Border between Poland and Russia
The current Polish-Russian border is an almost straight line, about 232 kilometers long separation between the Republic of Poland (member of the EU ) and the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian Federation (member of the CIS , CSTO ). The Kaliningrad region is an exclave , i. H. an area not connected to mainland Russia.
The current course was determined as a result of the Second World War . In 2004 this border became the external border of the European Union , the Schengen area and NATO to the Commonwealth of Independent States .
history
The changes in the border between Poland and Russia can be traced back to the early history of both nations. One of the earliest events was the intervention of the Polish King Bolesław I in the War of the Kyiv Succession in 1018 . After the establishment of the Royal Republic of Poland-Lithuania , the Polish eastern border, which was largely identical to the Moscow Tsarist Empire (later the Russian Empire ), stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south. During the time of the first partition of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795), which shifted the Russian borders 480 km to the west, several small Polish states such as the Duchy of Warsaw and Congress Poland shared a border with the Russian Empire.
After the First World War , the new Second Polish Republic shared a border with the Soviet Union , which was formed during the Polish-Soviet War and confirmed in the Riga Peace Treaty on the Dsisna –Dokschyzy – Słucz – Korez – Ostroh – Sbrutsch line . This border was 1407 kilometers long.
post war period
After the Potsdam Agreement , East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union, subject to a final peace settlement (→ Two-Plus-Four Treaty ) . The northern area around Koenigsberg was then taken over by the Russian SFSR , although an affiliation to the Lithuanian SSR would have made more sense. The native East Prussian population was almost completely expelled, unless they had already perished as a result of other war events and consequences. Their land was predominantly settled with Soviet citizens. The Polish portion of East Prussia was divided between the newly founded voivodeships of Danzig , Olsztyn and Suwałki . Mainly Poles from central Poland and Ukrainians expelled from south-east Poland as part of the Vistula campaign were settled here. The places, unless they were dissolved or combined into larger units, were almost exclusively given different names.
The new Polish-Soviet border was initially 1,321 kilometers long and was subject to a minor change, the Polish-Soviet exchange of territory of 1951, which reduced the border length to 1,244 kilometers. The infrastructure was massively disrupted by the very arbitrary demarcation. Traditional residential areas and regional supply logistics were torn apart. However, since the neighborhood of the Germans no longer existed anyway and the immediate border area remained largely uninhabited, the consequences were only noticeable when interregional traffic routes were interrupted.
Current limit
The current border between Poland and Russia is regulated by a number of legal documents, many of which date back to the time of the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union , including the border agreement between Poland and the USSR of August 16, 1945. While the actual border line after If the Soviet Union remained unchanged, the breakup of the Soviet Union into a number of post-Soviet states transformed the Polish-Soviet border into Polish-Russian, Polish-Lithuanian, Polish-Belarusian, and Polish-Ukrainian borders. The Polish-Russian borders were confirmed in the Polish-Russian Treaty of 1992 and ratified in 1993.
The Polish-Russian border is that between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia . As an exclave, the area has no inland land connection to the rest of Russia. The border is 232.04 km long, including the 22.21 km long section in the Baltic Sea that delimits the territories. The largest share is in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship . The extreme east is in the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the westernmost section (on the Vistula Spit) in the Pomeranian Voivodeship .
The official determination of the border was decided on March 5, 1957 with the following words:
The contracting parties confirm that the existing state border between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People's Republic of Poland in the Baltic Sea Region, as established at the Berlin Conference of 1945, expires from the border marker No. 1987, which was established at the crossroads of the Baltic Sea, which Borders of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Kaliningrad Region ), the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Polish People's Republic in the delimitation of the Soviet-Polish state border in the years 1946–1947 in a general westward direction, 0.5 km north of the inhabited village of Żytkiejmy , 4 km north the inhabited village Gołdap , 0.5 km south of the inhabited village Krylovo , 3 km south of the inhabited village Schelesnodoroschny , 2 km south of the inhabited village Bagrationowsk , 4 km south of the inhabited village Mamonowo , 7 kilometers north of the inhabited village Braniewo (formerly Braunsberg ) and practice from there r the fresh lagoon and the fresh spit to a point on the west bank of this spit 3 kilometers northeast of the inhabited village of Nowa Karczma (the distances between the inhabited places and the border are approximate).
When Poland joined the European Union in 2004, this border became an external border between the EU and a non-EU country. It is one of the five borders that Russia shares with the EU.
In 2008 there were three approved road border crossings to Poland and three rail border crossings (see table). On November 24, 2010, the largest road crossing was opened between Grzechotki and Mamonovo. Further crossings were expanded ( Perły - Krylovo , Piaski - Baltiysk , Rapa - Ozyorsk ), as EU standards required Poland to operate at least seven passages on this border.
Border area
Small border traffic
Since the Kaliningrad region is small, homogeneous and an exclave within the European Union, the status of a border area was negotiated for the entire region in 2011 , which was subject to the provisions of local border traffic . The treaty between the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation, which came into force in July 2012, allowed residents of selected border districts of the Warmian-Masurian and Pomeranian Voivodeships as well as residents of the entire Russian Kaliningrad Oblast to enter the zones in the neighboring state without a visa trips covered by the contract. An entry in the passport (as a forgery-proof sticker), which was easily issued to the residents of the areas, was sufficient. Border traffic developed briskly. In the first quarter of 2012, the Polish-Russian border had the busiest traffic at the borders that Poland shares with non-EU countries (compared to the border with Ukraine and Belarus ). During this period, the majority of the border crossings were spontaneous day trips to shop in the neighboring country. It was 45% of the foreigners entering Poland and 87% Poles entering Russia. 22% foreigners and 7% Poles crossed borders for the purpose of tourism and transit. Starting in 2013, the establishment of additional border crossing points was considered.
As a result of the Russian-supported attacks in eastern Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea , from 2014 stricter controls on goods that are subject to embargoes and an increased need for security led to significant disruptions in local border traffic. Sanctions, restrictions and political concerns hampered border traffic. In 2016 Poland suspended local border traffic. A regular visa is required for entry, which is more difficult to obtain, has a fee and has a limited validity. Thus, freedom of travel was restricted to privileged citizens.
Pomerania | Warmia-Masuria | Local border traffic areas |
---|---|---|
|
|
|
Borderline
Poland Warmia-Masuria |
⇄ |
Russia Kaliningrad Oblast |
position | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maritime border of the territories |
54 ° 36 ′ 13 ″ N , 19 ° 24 ′ 9 ″ E | ||||
Nowa Karczma ( Neukrug ), Fresh Spit , Pomerania |
|
Narmeln , "Baltic Spit" ( Russian Балтийская коса Baltijskaja Kossa ), Baltijsk Rajon (Pillau district) |
54 ° 27 '26 " N , 19 ° 38' 27" E | ||
Braniewo (Gerlachsdorf) , Powiat Braniewski |
204 |
|
597 |
Mamonowo ( Russian Мамоново , formerly Heiligenbeil ) City district Mamonowo |
54 ° 26 '12 " N , 19 ° 52' 25" E |
Gronowo (Grunau) , Powiat Braniewski |
|
54 ° 26 ′ 3 ″ N , 19 ° 53 ′ 50 ″ E | |||
|
|
||||
Border station Grzechotki (Rehfeld) , Powiat Braniewski |
|
54 ° 25 ′ 20 ″ N , 20 ° 4 ′ 8 ″ E | |||
Jachowo (Hanswalde) , rural community Lelkowo (Lichtenfeld) , Powiat Braniewski (Braunsberg district) |
|
54 ° 25 ′ 7 ″ N , 20 ° 6 ′ 35 ″ E | |||
Jarzeń (Arnstein, Tiefensee) , Lelkowo Rural Municipality, Braniewski Powiat |
224 |
|
224 |
Kornewo ( Russian Корнево , formerly Zinten ), Rajon Bagrationowsk , (District Prussian Eylau) |
54 ° 24 ′ 17 " N , 20 ° 16 ′ 57" E |
Głębock (Głomno) (Deep Lake) , Lelkowo Rural Municipality, Braniewski Powiat |
|
510 | 54 ° 24 ′ 15 ″ N , 20 ° 17 ′ 10 ″ E | ||
Galiny ( Gallingen , formerly Prussian Eylau district ), Powiat Bartoszycki (Bartenstein district) |
27K-116 → |
Bogatowo ( Russian Богатово , formerly Rositten), Bornehnen, Bagrationovsk Rajon |
54 ° 23 ′ 27 ″ N , 20 ° 25 ′ 5 ″ E | ||
Orsy (Orschen) , Gmina Górowo Iławeckie , Powiat Bartoszycki |
54 ° 23 ′ 11 ″ N , 20 ° 27 ′ 20 ″ E | ||||
Bezledy (Beisleiden) , rural community Bartoszyce , Powiat Bartoszycki (Bartenstein) |
A195 |
Bagrationowsk ( Russian Багратионовск , formerly Prussian Eylau ) |
54 ° 22 ′ 18 " N , 20 ° 39 ′ 37" E | ||
|
54 ° 22 '18 " N , 20 ° 41' 53" E | ||||
Stopki (Stolzenfeld) , Sępopol rural community , Powiat Bartoszycki |
Łyna ( All , Russian Лава ) |
Ryabinino ( Russian Рябинино , formerly Korwlack ), Pravdinsk municipality, Pravdinsk district |
54 ° 21 ′ 7 ″ N , 21 ° 1 ′ 6 ″ E | ||
Skandawa (Skandau) , rural community Barciany (Barten) , Powiat Kętrzyński (Rastenburg district) |
№ 353 № 205 |
|
Schelesnodoroschny ( Russian Железнодорожный formerly Gerdauen ), Pravdinsk district |
54 ° 20 ′ 1 ″ N , 21 ° 18 ′ 12 ″ E | |
Michałkowo (Langmichels) , rural community Barciany (Barten) , Powiat Kętrzyński (Rastenburg district) |
54 ° 19 ′ 59 ″ N , 21 ° 18 ′ 19 ″ E | ||||
Kurkławki , (cork paint ) Arklitten , Gmina Barciany (rural community Barten) , Powiat Kętrzyński (district Rastenburg) |
|
Sori ( Russian Зори , formerly Позегник Posegnick ) deserted village in Pravdinsk Raion |
54 ° 19 '48.8 " N , 21 ° 20' 35.3" E | ||
Brzeźnica (Birkenfeld) , rural community Drengfurth ( Srokowo in Polish ),Powiat Kętrzyński (Rastenburg district) |
Masurian Canal |
Saretschenskoje ( Russian Зареченское , formerly Groß Sobrost ), Pravdinsk Rajon ( Russian Правдинский район ) |
54 ° 19 ′ 17 " N , 21 ° 28 ′ 34" E | ||
Reuschenfeld ( Polish Ruskie Pole ) or Perlswalde ( Polish Perły ), Powiat Węgorzewski (Angerburg district) |
DR 137d |
|
DR 137d |
Krylowo ( Russian Крылово , formerly Nordenburg ), Pravdinsk Rajon ( Russian Правдинский район , Friedland ) |
54 ° 19 ′ 37 ″ N , 21 ° 37 ′ 7 ″ E |
← |
|
A186 27K-161 → |
54 ° 19 ′ 53 " N , 21 ° 49 ′ 34" E | ||
Ołownik ( Launingken , 1938–1945 Sanden ), rural community Budry (Buddern) , Powiat Węgorzewski (Angerburg district) |
DR 119e (1940) 137d (1944) |
|
DR 119e (1940) 137d (1944) |
Beinuhnen Otradnoje railway station , Osjorsk district ( Angerapp district , Russian Озёрский район ) |
54 ° 19 ′ 53 " N , 21 ° 50 ′ 8" E |
Zabrost Wielki (Groß Sobrost) , Budry Rural Municipality, Powiat Węgorzewski |
Osjorsk (Angerapp) , Osjorsk Raion | 54 ° 20 ′ 1 ″ N , 21 ° 55 ′ 42 ″ E | |||
Mieduniszki Małe ( Klein Medunischken , 1938–1945 Medunen ), rural community Banie Mazurskie (Benkheim) , Powiat Gołdapski (Goldap district) |
Angrapa ( Angerapp , Polish Węgorapa , Russian Анграпа ) |
Ramberg , Osjorsk Raion | 54 ° 19 ′ 59.5 " N , 21 ° 58 ′ 31.7" E | ||
Gołdap (Goldap) , Powiat Gołdapski | 27A-011 |
Gussew ( Russian Гусев , formerly Gumbinnen ), Gussew district |
54 ° 20 ′ 28 " N , 22 ° 17 ′ 53" E | ||
|
Schelesnodoroschnoje ( Russian Железнодорожное , Karczarningken , 1929–1945 Blumenfeld ) |
54 ° 20 ′ 27 " N , 22 ° 18 ′ 43" E | |||
Gołdap ( Goldap , Russian Озеро Красное ) |
Schuiken ( Spechtsboden , Russian Прохладное Prochladnoje ), |
54 ° 20 ′ 30 ″ N , 22 ° 19 ′ 10 ″ E | |||
Żytkiejmy (German until 1936 Szittkehmen , 1936–1938 Schittkehmen , 1938–1945 Wehrkirchen ), Powiat Gołdapski |
|
Budweitschen , (Szittkehmen parish) | 54 ° 20 ′ 27 " N , 22 ° 18 ′ 43" E | ||
The tri-border region between Poland , Lithuania and Russia | 54 ° 21 ′ 48 " N , 22 ° 47 ′ 31" E |
gallery
See also
Web links
- Linija Barciany - Железнодорожный. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed July 2, 2019 (Polish).
- Border crossings in the Kaliningrad region. Federal Foreign Office, 2019, accessed on May 22, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Russia and the Baltic States. War scenarios and small border traffic. Deutschlandfunk , May 10, 2018, accessed on May 26, 2019 : “Since Vladimir Putin reinforced his troops on the border with the Baltic countries, NATO has also increased its presence. The Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians and Poles in particular suffer from the military threatening gestures. Private or business relationships across borders are becoming more difficult. "
- Paul Flückiger: Where the Russian exclave Kaliningrad is only 20 meters away. NZZ , August 27, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 : “On the border between Lithuania and the Russian exclave Kaliningrad, strong security measures are mixed with pragmatism. The East-West conflict is palpable. "
- Sönke Krüger: Russia's exclave between Lithuania and Poland. welt online , May 22, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 : “The Kaliningrad region has had an eventful history. No foreigner was allowed to enter the country for a long time. Today the "Sahara on the Baltic Sea" is open to visitors. And there is still more interesting things to discover. "
- Gesine Dornblüth: Russia and the Baltic States. War scenarios and small border traffic. Deutschlandfunk , May 10, 2018, accessed on May 22, 2019 : "Since Vladimir Putin reinforced his troops on the border with the Baltic countries, NATO has also increased its presence. The Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians and Poles in particular suffer from the military threatening gestures. Private or business relationships across borders are becoming more difficult. "
- Lithuania is building a fence on the border with Kaliningrad. ZEIT ONLINE , dpa, AFP, sre, June 6, 2017, accessed on May 22, 2019 : “The construction of the fence along the EU's external border to the Russian exclave has begun. The country wants to protect itself against smugglers - and against Russia. "
- Treaty between the Republic of Lithuania and the Russian Federation on the Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental Shelf in the Baltic Sea. (PDF) In: Delimitation Treaties Infobase. UN , October 24, 1997, accessed May 22, 2019 .
- Russia. In: The World Factbook . CIA , May 13, 2019, accessed May 22, 2019 .
- На литовской границе обнаружили контрабанду сигарет на 5 млн рублей. Росбалт.RU, April 14, 2010, accessed May 22, 2019 (Russian).
- Arnaud Serry: Circulation at the Russian-Baltic States Boundary. A cut and a seam. In: Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies. Université du Havre, 2012, accessed on May 22, 2019 .
- Kaliningrad: Borders in the lagoon open to shipping? Russia News, March 4, 2007, accessed July 4, 2019 .
Remarks
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↑ The citizens of Kaliningrad are more oriented towards the west than those in the “mother country”. Above all, border traffic brought clear economic advantages. While the Poles refuel and buy cigarettes in Kaliningrad, Russians are interested in consumer goods and groceries that are widely available in Poland and are much cheaper.
- Marius Emsel: Shopping in Poland, refueling in Kaliningrad. Today in the east. MDR , September 27, 2017, accessed July 2, 2019 .
- Karl Herenbrok: Small border traffic in Kaliningrad suspended. (Vodeo) DW , 2016, accessed July 2, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Kaliningrad confrontation point. The front line of the new cold war. Deutschlandfunk , April 14, 2018, accessed on July 2, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Kaliningrad confrontation point. Peaceful transit. Deutschlandfunk, April 9, 2018, accessed on July 2, 2019 .
- Gesine Dornblüth: Kaliningrad confrontation point (5/5). “We really like the Russians”. Deutschlandfunk, April 13, 2018, accessed on July 2, 2019 .
- Łukasz Wenerski: Analysis: Local border traffic between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast. bpb , January 22, 2015, accessed on July 29, 2019 .
- ↑ Land furthest point of the common maritime border of the territories in the territorial sea .
- ↑ a b c The connection across the border established after the Second World War was interrupted.
-
↑ The border section across the spit between the two bodies of water ( Baltic Sea , Fresh Lagoon ) is only about 850 m long and thus the shortest land border between Poland and Russia. The Polish border fence is being modernized as part of securing the EU / Schengen / NATO external borders. Currently there are often border violations by tourists who want to take a photo in Russia. Since the Russian border guards observe covertly and occasionally intervene quickly and unpleasantly, Polish signs warn of the consequences and severe penalties are threatened if they are ignored. The Russian barrier line consists of markings (border posts, prohibition signs) directly at the border, mostly covered posts, a solid, electrically secured fence 280 m and another barrier strip 1600 m away. The entire Russian part of the Baltic Spit you mentioned ( Russian Балтийская коса ) is a restricted area for civilians. The westernmost Russian border post is stationed in the former fishing village of Narmeln . Due to a spelling mistake, the Russians call the place N o rmeln ( Russian Нормельн = normal ) and the command is subordinate to the Königsberg border guard ( Russian Кёнигсбергскому погранотряду , not Kaliningrad ).
- khutorskoy: Как я стал пограничником, или 20 лет спустя на погранзаставе. livejournal, February 12, 2012, accessed on July 3, 2019 (Russian, How I became a border guard or 20 years later at a border post).
- Because of Kaliningrad: Poland dredges its own Baltic Canal. In: Today in the East. mdr , September 11, 2017, accessed on July 3, 2019 : “A Russian military port is troubling Polish sea trade. That is why the government in Warsaw is now having a canal dredged through a nature reserve. "
- Mierzeja Wiślana: Przekop mierzei nie jest potrzebny? November 19, 2007, accessed July 3, 2019 (Polish, environmentalists suggestion).
- Kaliningrad: Borders in the lagoon open to shipping? Russia News, March 4, 2007, accessed July 4, 2019 .
-
↑ Railway border crossing (set up for passenger and freight traffic), since December 12, 2015, the railway line Malbork – Russian border near Braniewo with an extension to Kaliningrad, which has been operated only rarely and exclusively for goods traffic . Part of the now largely disused Elbląg – Braniewo railway , known as the “Haffuferbahn” until 1945, and the former Prussian Eastern Railway . The timetable of July 1, 1914 still provided for seven pairs of express trains, including the famous Nord-Express and D1 from Berlin and D2 to Berlin . The broad gauge, which was relocated after the war and was still of strategic importance in Soviet times , was dismantled on the Polish side.
- Linia Malbork - Braniewo - (Мамоново) (204/597). Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 .
- Braniewo-Mamonowo. In: Mapa przejść i obiektów Straży Granicznej. Komenda Główna Straży Granicznej, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
-
↑ Border crossing for passengers, freight (international trucks up to six tons)
- Gronowo-Mamonowo. In: Mapa przejść i obiektów Straży Granicznej. Komenda Główna Straży Granicznej, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
- Gronau (district of Heilsberg) Polish Gronowo
-
↑ The hiking trail E9 ends for the time being on the Polish side. The Pomeranian Way of St. James continues from Kretinga in Lithuania to Szczecin, where it merges into the Way of St. James, Via Baltica .
- Beate Steger: Pomeranian Way of St. James. Coastal path Pomorska Droga sw.Jakuba. Ways of St. James in Europe, 2019, accessed on August 21, 2019 .
-
↑ Border crossing for passenger and freight traffic
- Grzechotki-Mamonowo II. In: Mapa przejść i obiektów Straży Granicznej. Komenda Główna Straży Granicznej, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
-
↑ The Poles call the road Berlinka because it was part of the former Reichsautobahn Berlin – Königsberg ; in Germany it is now the Berlin - Stettin section . The "Grzechotki-Mamonowo II" border crossing point was opened on November 24, 2010.
- Holy ax Russian Mamonowo
-
↑ Disused railway line. The embankment was dismantled on the border and the tracks on the Russian side dismantled.
- Linia Czerwonka – Корнево (224). Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed on July 2, 2019 .
- Linia Pieniężno – Корнево. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed on July 2, 2019 .
-
↑ The former Reichsstrasse 126 ( Mehlsack - Zinten ) is interrupted at the border at the former Kupgallen. Less than a kilometer behind the border is the barracks of the border guards of the FSB in the former Gut Kuschen ( Russian Квишен ) Glomno: Changes in the division of territory
- Information for users. March 1, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 (Polish, concerns changes of territory).
- Przejście graniczne Głomno-Bagrationowsk | German Głomno-Bagrationowsk border crossing, information on decommissioning (Polish)
- Graniczna Placówka Kontrolna Bezledy German Bezledy border control center
-
↑ The railway line (branch line) № 38, alternating between standard and broad gauge , was expanded and expanded in several stages from September 24, 1866 to 1915. The track width has also been changed several times. In 1990 the line was electrified on the Polish side. In 2000 passenger traffic was stopped and the line has been out of service since July 2002.
- Linija Białystok - Głomno (- Багратионовск) (38). Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed July 2, 2019 (Polish).
-
↑ Over a length of 190 km (according to other sources 289 km) the Łyna flows through the Polish Masuria and Warmia ; She covers another 74 km as Lawa in the Kaliningrad Oblast. It is navigable over a distance of 54 km.
- All (river)
- Article All in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BSE) , 3rd edition 1969–1978 (Russian)
- All in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- Brigitte Jäger-Dabek: Canoeing: water hiking on the Łyna. Warmia-Masuria Journal, June 16, 2014, accessed July 2, 2019 .
- Markus Steppuhn: The river Alle in Reußen in the former East Prussia. Reussen.com, accessed on July 2, 2019 .
-
↑ Section of the Rastenburger Kleinbahnen . Two parallel tracks of the classic Malbork – Braniewo railway , line № 205 = broad gauge , № 353 = standard gauge to the Logistic Terminal Skandawa, Braniewo
- Marienburg (West Prussia) in Polish Malbork
- Braunsberg (East Prussia) in Polish Braniewo
-
↑ Section of the Rastenburger Kleinbahnen . Remains of the single-track narrow-gauge railway (750 mm) for freight / passenger traffic since January 1, 1917. Dismantled in March 1945.
- Linija Barciany - Железнодорожный. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed July 2, 2019 (Polish).
- Measuring table sheet 1694: Wall lacquers, 1942 Wall lacquers. - record 1927, ed. 1933, last update 1939. - 1: 25000. - [Berlin : Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme, 1942. - 1 ct.]
-
↑ The building was only 90% completed and never completed after the division of East Prussia. The canal bed is partially silted up and can only be used for water sports in small, border-distant sections. Of the ten locks planned, only a few were completed. All locks are not operational, were partly destroyed in the war or later eroded. 22 km of the 51.7 km long canal are in Poland.
- Masurian Canal. URM, 2019, accessed on July 1, 2019 : “The Masurian Canal, which wassupposed to connectthe Masurian Lakes region to Koenigsberg, is now in Poland and Russia (Kaliningrad). The partially completed locks are attractions. "
- Masurian Canal
- Kanał Mazurski / Masurian Canal. Rural Tourism Zielony Gaj (Green Grove) , 2019, accessed on July 1, 2019 .
- Kanału Mazurskiego project. Hydrotechniczna perełka Mazur, 2009, accessed July 1, 2019 (Polish).
- Helmut Krüger: Masurian Canal. Mein Masuren (travel portal), 2017, accessed on July 1, 2019 .
-
^ Part of the Königsberg – Angerburg railway line . Opened on September 1, 1898 as a single-track standard - gauge railway for regular passenger and freight traffic. Partially dismantled after 1945 and since then used on the Polish side as a dirt road, bike / hiking trail.
- Linia Крылово - Węgorzewo. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed July 1, 2019 (Polish).
- ↑ Until 1945 it was Reichsstrasse 131 . It ran from Pillau via Königsberg to Arys
- ↑ A Krylowo / Perły border crossing is planned.
-
↑ Part of the Gumbinnen – Angerburg railway line
- Linija Węgorzewo - Южное. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed July 2, 2019 (Polish).
-
^ Cross-border river of 169 km, of which 120 km through Russia. Remarkable fishing area, not usable for water sports near the border.
- Angerapp in the State Water Register of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- Angerapp (river) at GOV
-
^ Part of the Gołdap – Nesterow and Toruń – Tschernjachowsk railway lines . On September 3, 1900: Opening of the Goldap – Karczarningken line (single-track, standard gauge). Passenger and freight traffic until 1945, then the line was dismantled. The Polish part of the route is now Warschauer Straße ( Polish : Wczasowa ) and the entrance to the Wital sanatorium . On the section from Krasnolessje to Nesterow, traffic was initially still running, but was then only used for some time by freight traffic. This part of the route has been preserved. Future use is being considered.
- Linia Gołdap - Железнодорожное. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, June 1, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 (Polish).
- ↑ The smaller northern part of the lake is located in Russia and is called the Red Lake ( Russian Озеро Красное Osero Krasnoje ).
-
↑ Part of the Gumbinnen – Goldap railway line . On August 15, 1908: partial opening of the Botkuny – Rybino line (single-track, standard gauge). Passenger and goods traffic, which was built in the 1920s as the "Kaiserbahn" to Goldap (Polish Gołdap). In Nov./Dec. In operation in 1944, the line was later dismantled. Whether it was for strategic reasons (to stop the enemy) or for the procurement of materials is unknown. On both sides the route is still clearly recognizable in many places and several bridges still exist, but some of them are in decline. The Stańczyki Railway Bridge is famous
- Linia Рыбино - Botkuny. Ogólnopolska Baza Kolejowa, July 31, 2018, accessed June 30, 2019 (Polish).
- Szittkehmen
- Budweitschen (Ksp. Szittkehmen)
Individual evidence
- ^ Richard C. Frucht: Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture . ABC-CLIO, December 31, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6 , p. 170 (accessed September 12, 2012).
- ^ David L. Ransel: Polish Encounters, Russian Identity . Indiana University Press, July 1, 2005, ISBN 978-0-253-34588-2 , p. 25, (Accessed September 12, 2012).
- ↑ Ryski traktat pokojowy - WIEM, darmowa encyklopedia. Portalwiedzy.onet.pl, accessed September 12, 2012 (Polish).
- ↑ Polska w cyfrach ( page no longer available ) [in:] E. Romer Atlas Polski wspolczesnej , 1928 ( page no longer available )
- ↑ See Adolf Laufs : Rechtsentwicklungen in Deutschland. 5th, revised. and one chapter (GDR) additional edition, de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1996, ISBN 3-11-014620-7 , p. 399 .
- ↑ Kowalski & Schmidt: The Forgotten Frontier. On the trail of the old border between Germany and Poland. rbb , August 25, 2018, accessed July 9, 2019 .
- ↑ a b Tomasz Dubowski: Przyjazna granica niezbędnym elementem wzmacniania stosunków społeczeństw Polski i Rosji. (PDF) Granica polsko – rosyjska jako granica zewnętrzna Unii Europejskiej. Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu w Białymstok, 2011, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
- ^ Andrzej Jezierski: Historia Gospodarcza Polski . Key Text Wydawnictwo, 2003, ISBN 978-83-87251-71-0 , p. 383 (accessed September 12, 2012).
- ↑ a b Janusz Szymański: Relacje traktatowe z Rosją po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej | hrsg = Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu w Białymstok
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↑ Halina Dmochowska: Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 2012. In: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2012, Retrieved June 28, 2019 (Polish). Granice RP. Komenda Główna Straży Granicznej, April 23, 2008, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
- ^ Treaty between Russia (USSR) and Poland concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet-Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea. (PDF) In: UN Delimitation Treaties Infobase. March 5, 1957, pp. 1–3 , accessed June 28, 2019 (English).
- ↑ Tomasz Dubowski. Chapter Granica polsko - rosyjska jako granica zewnętrzna Unii Europejskiej . In "PRZYJAZNA GRANICA NIEZBĘDNYM ELEMENTEM WZMACNIANIA STOSUNKÓW SPOŁECZEŃSTW POLSKI I ROSJI", Wydział Prawa Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 2011 /BSP_9.pdf
- ↑ a b PHP: Powstanie nowe przejście z obwodem kaliningradzkim. wnp.pl | Serwis Logistyka. Transport, logistyka, firmy kurierskie. Logistyka.wnp.pl, April 16, 2008, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
- ↑ Straż Graniczna - Treść. Strazgraniczna.pl, May 13, 2008, accessed June 28, 2019 (Polish).
- ↑ Agencja Reklamowa GABO: W Grzechotkach ruszyło największe przejście na granicy z Rosją. info.elblag.pl, December 8, 2010, accessed September 12, 2012 (Polish).
- ↑ Small border traffic between Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast
- ↑ Badanie obrotu towarów i usług na zewnętrznej granicy Unii Europejskiej na terenie Polski w I kwartale 2012 roku. (PDF) In: GŁÓWNY URZĄD STATYSTYCZNY URZĄD STATYSTYCZNY W RZESZOWIE. May 23, 2012, Retrieved June 28, 2019 (Polish).
- ^ Eastern approaches Ex-communist Europe. Poland and Kaliningrad: Small Border Traffic. The Economist, October 8, 2013, accessed June 28, 2019 .
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↑ Emilia Stawikowska: Plaża inna niż wszystkie. Tu kończy się Polska. 2016, Retrieved June 28, 2019 (Polish). Grandpa. Krynica Morska.tv, accessed July 3, 2019 (Polish).