Rybachi
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Rybachi
Rossitten Рыбачий
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Rybatschi , incorrectly transcribed also Rybachy or Rybatschij ( Russian Рыбачий , from Rybak = "fisherman"; Prussian Rosit ; German Rossitten ; Lithuanian Rasytė ), is a place with 839 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) on the Curonian Spit in the former East Prussia in the Russian Oblast Kaliningrad in Zelenogradsk Raion , not far from the border with Lithuania . Until 1945 Rossitten had a German population. It was particularly well known for the Rossitten ornithological station and for its glider pilot school, the later Rhön-Rossitten Society . Rybachi is part of the Zelenogradsk City District municipal self-government .
geography
It is the largest place on the now Russian side of the spit, in the middle of the Curonian Spit National Park. The area is characterized by pine forests and dunes, including the " Epha Dune". The Möwenbruch freshwater lake is in the immediate vicinity of the village; it is about two kilometers to the Baltic Sea beach. The old post road from Kaliningrad (Königsberg Pr.) To Klaipėda (Memel) runs through Rybatschi . From the Müllershöhe near Rossitten you have a good view of the lagoon and the lake.
history
Rossitten and the Teutonic Order Castle, which used to be here, are first mentioned in 1372. The name of the place is derived from the Prussian “rosit, rasit”: dew (cf. Lithuanian “rasenti”: spray, trickle). Most of the time there was a fishing settlement here, inhabited by cures , which - due to heavy dune migrations - had to be relocated several times until Wilhelm Franz Epha achieved an end to this natural phenomenon at the end of the 19th century through planting. Agriculture was only practiced on the spit in and around Rossitten because there was clay soil here. Otherwise, the Curonian spit fishermen had their hay meadows and vegetable fields on the opposite mainland ( Memel area , lowland). During a humid period in the 12th century, the cures living on the mainland were drawn north. Only a few families remained on the dry spit.
In the dune area to the east of the village in the Predin Mountains, due to the favorable updrafts from the lagoon, glider flights have been practiced since the early 1920s . A house colony with a flying school was created. Soon, soaring competitions were also held. Ferdinand Schulz , a pioneer of gliding, achieved a world record in endurance flight in 1924 with his own design FS3 " Besenstielkiste ". His gliding school became part of the Rhön-Rossitten-Gesellschaft (later: German Research Institute for Gliding ). Julius Hatry was a flight instructor in Rossitten and built model aircraft.
The area around Rossitten had a steady population of elk deer .
Since the 1930s, the place consisted mostly of fishermen's houses, with a few villas in between. The fishermen's houses were clad in wood, some with thatched roofs. They showed crossed horse heads as gable decorations. The windboards on the roofs, the door and window frames were painted light blue in the colors of the spit. The gardens, many of which had draw wells, were protected by picket fences. Fishing nets were often hung out to dry. The spit fishermen fished from their barges and net barges at night. There was always a slight smell of fish and fallow water in the village. The Jordan flowed through Rossitten in a narrow ditch. The village streets were not yet paved. There were five inns with names such as "Zum quicksand", "Kurisches Haff", "Zur Mole" or "Des Wanderers Ruh". The Kurhaus with over 100 beds had a large terrace for the guests. There was also a large youth hostel. Rossitten had a pharmacy and a doctor. The population was 700 and doubled during the "summer break". People also came because of the famous ornithological station with its museum and the gliding that was practiced not far from the town. The car-free place can be reached with the Cranz – Memel – line or by cart from the distant bus stop on the old post road from Cranz to Memel.
In January 1945 the Curonian Spit was occupied by the Red Army . Like the entire northern part of the German province of East Prussia , Rossitten fell to the Soviet Union and was renamed Rybatschi in 1947. At the same time, the place received the status of an urban-type settlement (workers' settlement) within the Primorsk Raion . The German residents had fled, the rest were expelled in 1947/48. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union ( RSFSR ) in 1991, the place has belonged to the Russian Federation , here to the Kaliningrad Oblast . In 2005 it lost the status of an urban-type settlement and from then on, as a simple settlement, was the seat of a rural community. Since its dissolution in 2015 Rybachy belongs to the city district Selenogradsk .
District of Rossitten (1874–1945)
On June 13, 1874, Rossitten became the eponymous location and administrative seat of the newly established district of Rossitten. It existed until 1945 and was part of the district Fischhausen (1939 to 1945 County Samland in the administrative district of Konigsberg the Prussian province of East Prussia ). It was initially divided into four rural communities and one manor district :
| Surname | Russian name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Rural communities : | ||
| Kunzen | Krasnorechye | In 1894 incorporated into the rural community of Rossitten |
| Pillkoppen | Morskoye | |
| Rossitten | Rybachi | |
| Sarkau | Lesnoi | |
| Manor : | ||
| Rossitten, until 1906: Curonian Spit (forest) |
1931 reclassified to the administrative district of the Curonian Spit |
On January 1, 1945, three communities formed the Rossitten district: Pillkoppen, Rossitten and Sarkau.
Administration of the Russian part of the Curonian Spit 1947–2015
The Russian part of the Curonian Spit within the Primorsk Raion has been administered by the Rybachi urban-type settlement Soviet since 1947 . It also included the places Krasnoretschje (Kunzen) , Lesnoi (Sarkau) and Morskoje (Pillkoppen) . Renamed in 1950, Krasnorechye was abandoned before 1976. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the settlement soviet was replaced by the administration of the urban-type settlement Rybachi. From 1996 to 2005 there was a colorful mess of new names for this administrative area. Since about 2000 - possibly in addition to the settlement administration of Rybatschi - there was a village district that was administered from Lesnoi. In 2005, Rybachi became the administrative seat of the rural municipality of Curonian Spit (ru. Сельское поселение Куршская коса, Selskoje posselenije Kurschskaja Kossa), which existed until 2015. Since then, the three places Lesnoi, Morskoje and Rybatschi have belonged to the Zelenogradsk district.
Population development
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1910 | 460 |
| 1933 | 650 |
| 1939 | 690 |
| 1959 | 1,128 |
| 1970 | 751 |
| 1979 | 779 |
| 1989 | 806 |
| 2002 | 960 |
| 2010 | 839 |
Partnerships
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Brachttal , Germany - since March 28, 2015
Protestant church
The parish of Rossitten was formed by the four fishing villages Kunzen, Pillkoppen, Rossitten and - until 1885 - Sarkau.
The brick church of Rossitten dates from 1873 and was a Protestant church until 1945 . After being used by others as a grain store in the Soviet Union, it is now used by the Russian Orthodox Church for worship purposes.
Parish
Rossitten was already a central church location in the pre-Reformation period. When the church and the parish office were relocated to Kunzen (Russian: Krasnoretschje, now defunct), three kilometers to the south in 1551 , an evangelical clergyman was active in the parish that belonged to the Schaaken office at that time (now Russian: Schemchuschnoje). In 1808 the church was moved back to Rossitten, as otherwise it would have silted up in Kunzen.
The church in Sarkau (today Russian: Lesnoi), which was founded around 1300, also belonged to the parish of Rossitten , but only until 1885 when it was added to the parish in Cranz (Zelenogradsk). Until 1945 the church Rossitten belonged to the church district Königsberg-Land II in the church province East Prussia of the church of the Old Prussian Union .
Today Rybatschi is located in the catchment area of the Evangelical Lutheran congregation in the city of Zelenogradsk (Cranz) , a branch congregation of the Resurrection Church in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) , the main church of the Kaliningrad provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia (ELCER).
Pastor (until 1945)
In Rossitten (until 1885 also Sarkau) there were 26 Protestant clergymen in office from the Reformation until 1945:
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- Hader Pfaff, until 1551 (then until 1808 the parish seat was moved to Kunzen)
- Carl Ludwig Fürchtegott Hintz, 1808–1814
- Georg Friedrich W. Fritzsche, 1814–1820
- Wilhelm Benjamin Radeck, 1820-1824
- Eduard Constantin Wilhelm Hoffmann, 1824–1825
- Johann Carl Friedrich Borck, 1825–1826
- Friedrich Ferdinand Schulz, 1826–1828
- Friedrich Billeit, 1828–1837
- Theodor Ferdinand Traugott Hendewerk, 1837–1838
- Julius Adolf Hoecker, 1844-1850
- Heinrich Gotth. R. Ebel, 1850-1857
- Heinrich Adolf Frachet, 1857–1870
- Friedrich Richard Ostermeyer, 1870–1877
- Carl August Hermann Heinrichs, 1877–1880
- Ernst Ludwig Theodor von Schaewen, 1880–1886
- Theodor Johann Hermann Schmökel, 1886–1896
- Friedrich Karl Wriedt, 1896–1906
- Franz Max Connor, 1906–1911
- Immanuel Zimmermann, 1911–1913
- Ernst Franz Kreutzer, 1913–1919
- Walter Skaga, 1919-1926
- Johannes Hildebrand, 1926–1932
- Johannes Perle, 1932–1933
- Erich May, 1933-1936
- Johannes Kypke, 1936–1940
- Ortwin Schack, 1943–1945
Russian Orthodox
The evangelical church of Rossitten until 1945 has been owned by the Russian Orthodox Church since 1992 and bears the name Sergius Church . It has been extensively restored. Rybatschi lies in the area of the diocese of Kaliningrad and Baltijsk (until 2009 the diocese of Smolensk and Kaliningrad ) with the Cathedral of Christ the Savior as the metropolitan church in Kaliningrad (Königsberg) .
tourism
Even before the Second World War, Rossitten was one of the more important resorts on the Baltic Sea. Nowadays Rybatschi is mainly visited by nature-seeking guests, ornithologists and so-called homesick tourists from Germany. Accommodation is primarily possible in numerous private accommodations.
The youth hostel was named after Paul Stettiner .
Attractions
Biological station
Rybatschi houses a successor to the traditional ornithological station Rossitten , which was founded in 1901 by the German ornithologist Johannes Thienemann (1863–1938). Today it is a branch of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and is located in the former spa guest house from German times. The guided tours and an exhibition in the biological station give visitors an insight into the world of birds and the history of bird ringing on the Curonian Spit.
church
One of the older buildings that can be seen in Rybatschi is the brick church from 1873. After the Second World War it was used as a grain store. In 1992 the church was handed over to the Orthodox community, thoroughly renovated and since then has served as a place of worship again. Today it is called the Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh . Eduarda Jonusas, an artist from Nida (German: Nidden), dedicated a metal cross to the former citizens of Rossitten . It was erected in front of the church in 1992.
Old graveyard
In the middle of the forest, 500 m south of the village, is the old cemetery on Walgum-Berg, which was laid out in the Middle Ages and was occupied until 1945. After the Second World War, it was completely destroyed and long neglected. Today three graves have been restored, including the graves of two deserving residents of the spit: the pastor and ornithologist Johannes Thienemann (1863–1938) and the legendary dune inspector Wilhelm Franz Epha , who with his planting method put a stop to the enormous sand masses of the shifting dunes and saved so many villages . At the entrance to the old German cemetery you can now read (2013): “The administration of the Curonian Spit National Park is carrying out work to restore the cemetery with the support of the Evangelical Lutheran Provost of the communities in the Königsberg area”. One can certainly see the success of these efforts. There is also a memorial plaque: “The former citizens of Rossitten”.
Thienemannhaus
The former home of the theologian, ornithologist and founder of the Rossitten ornithological station, Johannes Thienemann , has been preserved. It's in ul. Pobedy (Road of Victory) and is heavily modified with several additions. A bilingual inscribed wooden board on the inconspicuous house is reminiscent of Thienemann.
The building (former villa) with the work and business premises of the German ornithological station in the village has not been preserved; it was located next to the church. The sign from this house was attached to the current station of the Zoological Institute of the University of St. Petersburg in Rybatschi (formerly the German Kurhaus). The Ornithological Museum in Kirchstrasse, built in 1931, still exists in a simplified form and with a different function.
Seagull break
The Möwenbruch is the only larger freshwater lake on the spit. It is heavily overgrown, boggy and therefore a kingdom for water birds. The locals used to collect their eggs here, either to eat them or to sell them at the market.
Others
There is also a suburb called Rybatschi in the city of Vilyuchinsk .
The place is the Rossittener road (z. T. also Rossitter such. B. Rossitter way ) dedicated in several German cities.
The story Das Majorat by ETA Hoffmann , who comes from Königsberg, takes place in Rossitten: Not far from the shores of the Baltic Sea is the ancestral castle of the Barons von R..schen family, called R..sitten. Likewise, the landscape of the Curonian Spit with its "bottomless drift sands" is described in the novella.
photos
Plaque in front of the cemetery
Offset board of the ornithological station
Memorial stone to Bismarck Oak from 1885
Restored grave of Johannes Thienemann
Title pages of the book Rossitten (1930)
Grave of Wilhelm Franz Epha
literature
- Johannes Thienemann : Rossitten. Three decades on the Curonian Spit. J. Neumann Publishing House, Neudamm 1938.
- The Curonian Spit. A monograph in pictures. 2nd Edition. Graefe and Unzer, Königsberg i. Pr. 1930.
- Wolfgang Schmid (ed.), Grasilda Blažiene: Hydronymia Europaea. Special volume II: The Baltic place names. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2000.
- Georg Gerullis : The old Prussian place names. Berlin, Leipzig 1922.
- Hans-Heinrich Mittelstaedt : History of the Epha family (1641-1970). Hamburg 1979.
- Hans and Gertrud Mortensen : The settlement of northern East Prussia up to the beginning of the 17th century, in Germany and the East. The Prussian-German settlement on the western edge of the Great Wilderness around 1400. Vol. 8, Leipzig 1937.
- Richard Pietsch : Fishermen's life on the Curonian Spit shown in Curonian and German. Ulrich Camen Publishing House, Berlin 1982.
- Richard Pietsch: (artistic draft and text): Picture map around the Curonian Lagoon. Local book service Georg Banszerus, Höxter, production: Neue Stalling, Oldenburg.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Kaliningradskaya oblastʹ. (Results of the 2010 all-Russian census. Kaliningrad Oblast.) Volume 1 , Table 4 (Download from the website of the Kaliningrad Oblast Territorial Organ of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
- ^ Arno Surminski: Summer forty-four. Econ-Ullstein-List-Verlag, Munich, 2nd edition 2000, pp. 55/56. ISBN 3-548-24682-6
- ↑ a b The Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 17 июня 1947 г. "Об образовании сельских советов, городов и рабочих поселков в Калининградской области" (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 June 1947: On the Formation of village Soviets , Cities and workers' settlements in Kaliningrad Oblast).
- ↑ a b Through the Закон Калининградской области от 18 февраля 2005 г. № 501 «О наделении муниципального образования" Зеленоградский район "статусом муниципального района и об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований , находящихся на его территории" (Law Kaliningrad Oblast of 18 February 2005, No. 501. About the equipping of municipal formation "Zelenogradsk Raion" with the status of a municipal Raion and about the definition of the boundaries and the provision with the corresponding status of the municipal formations located on its territory).
- ^ Rolf Jehke: District of Rossitten
- ↑ Details on http://www.zelenogradsk.com/ .
- ↑ According to OKATO amendments 28/2000 and 59/2002.
- ↑ census data
- ^ Gießener Anzeiger Verlags GmbH & Co KG: The beginning of a common future . ( gelnhaeuser-tageblatt.de [accessed November 30, 2016]).
- ^ History of Rybatschi-Rossitten at ostpreußen.net
- ^ Evangelical Lutheran Provosty Kaliningrad ( Memento from August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (Russian / German).
- ↑ Friedwald Moeller, Old Prussian Evangelical Pastor's Book from the Reformation to the Expulsion in 1945 , Hamburg, 1968, p. 123.
- ↑ Dr. phil. Hoecker was a member of the Corps Masovia .
- ↑ Frachet was a member of the Corps Littuania .
- ^ Project Gutenberg .