 51 ′ 18" E | ||
earlier pimples ( image widening ) |
↑ Širvinta ↑ ↓ Old Schirwind ↓ |
near Stanaičiai , district Vilkaviškis | 54 ° 41 ′ 4 " N , 22 ° 43 ′ 35" E | ||
↑ Alte Schirwind ↑ ↓ Liepona ↓ ( Lepone , Russian Лепона Lepona ) |
54 ° 40 ′ 28 " N , 22 ° 44 ′ 25" E | ||||
Tschernyschewskoje ( Eydtkuhnen , Russian Чернышевское ) | Kybartai (Wirballen) station near Kybartai (Kibarten) , district of Vilkaviškis | 54 ° 38 ′ 30 " N , 22 ° 44 ′ 38" E | |||
Kaliningrad Railway |
54 ° 38 ′ 24 " N , 22 ° 44 ′ 49" E | ||||
Nekrasovo , Nesterov Raion |
↑ Liepona ↑ ( Lepone , Russian Лепона Lepona ) |
Kurpikai , Kybartai County, Vilkaviškis District Parish | 54 ° 33 ′ 50 " N , 22 ° 42 ′ 48" E | ||
Maloje Belosernoje ( Kleiner Kallweitschen , Russian Малое Белозерное ) |
|
Vištytis (Wystiten) , district Vilkaviškis (Wilkowischken) | 54 ° 27 ′ 13 " N , 22 ° 42 ′ 11" E | ||
Wystiter hill country , Rominter Heide , Rajon Nesterow |
Wystiter See ( Lithuanian Vištyčio ežeras , Russian Виштынецкое озеро Wischtynezkoje osero ) |
54 ° 25 ′ 21 ″ N , 22 ° 44 ′ 46 ″ E | |||
The tri-border region between Poland , Lithuania and Russia | 54 ° 21 ′ 48 " N , 22 ° 47 ′ 31" E |
Border control Rybachi (Рыбачий) (Rossitten) , border Morskoye - Nida
Border PKP Panemunė
Remarks
-
↑
Border expansion:
- Peter Mühlbauer: Lithuania: Fence planned on the border with the Russian part of East Prussia. In: TELEPOLIS. heise online , January 17, 2017, accessed on May 26, 2019 : “The Lithuanian Interior Minister Eimutis Misiūnas has announced that it will be building a two-meter-high and about 130-kilometer-long fence on the currently rather moderately secured border with the Russian part of East Prussia in the spring which should be finished this year - to "strengthen the external border of the European Union" and to combat smuggling. The EU (25 million euros) and Lithuania (3.6 million euros) share the total costs of 28.6 million euros. "
- Tilman Bünz: A fence against Russia. (Video) In: Focus on Europe. DW-TV , 2017, accessed on May 26, 2019 : “Lithuania secures its border with the Russian exclave Kaliningrad with a two meter high fence. The country wants to protect itself with this - from smugglers and from Russia. "
- Christopher Woody: Lithuania is building a border fence amid Russia fears - even though it would do little to stop an invasion. In: Business Insider. Retrieved May 21, 2019 .
- Daniel Boffey: We know how to live next to Russia. Lithuania builds border fence with Kaliningrad. In: the Guardian. August 24, 2017, accessed May 26, 2019 .
- Rebecca Flood: Red line for Russia. Lithuania builds fence along border as relations with Putin Sour. In: Daily Express . Express Newspapers, August 24, 2017, accessed on May 26, 2019 (English): "LITHUANIA has built a border fence with neighbor Russia as relations sour between the two countries"
- ↑ 3-ruble coin of the Bank of Russia, silver, reverse side - "Королева Луиза", - Bridge, Sovetsk. The picture of the Memel Bridge, in the background on the right the Lithuanian bank - inscription: «г. СОВЕТСК » ( Sowjetsk ) , at the bottom at the edge: МОСТ" КОРОЛЕВА ЛУИЗА "( German bridge" Queen Louise " )
-
↑
Even in Soviet times there was little traffic across the border between the two Soviet republics, although the borders were open. The historically and geographically determined infrastructure of the area was not geared towards neighborhood traffic, as it is mostly separated by water. In addition, the USSR devastated many of the former German settlements on the border - even after the end of the war. Former German neighbors were replaced by strangers from other parts of the Soviet Union or the area remained depopulated. Thus the demand for small border traffic was not as pronounced as e.g. B. on the border between Russia and Poland. With its membership in the European Union in 2004, Lithuania also introduced visas for regional and transit traffic.
- Monika Sieradzka (article), Nikita Batalov (video): Lithuania and Kaliningrad - so close, so strange. DW, May 26, 2019, accessed July 15, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Fears in the Baltic States. Provocation Kaliningrad. Deutschlandfunk, May 17, 2018, accessed on July 15, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Kaliningrad confrontation point. The front line of the new cold war. Deutschlandfunk, April 14, 2018, accessed on July 15, 2019 .
- Ulla Lachauer: The lost Ännchen. ZEIT.de, March 31, 2089, accessed on July 15, 2019 .
-
↑
Land furthest point of the common maritime border of the territories in the territorial sea . This border is important because the Kravtsovskoye oil field with considerable oil and gas deposits is located in the sea area.
- Protocol: see Annex point 19
- Bernd Schröder: Showdown on the Amber Coast. When politics determine the energy supply. TELEPOLIS , December 12, 2018, accessed on July 12, 2019 .
- Lukoil's Kravtsovskoye (D-6) Oil Field
- Lukoil Turns on the Tap at Kravtsovskoye in the Baltic Sea
- ↑ On the Lithuanian side, the LT5 cycle route around the northern lagoon begins . Part of this route is a ferry passage.
-
↑
The total area of the lagoon is 1,584 km²; of which only 415 km² belong to Lithuania, the rest to Russia.
- Curonian Lagoon. Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon , accessed on July 8, 2019 .
- Curonian Lagoon at GenWiki
- Curonian Lagoon. Bibliography. WorldCat , accessed July 8, 2019 .
-
↑ Границу будут переносить. 1tv.lv, accessed on July 7, 2019 (Russian, border change). Wittinnis Ost (river) at GOV Skirwieth left delta arm of the soot (at GOV) border between Lithuania and Russia in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
-
↑
There used to be a ferry connection via Skirwiet
- Rusnė - soot. Ostpreußen.net, 2011, accessed on July 7, 2019 .
- Soot : fishing village near Heydekrug
-
↑ a b
The valley path of the Memel is partly the border between Lithuania and Russia. In addition to the transition in Tilsit, there were numerous passenger and vehicle ferries across the river, in some cases until Lithuania became independent. B. at Jasnoje , genwiki: Groß Schilleningken , Šilininkai (Klaipėda) . In winter, the Memel is usually heavily iced and illegally passable on foot or with vehicles. The city of the same name, Memel (now Lithuanian Klaipėda ), near the mouth of the river, but 50 km from the border, was Germany's northernmost city until 2019. The northernmost town in Germany was 15 km further north: The Glutton .
- Memel. Northernmost city in Germany. deutsche-schutzgebiete.de, 2000, accessed on July 15, 2019 (English).
-
↑
This previously important railway connection is no longer active due to the dilapidation of the bridge and several sections of the route. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, international passenger traffic between Sovetsk and Pagėgiai was discontinued in 1996. A reactivation did not go beyond declarations of intent.
- → Kaliningrad Railway
- Tilsit - Memeler - Eisenbahn at GenWiki
- Grenzbahnhof Pogegen at GenWiki
- Grenzbahnhof Tilsit at GenWiki
- Traukiniu iš Klaipėdos į Šilutę - jau nuo spalio
- Gelžk. Tilžė-Pagėgiai-Klaipėda
-
↑ a b
Meanwhile the bridge is only open to pedestrians; Since 2017, traffic has been routed east of Panemunė via the Sovetsk bypass (on the Lithuanian side A21 ). The Memel is crossed over a newly built bridge.
- Kaliningrad receives Russia's largest border crossing. russland.NEWS, August 1, 2015, accessed July 15, 2019 .
- пункт пропуска "Дубки" рядом. Sputnik News , December 15, 2017, accessed July 24, 2019 (Russian, A new checkpoint on the border between Lithuania and the Russian Federation will open in 2019).
- Калининградская область. DW, 2019, accessed on July 15, 2019 (Russian, various articles and videos).
- Lithuania and Kaliningrad - so close, so foreign. (Video 03:09) DW, May 27, 2019, accessed July 15, 2019 .
- Россия и Литва: как граница разделила людей. DW, May 24, 2019, accessed July 15, 2019 (Russian).
- Jörg Weiß: Motorcycle tour with obstacles through East Prussia. Lokalo24.de, January 31, 2018, accessed on July 15, 2019 .
- → Kaliningrad street
-
↑ a b
Partial border flow. Since the 15th century, the Šešupė, together with the tributaries Širvinta and Liepona, has marked one of the most stable borders in Europe, although the neighboring states have changed several times.
- Article Шешупе in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- Шешупе in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- Pictures on Flickr
- ↑ Formerly Waldheide customs office . Exclusively bilateral border crossing, only for Russian and Lithuanian citizens with a national passport
-
↑
Important supply line, which runs via Belarus in transit through Lithuania. Because of the growing differences since the Crimean crisis, Russia fears that Lithuania could cut ties. Therefore, a gas terminal was built in the Baltic Sea off Königsberg. Since the transport with gas tankers by sea is significantly more expensive, the system is only kept in place for emergencies.
- Minsk - Vilnius - Kaunas - Kaliningrad. Natural gas supplies to consumers in the Kaliningrad administrative region. Gazprom , 2009, accessed July 15, 2019 .
- Minsk – Vilnius – Kaunas – Kaliningrad Natural Gas Pipeline. Hydrocarbons Technology, accessed July 15, 2019 .
- Energy poker on the Baltic Sea. Putin opens liquid gas terminal for Kaliningrad. Spiegel Online , January 8, 2019, accessed July 15, 2019 .
- M. Rosenthal-Kappi: Putin shows edge in Königsberg. A sign to the neighbors: Liquid gas terminal makes the region independent of transit countries. Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung , January 16, 2019, accessed on July 15, 2019 .
-
↑
In the course there are interruptions in the river boundary due to straightening. To the east of it lies a large military area: Dobrovolsky lies on the border with Lithuania and is the only training area in the Kaliningrad region that is suitable for training flight personnel in fire and tactics and that meets all safety requirements. The latter is important: The Kaliningrad region is small, densely populated by Russian standards and borders on two countries - Lithuania and Poland - with all of their strategies. There are many flight movements in this airspace. All of this places high demands on the quality of airspace observation and navigation accuracy. The Russian military facilities allow the launch of rockets and guided missiles with bombs weighing up to 1500 kg, with the assumption that nuclear weapons are also deposited.
- Дмитрий Ефимов, Василий Терехов: На полигоне в Добровольском состоялись масштабные военные учения. Vesti , August 31, 2018, accessed July 15, 2019 (Russian, Large-scale military exercises were held in the Dobrovolsky region).
- Как оенные защитят Калининграда от атаки НАТО. Видео учений морской авиации Балтийского флота. June 13, 2018, accessed July 15, 2019 (Russian, How to Protect Kaliningrad from NATO Attacks. Baltic Naval Aviation Exercise).
- В Калининградской области прошло батальонное тактическое учение с подразделениями береговых войтийкереговых войтийкоал. Mil.ru, February 7, 2018, accessed July 15, 2019 (Russian, battaliontactics exercisewith departments of the coastalforces ofthe Baltic Fleet in the Kaliningrad region).
- ↑ The border bridge over the Širvinta is closed due to disrepair. It was the easternmost town and the smallest town in the German Empire. Schirwindt was the first German town to be occupied by the Red Army in 1944 . It remained the only city in Europe that was not rebuilt after the war.
-
↑ a b
The border follows the partly canalised old course of the Schirwindt for about 2.5 km . The place Schirwindt was the easternmost city of the German Empire
- Schirwindt. Easternmost city in Germany. deutsche-schutzgebiete.de, 2000, accessed on July 15, 2019 : "Schirwindt 1302 inhabitants - 1905, smallest and easternmost city in East Prussia and in the Kingdom of Prussia"
- City of Schirwindt at GenWiki
- ↑ a b Boundary river for 22.9 km, of which about 900 m through the Matlaukis pond created in 1980. About 12 hectares of the pond are located on Lithuanian territory.
- ^ Railway line Kaliningrad – Nesterow , Kaliningrad – Chernyshevskoye , section of the former Prussian Eastern Railway . Trains run daily between Vilnius and Kaliningrad. The travel time is almost seven hours. There are regular passenger train connections to Saint Petersburg , Moscow and, during the season, a few trips to Adler on the Black Sea . The goods and military transports that come with strict conditions in transit via Belarus and Lithuania represent a considerable volume of traffic .
-
↑
The place was divided, but after a border correction and area swap the village was reunited in 2003 with the exception of a farmhouse.
- Sheet 78: Kalinino in Russia , Kaliningrad Oblast, 1910; 78: flour. - Recorded in 1863, ed. 1868, recognoscirt 1883, new edition 1888, sing. Nachtr. 1910. - Berlin, 1910. - 1 ct .: multicolored.
- Vištytis. May 8, 2009, Retrieved July 13, 2019 (Lithuanian).
-
↑
At 172.4 m above sea level, it is the highest lake in Lithuania and 4000 years older than the Baltic Sea. It is not only the largest and deepest lake in the Suvalkija region with a volume of 258 million cubic meters of fresh water, but also the cleanest. It is not for nothing that Lake Wystiter is often referred to as the "European Lake Baikal ". The lake belonged completely to the German Empire (East Prussia) right up to the Lithuanian bank. At times the Lithuanians were given a small fishing zone off the north bank. After the war, the lake fell into the Kaliningrad Oblast. In the USSR, the border was only of administrative importance, so the lake was freely accessible from all sides. After the secession of Lithuania, the entire lake belonged to Russia. Fishermen and swimmers often crossed the border from the Lithuanian side, which occasionally led to unpleasant actions by Russian border officials. The state border between Lithuania and Russia (Kaliningrad region) now runs - according to a treaty between the two countries in 1997 - across the lake. The total area of the lake is 17.83 km², of which 12.39 km² are in Russia and 5.44 km² belong to Lithuania. The Lithuanian part increased by 0.4 km2 after the ratification of the Russian-Lithuanian border agreement on the exchange of territory in 2003. Lithuania wants to lease another 525 hectares of lake from Russia. So far (after 13 years) a contract has not been concluded. The lake is a popular destination for excursions and swimming. On the Lithuanian side there is a national park with a small pilgrimage site at an allegedly miraculous spring. The Russian side can only be visited by citizens of Kaliningrad Oblast with a special permit.
- Lietuvos Respublikos ir Rusijos Federacijos sutartis dėl Lietuvos ir Rusijos valstybės sienos. August 12, 2003, accessed July 13, 2019 (Lithuanian, Lithuanian-Russian Border Agreement 2003).
- Озеро Виштынецкое. PSRP “Vishtynetsky Eco-Museum”, 2014, accessed July 13, 2019 (Russian, good description, nicely illustrated).
- Vištyčio ežeras. April 29, 2010, accessed July 13, 2019 (Lithuanian).
- Vištyčio regioninio parko. Vištyčio regioninio parko direkcija, 2018, accessed on July 13, 2019 (Lithuanian).
- А.В. Измайлова: Виштынецкое озеро. “Вода России”, accessed on July 13, 2019 (in Russian).
economy
There is smuggling on the Russian-Lithuanian border and a semi-legal 'shuttle' trade in cheaper Russian and Belarusian goods that are exported to Lithuania for resale. Cigarettes and alcohol are particularly popular, as is fuel. In the opposite direction are high quality goods. z. B. Electronic and household appliances brought to Russia. Although the Russian side of the border is largely secured, illegal traffickers in Lithuania who seem to bypass the controls with good relations are repeatedly caught on the "green border".
Web links
- Lithuania is building a fence on the border with Kaliningrad. Warmia-Masuria.Journal, February 1, 2017, accessed on July 4, 2019 .
- Border crossings in the Kaliningrad region. Federal Foreign Office, 2019, accessed on May 22, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Russia and the Baltic States. War scenarios and small border traffic. Deutschlandfunk , May 10, 2018, accessed on May 26, 2019 : “Since Vladimir Putin reinforced his troops on the border with the Baltic countries, NATO has also increased its presence. The Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians and Poles in particular suffer from the military threatening gestures. Private or business relationships across borders are becoming more difficult. "
- Paul Flückiger: Where the Russian exclave Kaliningrad is only 20 meters away. NZZ , August 27, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 (Swiss Standard German): “On the border between Lithuania and the Russian exclave Kaliningrad, strong security measures mix with pragmatism. The East-West conflict is palpable. "
- Sönke Krüger: Russia's exclave between Lithuania and Poland. welt online , May 22, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 : “The Kaliningrad region has had an eventful history. No foreigner was allowed to enter the country for a long time. Today the "Sahara on the Baltic Sea" is open to visitors. And there is still more interesting things to discover. "
- Travel tips Lithuania. SZ , 2018, accessed May 22, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Russia and the Baltic States. War scenarios and small border traffic. Deutschlandfunk , May 10, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 : "Since Vladimir Putin reinforced his troops on the border with the Baltic countries, NATO has also increased its presence. The Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians and Poles in particular suffer from the military threatening gestures. Private or business relationships across borders are becoming more difficult. "
- Lithuania is building a fence on the border with Kaliningrad. ZEIT ONLINE , dpa, AFP, sre, June 6, 2017, accessed on May 22, 2019 : “The construction of the fence along the EU's external border to the Russian exclave has begun. The country wants to protect itself against smugglers - and against Russia. "
- Close to the Russian border: Lithuania reports the establishment of a NATO air force training area. Sputnik , August 14, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 (the opinion of the Kremlin): "According to the press service of the Lithuanian Ministry of Defense, the first air force training area in the Baltic region that meets NATO standards will be in the Lithuanian city of Kazlu Ruda"
- Treaty between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in the Baltic Sea. (PDF) In: Delimitation Treaties Infobase. UN , October 24, 1997, accessed May 22, 2019 .
- Russia. In: The World Factbook . CIA , May 13, 2019, accessed May 22, 2019 .
- Lithuania. In: Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 22, 2019 .
- На литовской границе обнаружили контрабанду сигарет на 5 млн рублей. Росбалт.RU, April 14, 2010, accessed May 22, 2019 (Russian).
- Arnaud Serry: Circulation at the Russian-Baltic States Boundary. A cut and a seam. In: Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies. Université du Havre, 2012, accessed on May 22, 2019 .
- "Черные следопыты" добрались до Геринга. July 8, 2003, accessed on July 15, 2019 (Russian): "Black Rangers have come to Göring"
- Антон Алиханов: Алиханов: новый погранпереход рядом с Советском обещают запустить в конце 2019 года. “Новый Калининград.Ru”, December 3, 2018, accessed on July 15, 2019 (Russian).
- Борис Мавлютов: Interesting picture collection. October 23, 2015, accessed July 15, 2019 (Russian).
Individual evidence
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↑ * Пограничник Геннадиюс Кузнецовас: литовцы готовы умереть, чтобы заработать на российских сихарр. In: NEWSru.com. December 7, 2017, Retrieved May 21, 2019 (Russian).
- Eglė Digrytė: robbers and gendarmes on the Russian border. VOXeurop, September 27, 2012, accessed on July 15, 2019 .
- Big business in smuggling. Observations on the border of the Russian enclave Kaliningrad. Deutschlandfunk , June 30, 2005, accessed on July 15, 2019 .