Tuition fees in Germany

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The collection of tuition fees in Germany at state universities is a controversial political issue. In particular, the question of the extent to which tuition fees are socially acceptable and to what extent students should be able to share in the costs of studying with the remaining taxpayers through tuition fees is particularly controversial .

Overview

Even before the general tuition fees were introduced, there was no access to a university at no cost. The semester fee is mandatory and is only waived in cases of hardship . The tuition fees are to be clearly separated from this and are charged additionally. The semester fee is made up of contributions for the student body , AStA and student union as well as a possible administrative fee . In addition, other services, such as the semester ticket of the respective public transport association , can be financed through this contribution. Tuition fees, on the other hand, are funds that students pay to the university. The mid-2000s introduced and in the early 2010s in all provinces again abolished tuition fees were subject in some states of earmarking . In Bavaria, for example, they were only allowed to be used to improve teaching and study conditions.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (IPwskR) , which Germany has also signed, demands that " higher education must be made accessible to everyone in every suitable way, in particular through the gradual introduction of free of charge, according to their abilities " (Art 13.2.c). This is to guarantee the cultural human right to education .

history

The first form of tuition fees in the Federal Republic were listening fees , which existed until 1970. The listening fees were raised in the amount of approx. 150 DM . Adjusted for inflation, this corresponds to EUR 270 . In 1970, student fees were successfully boycotted at Hamburg universities . About 6,000 students followed the call for a boycott. Listening fees have not been collected in this form since 1970.

Party participation in the introduction of general tuition fees
decision Come into effect government
Baden-Württemberg December 15, 2005 SS 2007 CDU / FDP
Bavaria May 18, 2006 SS 2007 CSU
Hamburg June 28, 2006 SS 2007 CDU
Hesse October 5, 2006 WS 2007/08 CDU
Lower Saxony December 9, 2005 WS 2006/07 CDU / FDP
North Rhine-Westphalia March 16, 2006 WS 2006/07 CDU / FDP
Saarland July 12, 2006 WS 07/08 CDU

The Higher Education Act (HRG) from the Federal Government posted a long time tuition fees. The Union-led federal states of Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Hamburg , Hesse , Saarland , Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt took legal action against this law, which was amended in 2002 , and saw it as an inadmissible interference by the federal government in the legislative competence of the states in the field of culture. The Federal Constitutional Court ruled these countries on January 26, 2005.

All western German federal states with the exception of Bremen , Rhineland-Palatinate and Schleswig-Holstein then introduced general tuition fees of varying amounts between 2006 and 2007. As a result, around 70% of students in Germany and 90% of students in West Germany were affected by general tuition fees. In East Germany, including Berlin, no federal state had introduced general tuition fees. Due to political changes, particularly due to state elections, the number of federal states that charge general tuition fees decreased to Bavaria and Lower Saxony by the winter semester 2012/13. In these two states, too, the tuition fees were abolished as a result of a change of government (Lower Saxony) or a referendum and the new position of the state government (Bavaria): in Bavaria for the winter semester 2013/14, in Lower Saxony for the winter semester 2014/15. As a result, general tuition fees have not been charged in Germany since 2014.

In addition to the abolished general tuition fees, in some federal states there are tuition fees for long-term students ( Bremen , Lower Saxony , Saxony , Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia ), tuition fees for a second degree ( Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate ), as well as tuition fees for foreign students from non-EU States (Baden-Württemberg).

Overview of exemption from fees and fees in the German federal states

The following table shows the exemption from fees and tuition fees in the German federal states in euros per semester. It can be seen that no federal state charges tuition fees for the first degree in the standard period of study, but fees for long-term students and second degree courses are incurred in numerous countries. Almost a third of the countries charge fees for long-term students, i.e. students who study longer than the standard period of study (plus a tolerance of 4+ semesters). Administrative fees of around € 50 per semester are common in most countries. In fact, the student also has to pay for a semester ticket from the regional transport association. The acquisition of this ticket is often mandatory for enrollment or re-registration and can only be bypassed in cases of hardship. Depending on the transport association, there is another € 80 to € 170 per semester.

Tuition fees in the German federal states (as of July 2019)
country Undergraduate degree Second degree Part-time studies Foreign students from non-EU countries Long-term students Administration fee (without contribution to the student union and public transport)
Baden-Württemberg no € 650
 for non-consecutive master’s courses (further education courses) can be determined by universities € 1,500
 no € 70
Bavaria no no 2000 € no no no
Berlin no no no no no 50 €
Brandenburg no no no no no € 51
Bremen no no no no 500 €
(from the 15th semester) 		50 €
Hamburg no no no no no 50 €
Hesse no no no no no 50 €
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania no no no no no up to 50 €
(can be determined by universities)
Lower Saxony no no no no 500 €
(from the 6th semester over the standard period of study) 		€ 75
North Rhine-Westphalia no no no no no no
Rhineland-Palatinate no € 650 no no no no
Saarland no no no no no up to 50 €
(can be determined by universities)
Saxony-Anhalt no up to 500 €
(can be determined by universities) 		can be determined by universities no 500 €
(from the 5th semester over the standard period of study) 		can be determined by universities
Saxony no can be determined by universities can be determined by universities can be determined by universities 500 €
(from the 5th semester over the standard period of study) 		€ 25-150
Schleswig-Holstein no no no no no no
Thuringia no no no no 500 €
(from the 4th semester over the standard period of study) 		up to 50 €
(can be determined by universities)

Tuition fees in the countries

In the federal states of Berlin , Brandenburg , Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Schleswig-Holstein , no tuition fees have yet been charged. Therefore, only information about tuition fees in the remaining 12 federal states can be found below.

Baden-Württemberg

After no more tuition fees had been charged since 1970, the black and yellow state government decided on May 5, 1997 to introduce long-term tuition fees of DM 1000 for the winter semester 1998/99. Adjusted for inflation, this corresponds to 686 euros today . Students who exceeded the standard period of study by four semesters were affected by this fee until the winter semester 2006/07. The long-term tuition fees are then added to the general tuition fees.

On December 15, 2005 the state parliament of Baden-Württemberg decided with the black and yellow state government to introduce general tuition fees (€ 500 per semester) for the summer semester 2007. Adjusted for inflation, this corresponds to 587 euros today . There were exceptions to the obligation to pay - in some cases upon request - so that, according to the Ministry of Science, 44% of students were recently exempt from tuition fees. The general tuition fees were charged for a total of 10 semesters from the 2007 summer semester up to and including the 2011/12 winter semester.

The green-red state government elected in the state elections in Baden-Württemberg in 2011 abolished general tuition fees for the 2012 summer semester. In return, the universities received quality assurance funds amounting to € 280 per student. This amount takes into account students who are exempt from tuition fees.

On May 3, 2017, the state parliament decided on the proposal of the Minister of Science Theresia Bauer ( green-black state government ) to introduce fees for international students from outside the EU from the winter semester 2017/18. Foreign students from non-EU countries will now have to pay tuition fees of 1,500 euros per semester. Most of the foreign students in Baden-Württemberg in 2016 (13%) came from China (in comparison: in 1999 it was less than 6%). The reason for the introduction of tuition fees for students from non-EU countries is that they are for the purpose of studying Germany would enter and not be part of the German solidarity community that collectively earns taxes. The social compatibility of these tuition fees will be ensured through exceptional regulations.

In addition, from the 2017/18 winter semester, tuition fees for a second degree of EUR 650 per semester will also be charged, as in Rhineland-Palatinate . The completion of a first bachelor's degree and a first master’s degree count as a first degree. Thus, only - after successfully completing the first degree - studying a second bachelor's degree or a second master’s degree are affected by the fees.

Bavaria

Since the winter semester 2013, Bavaria has been free of tuition fees again after six years. From the summer semester 1999 in Bavaria a fee of DM 1000 per semester was charged for the second degree , from the winter semester 2005/06 a fee of 500 € per semester was added for long-term students .

Both of these were replaced by the introduction of general tuition fees in the 2007 summer semester. The introduction was decided in autumn 2005 by the cabinet and in May 2006 by the Bavarian state parliament with the CSU majority. The Bavarian SPD spoke out against the introduction of tuition fees. The general tuition fees at universities and art colleges were between € 300 and € 500 and at universities of applied sciences between € 100 and € 500. In fact, almost every university took advantage of the maximum limit of € 500. At most universities of applied sciences, a medium to long-term tuition fee of € 400 to € 500 was charged. At the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and the HFF , the tuition fees were € 300. In addition, the student union fee of currently € 35 to € 45 had to be paid, so that the majority of the students had to pay just under € 550.

Exceptions were made in the following cases, among others:

  1. Students who care for and raise a child who has not yet reached the age of eighteen at the beginning of the respective semester or who is disabled.
  2. Students whose under civil law dependents for three or more children receive child benefit or comparable benefits in a member state of the European Union; The performance of a charitable service by a child is equated with receiving child benefit; The same is true if one or more of children under 25, but have not yet reached the age of 27, but otherwise the requirement of § 32 para. 4 sentence 1 no. 2 Income Tax Act (ITA) meet, or if the disability according to Section 32 (4) sentence 1 no.3 EStG occurred between the age of 25 and 27,
  3. Students whose civil servants are obliged to support another child who is enrolled at a German university and who pays tuition fees or tuition fees; The tuition fees or tuition fees are equivalent to comparable tuition fees that are paid in a member state of the European Union,
  4. Foreign students who are enrolled under intergovernmental or international agreements or university agreements that guarantee exemption from taxes.
  5. Students for whom the charging of a tuition fee due to special circumstances of the individual case, also taking into account the regulations in paragraph 7, represents an unreasonable hardship.

The Bavarian universities can also exempt up to 10% of the students from the obligation to pay in whole or in part due to special performance.

In Bavaria, there is no statutory cap on the level of fees for continuing education courses.

A draft law of the state government intends to authorize universities to charge fees of up to € 2,000 for offers of part-time study. The state government should be able to determine the exact amount of the fee by ordinance.

In Bavaria, student representatives had tried in vain to lower the tuition fees at their university. However, this regularly led to great resistance from the governing coalition. On November 19, 2010, the office of the FDP politician Wolfgang Heubisch , the Bavarian Minister for Science, Research and the Arts, sent a letter to the university presidents and rectors demanding that the remaining funds (unused tuition fees) be reduced as quickly as possible. Here he noted that the student participation would make the "timely and complete outflow of funds" more difficult. "In order not to jeopardize the political support for the collection of tuition fees in Bavaria, [he] does not want to have to report a further increase in the remaining funds in the next year, but rather be able to point out an outflow of the saved remains." The content of the letter met with severe criticism from students and university staff.

In Bavaria, from January 17 to 30, 2013, the referendum “No to tuition fees in Bavaria” took place, which was initiated by the free voters . It was supported by numerous university associations, political parties and trade unions. 14.3% of those eligible to vote entered the signature lists, which means that the referendum is accepted and the state parliament had to vote on its abolition. (which he already did.)

On February 23, 2013, the FDP and CSU agreed in coalition talks to abolish tuition fees for the 2013/14 winter semester and to fully compensate the universities for this loss of income. For this purpose, a total of 219 million euros are to be made available from the state budget in 2013/14.

Bremen

The Bremen Parliament decided by a vote of the Grand Coalition on 13 October 2005 after the country's children model the so-called "study account law" . At the beginning of the 2006/2007 winter semester, this provided for fees of € 500 for students who did not register their primary residence in Bremen, as well as for all students who exceed their standard study period of 15 semesters. Exceptions were granted for students with children and BAföG recipients, among others. The Bremen Science and Education Senate, headed by Senator Willi Lemke , left “all regulations on the procedure and implementation of the law” to the statutory autonomy of the universities. In the parliamentary debate on the law, in addition to the opposition parties, both the Justice and Interior Senators voiced considerable constitutional concerns about the regulation.

The administrative court of Bremen finally decided on August 16, 2006 that the current state child regulation contradicts the constitutionally guaranteed principle of equality from Article 3 (1) of the Basic Law . There were therefore urgent applications from three students living outside of Bremen who had complained against the University of Bremen's obligation to pay fees from the third semester onwards. However, the court emphasized that there were no fundamental concerns about tuition fees. The collection of tuition fees for non-state children was then suspended. With its judgment of September 17, 2007, the Bremen Administrative Court once again made it clear that the Bremen regional child model is illegal. Tuition fees may therefore not be charged until the Federal Constitutional Court has reached a final decision.

The SPD, which is co-ruling in the Bremen Senate, entered the campaign for the state elections with a commitment to free first degree for state children from Bremen and Bremerhaven.

Hamburg

In Hamburg , for the first time in the 2004 summer semester, tuition fees of € 500 were levied for students who did not live in the Hamburg region (city plus surrounding districts) or who had significantly exceeded the standard period of study. The collection of tuition fees for students living outside the region was temporarily suspended in the spring of 2005 following a lawsuit.

The introduction of a general tuition fee for all students was originally planned for the summer semester 2006, whereby this “fee” should initially amount to € 500 per semester. However, the actual introduction did not take place until the summer semester 2007. The Student Financing Act for the introduction of tuition fees was passed on June 28, 2006 with the votes of the CDU parliamentary group in the Hamburg parliament.

Since the summer semester 2005, an administrative fee of 50 € has been added to the tuition fees.

In July 2007 there was a scandal when the university management at the Hamburg University of Fine Arts, under pressure from Senator for Science Jörg Dräger , exmatriculated more than half of the prospective artists because they participated in a boycott of the newly introduced tuition fees. The students justified their protest with the financial insecurity of their desired jobs. Up to the last deadline for paying the outstanding tuition fees, around a third of the students had still not paid any tuition fees to the university. Instead, they filed a lawsuit against their de-registration in court. However, they were allowed to stay at the university until the final decision was made.

In April 2008, the two future governing parties of Hamburg's citizenship , CDU and Grün-Alternative Liste Hamburg , announced that they would introduce a new tuition fee model from the winter semester 2008/09, according to which students only have to pay 375 € per semester and the payment only takes place with an annual salary of € 30,000 or more (i.e. usually after graduation). This proposal was approved on June 18, 2008.

In April 2011 the Senate (SPD sole government) decided the tuition fees for October 1, 2012, i. H. to be abolished in the 2012/2013 winter semester. The missing income from the tuition fees should be fully compensated. The reason given for the abolition of tuition fees is, in particular, the compensation of disadvantages for socially weaker applicants.

Hesse

The state of Hesse plays a special role in relation to tuition fees . The Hessian state constitution stipulates in Art. 59: " In all public elementary, middle and high schools the lessons are free of charge. [...] It can order that an appropriate school fee is to be paid if the economic situation of the student, his parents or those otherwise liable for maintenance. “For this reason, the Wiesbaden state government did not join the lawsuit against the ban on tuition fees. The said article goes back to the early days of the Federal Republic. At the time, they wanted to make education possible for everyone in order to dispel the spirit of the Nazi era . The later Minister of Justice, Karl-Heinz Koch (father of Hesse's former Prime Minister Roland Koch ), who, as a law student in 1949, had enforced the abolition of tuition fees in 1949, was particularly active against tuition fees . Because at that time all students had to pay, he sued with others and invoked Article 59 of the Hessian constitution. The State Court of Justice then ruled out the possibility of admission fees.

Introduction of tuition fees

In 2003, an "administration fee" of € 50 was introduced, which had to be paid in addition to the university fee per semester. This fee is to be collected by the universities and passed on to the state.

According to the Hessian Student Credit Act (StuGuG ), fees were charged up to the summer semester 2007 from students who did not have credit ( long-term students ).

Despite months of protests and constitutional concerns from students, the Hessian State Parliament introduced general tuition fees from the winter semester 2007/2008 onwards with the Hessian Tuition Fee Act of October 16, 2006 (HStubeiG) . The law was passed with the votes of the CDU, with the abstention of the FDP and rejection by the SPD and the Greens. The law goes back to the Hessian science minister Udo Corts . For the first degree, the fee should be € 500 per semester. The universities were able to increase the fees to € 1,500 per semester in the following cases:

  • for a second degree
  • for dissertation
  • for so-called "doctoral courses" according to § 31 Paragraph 6 HHG
  • for consecutive master’s courses from the beginning of the course in the winter semester 2010/11.

Those affected should be provided with student loans in the amount of the tuition fees, which only have to be paid back after completing their studies and if they are employed accordingly. The maximum interest rate was around 7.5%. There were also exemptions for tuition fees. a. with very good performance, illnesses etc.

The student body of the Hessian universities reacted again with violent protests to the plans of the state government. In the 2006 summer semester, highways or rails were frequently blocked, demonstrations through the city centers and even university rectorates and administrative buildings occupied, for example at the Philipps University of Marburg . The media speak of the most violent student protests in over 15 years. Various protests continued to take place at all university locations in the 2006/07 winter semester, although the intensity of the protests and the participation of students decreased. The state AStenkonferenz (union of all student committees in Hesse) had announced that the protests would continue until the state government rejected the plans to introduce general tuition fees. In the summer semester of 2007 only a few protests took place at Hessian universities. In the meantime, at most universities, the so-called “tuition fee funds” have already been planned for expenses for “improving teaching and studying”. The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main has an additional € 11 million available per semester. The funds were mainly spent on improving teaching. 85 new jobs were created. According to the Hessian Tuition Fee Act ( HStuBeiG ), however, additional professorial positions could not be financed by tuition fees.

Judicial review proceedings before the State Court

The constitutional lawyer Christian Graf von Pestalozza (Freie Universität Berlin) was commissioned by the Hessian government in 2005 to assess the admissibility of tuition fees according to the Hessian constitution . In his report published in April 2006 by the Ministry of Science, Pestalozza understands tuition fees as a case of school fees permitted by the state constitution if they are economically affordable . Thus, they are permissible according to the Hessian constitution and are not in contradiction to the constitutional requirement of free of charge. It is also decisive that the economic situation of the taxpayers during the study period does not necessarily matter, rather it is sufficient to tie in with a later performance, which corresponds to a post-storage model. Tuition fees are even required, the amount can be largely freely determined by the universities, as long as there is no cross-financing of foreign subjects.

The constitutional lawyer Arndt Schmehl ( University of Hamburg ) justifies the opposite view . Accordingly, tuition fees are not fundamentally inadmissible in Hesse either, but general tuition fees or tuition fees, which are to be levied by everyone, are ultimately not covered by Article 59 of the Constitution of the State of Hesse , which combines a principle of free of charge for everyone with the possibility of drawing only those who are economically capable . Any social cushioning through the granting of loans does not change anything, rather the under-performing part of the students in Hesse must remain free of charge, Schmehl also wrote in the Giessen university newspaper uniforum on July 3, 2006. The constitutional lawyer Joachim Wieland ( University of Frankfurt am Main ) represented on July 12, 2006 in an interview in the Frankfurter Rundschau , this position was also held.

Schmehl and Wieland maintained this view on September 4, 2006 during the public hearing of the Hessian state parliament on the draft law of the CDU parliamentary group and the draft law of the FDP parliamentary group. These drafts each provide for the introduction of general tuition fees in connection with an entitlement to an interest-bearing loan.

On the other hand, Ferdinand Kirchhof (University of Tübingen) and Rudolf Steinberg (University of Frankfurt, also its President), as other constitutional law experts at the hearing, expressed themselves in favor of the fundamental constitutionality of the drafts, as did Christian Pestalozza , who, however, included his position developed in the above-mentioned report, among other things explained in more detail that the post-storage model was constitutional, but interest-bearing on the loan was out of the question.

In the last reading, the ruling CDU tried to satisfy the opponents of fees with changes to the bill. In particular, BAföG recipients now get the loan interest-free in order to eliminate the deterrent effect and the disadvantage compared to economically better off immediate payers. Nevertheless, 45 members of the Hessian state parliament and the parliamentary groups of the SPD and Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen brought a constitutional complaint to the State Court of Hesse in February 2007. Against this socio-political and constitutional background, the SPD candidate for the 2008 prime ministerial election, Andrea Ypsilanti , announced that in the event of an election victory, the SPD would reverse the tuition fees in Hesse within the first hundred days of government.

In the pending norms control proceedings against the HStubeiG (Az .: P.St. 2133) before the State Court of Hesse , the state attorney , Ute Sacksofsky , also judged the introduction of general tuition fees to be unlawful because that the requirement of the Hessian state constitution fails to exempt economically weak people from tuition fees. The public prosecutor's office has therefore joined the motion to annul the law. In addition, in September 2007 there was a public complaint signed by more than 70,000 people (case number: P.St. 2158) with the same application goal before the State Court.

The court began joint hearing for both lawsuits on February 13, 2008.

Before the decision of the State Court of Justice, the Administrative Court of Gießen, which, however, does not have its own authority to reject, had also expressed constitutional concerns and temporarily suspended payments in Gießen and Marburg.

In the end, on June 11, 2008, the State Court of Justice declared the fee system under the HStubeiG to be permissible, although the judges' final decision was very tight with six to five votes. In the opinion of the majority of the judges, the requirements in Art. 59 HV do not guarantee a free study if a loan system provides a social cushion and nobody is excluded from the study. In a minority vote, however, the 5 losing judges argue in favor of the applicants. On July 10, 2008, it became known that several shop stewards of the above-mentioned people's lawsuit against tuition fees filed a lawsuit against the judgment at the Federal Constitutional Court . It is not yet clear when a decision will be made.

Abolition of tuition fees

In April 2008, the parliamentary groups of the SPD and the Greens submitted a joint motion to the state parliament to abolish tuition fees and long-term tuition fees - regardless of the decision of the State Court - from the winter semester 2008/09. At the same time, the parliamentary group of the Die Linke party submitted its own application, which even requires repayment of the tuition fees paid so far. In its own draft law, the FDP proposed, as in North Rhine-Westphalia, that universities should in future be able to choose whether they want to charge tuition fees.

In April 2008, the acting Prime Minister Roland Koch announced that he would not stand in the way of such a possible decision. With the aim of abolishing the tuition fees, the Hessian state parliament adopted a draft law on June 3, 2008 with a majority of the SPD, Greens and Die Linke, in which the decisive passage for abolishing tuition fees was missing due to an oversight. Since the passed law would only have resulted in the abolition of the scholarship system, Prime Minister Koch refused to sign it. On the part of the SPD, the accusation was raised that the executive state government had only insufficiently fulfilled its duty to provide advice. A new law, which this time contained the decisive passage, was passed by the state parliament on June 17, 2008, so that from the winter semester 2008/2009, both long-term and general tuition fees will no longer apply. Roland Koch signed the revised law, which came into force on July 1, 2008.

The tuition fee after the HStuBei was levied for the last time for the summer semester 2008 in accordance with the law to ensure equal opportunities at Hessian universities .

Lower Saxony

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In Lower Saxony, long-term tuition fees were introduced before the general tuition fees. Every student who exceeds the standard period of study by four or more semesters has to pay, namely 600 € to 800 € depending on the total number of university semesters.

On December 9, 2005, the state parliament decided to introduce tuition fees from the first semester within the framework of the Household Supplementary Act. The fee has to be paid by first semesters from the winter semester 2006/07, by all other students from the summer semester 2007 (there are exceptions for parents of underage children). The tuition fee is initially 500 €. In addition, there is the "administrative fee" and other costs provided by the university totaling up to € 300.72 (€ 75 administration fee + € 48 student union + € 10 AStA contribution + approx. € 150 semester ticket) per semester.

Students who are minors at the beginning of the semester are exempt from the tuition fee (€ 500).

The alliance of the SPD and Alliance 90 / the Greens, which was victorious in the state elections in Lower Saxony in 2013 , led by Prime Minister Stephan Weil , announced in the coalition negotiations that it would abolish tuition fees after taking office . However, this should not happen before the winter semester 2014/15 at the earliest, and long-term tuition fees should also continue to be charged, now only after the standard period of study has been exceeded by six or more semesters. In the winter semester 2013/14, Lower Saxony is the last federal state in which general tuition fees are still charged. The tuition fees will be abolished with the start of the 2014/15 winter semester.

North Rhine-Westphalia

After the SPD / Greens government in North Rhine-Westphalia had already introduced long-term tuition fees in the form of student accounts in the 2004 summer semester , in 2006 the CDU / FDP government, which had come into power in the meantime, required general tuition fees through the law to ensure fair financing in higher education (University Financing Justice Act, HFGG NRW) . It contained the law on the collection of tuition fees and university fees (Tuition Fee and University Fees Act - StBAG NRW) . The StBAG NRW allowed the universities in § 2 Paragraph 1 to charge so-called tuition fees for the first time in the winter semester 2006/2007 from freshmen and then in the summer semester 2007 from all students in the law (up to 500 € per semester). Students who were neither educated in Switzerland nor citizens of a member state of the EEA could also be charged increased special fees, so-called care fees. The tuition fees had according to § 2 Paragraph 2 StBAG NRW to remain with the universities that they had to use to improve teaching. The universities also had to pay part of the tuition fees into a default fund. The fund served according to Section 17, Paragraph 1, Clause 2 of the StBAG NRW, to hedge against the risk of credit default, which arises from the fact that a borrower does not repay his tuition fee loan or not fully.

The universities were free to decide whether to collect the data and, if applicable, the amount up to the stated maximum limit of € 500 per semester. An examination board could acc. Section 11 (1) sentence 3 of the StBAG NRW recommends measures to improve teaching in the event of poor training. Half of the members of this body were students, see Section 11, Paragraph 2, Clause 3 of the StBAG NRW.

The loan burden from BAföG, tuition fees and interest (accrued up to the start of repayment) is limited to € 10,000 in accordance with Section 15 (1) StBAG NRW. However, the interest rate on the student loan from NRW.Bank was not capped.

On February 24, 2011, the state parliament abolished the tuition fees through the law to improve equal opportunities for university access with effect from the winter semester 2011/12. In return, the universities are to receive € 249 million in state funds, which must be used to improve the quality of teaching - for example for additional teachers and tutors.

After the defeat of the red-green coalition in the state elections in May 2017, the reintroduction of tuition fees is again controversially discussed in the black-yellow coalition talks. Whether and to what extent the fees should be reintroduced is currently still open. In particular, the FDP campaigned for the possibility of reintroduction. Among other things, the graduate fee model is under discussion, in which the fees for the individual semesters after graduation are due when starting a career.

The campaign alliance against tuition fees and the state ASten meeting of North Rhine-Westphalia wrote an open five-page letter to Laschet at the end of May and sharply criticized a possible reintroduction.

Rhineland-Palatinate

From the 2004/05 winter semester, the social-liberal coalition in Rhineland-Palatinate introduced long-term tuition fees of 650 euros, which were due when the student account was overdrawn and were charged up to and including the 2011/12 winter semester. After the state elections in Rhineland-Palatinate in 2011 , the new red-green state government abolished long-term tuition fees and decided on December 7, 2011 to introduce tuition fees for a second degree and a senior degree (from the age of 60) for the 2012 summer semester of 650 Euro. In contrast to the long-term tuition fees, students in Rhineland-Palatinate can now complete their first degree without tuition fees regardless of the duration of the study.

Saarland

On March 21, 2002, the Saarland state parliament decided with the CDU majority to introduce long-term tuition fees from four semesters over a standard study period of 500 euros for the summer semester 2003. Adjusted for inflation, this corresponds to 629 euros today . The long-term tuition fees are then added to the general tuition fees. On July 12, 2006, the introduction of general tuition fees in the Union-led Saarland was decided and introduced for the 2007/08 winter semester. The first two university semesters cost € 300, each subsequent semester € 500. Adjusted for inflation, this corresponds to 587 euros today . After the CDU's sole government was voted out of office, the new Jamaica coalition decided to abolish general tuition fees for the 2010 summer semester. Therefore, general tuition fees were charged for a total of 5 semesters. Since the state parliament resolution of May 19, 2010, universities in Saarland have been able to charge long-term tuition fees and tuition fees for a second degree of a maximum of 400 euros. To date, the universities have not made use of this, which is why tuition fees in Saarland were only charged between 2003 and 2010.

Saxony

The tuition fees at the state universities in Saxony are regulated in the Administrative Costs Act and, subordinately, in the Saxon University Fee Regulations. For

  1. advanced studies,
  2. distance learning and
  3. Second degree after exceeding the standard period of study of the first degree

Usage fees charged.

Another legal basis for the collection of fees in Saxony is the Administrative Costs Act, which, subject to deviating legal regulations in Section 27 (5), stipulates that no user fees are charged for attending schools and universities.

The following applies to postgraduate studies: According to the new university freedom law in Saxony, long-term tuition fees have been charged since 2013 from the 5th semester over the standard period of study. For students who are not Union citizens , tuition fees can be charged if the university offers a scholarship program for this group ( Section 12 (3) SächsHSFG).

Effect on willingness to study

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Protest against the tuition fees at the University of Göttingen during the nationwide education strike in 2009

Tuition fees reduce the willingness to take up a degree.

After general tuition fees for the 2007/2008 winter semester were decided in Hesse on October 5, 2006, the number of new students fell by 5.2% in the following semester compared to the previous year (2005/2006 winter semester: 25,000, 2006/2007 winter semester: 23,698) . After the introduction of the tuition fees, the number of new enrollments in the 2007/2008 winter semester only showed a slight decrease compared to the previous year (with late registrations still being made). In contrast, the total number of students in Hesse sank considerably, which was attributed to the departure of long-term students .

In North Rhine-Westphalia, the number of first-year students fell by 6.5% with the introduction of tuition fees in the 2006/2007 winter semester, although the number of those eligible for university entrance rose by 4.9% in 2006.

In contrast, the number of first-semester students in federal states in which no fees are charged rose above average.

This development continues in the 2007/2008 winter semester. As the figures from the Federal Statistical Office of December 12, 2007 show, the number of first-year students has increased in almost all federal states with the exception of Baden-Württemberg, where there was a decline for the first time in 8 years. In the 6 other federal states with general tuition fees (Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, Saarland), however, to a much lesser extent than in the federal states without fees. While Bavaria only recorded an increase of 2.6%, in Bremen and Brandenburg 12% and 16.2% more people began studying than a year earlier. Overall, however, the number of students across Germany has continued to decline since the introduction of tuition fees. In the 2007/2008 winter semester, around 32,000 fewer people studied than in the same period of the previous year.

According to the study on tuition fees from the point of view of those entitled to study at the Hochschul-Informations-System GmbH (HIS), up to 18,000 high school graduates decided against studying in 2006 because of tuition fees. Young women and people from poorly educated families were particularly affected.

Legal

Karl-Heinz Koch campaigned for free education in Hesse. As a law student, he sued the State Court in 1949 against tuition fees that had to be paid by all students at that time, and obtained their abolition. He invoked Article 59 of the state constitution.

On May 25, 2000, the Standing Conference of Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs (KMK) passed a resolution on the exemption of fees for university studies (“Meininger Resolution”), which has not yet been changed at its 290th plenary session in Meiningen. In it, the principle of free of charge for the first degree (standard period of study) was laid down, but the possibility of introducing long-term tuition fees or study account models was opened up.

In the amendment to the University Framework Act from 2002, the federal legislature made the principle of exemption from fees binding nationwide up to the first professional qualification. However, this regulation was repealed by judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court in January 2005.

Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court 2005

On January 26, 2005, the Federal Constitutional Court declared the prohibition of tuition fees introduced in 2001 in the University Framework Act to be null and void, as it interfered with the legislative competence of the federal states. However, the presiding judge, Winfried Hassemer , explicitly pointed out that the court had not ruled on the admissibility of tuition fees.

Essentially, the Federal Constitutional Court argues as follows in its judgment: If one assumes

  • that tuition fees would be charged in one state but not in another, and
  • that this creates migration movements that overload the universities that are free of tuition fees, while the universities that are subject to tuition fees are not fully utilized,

then this could represent a (temporary) imbalance, but the tuition fee-free federal states would have the opportunity to react, for example

  • by tightening admission restrictions or
  • by introducing and increasing tuition fees similar to those in other federal states,

so that a new equilibrium could be established. The fact that children from low-income and so-called " educationally deprived" classes in particular are disadvantaged as a result has not been sufficiently proven. Therefore, intervention by federal law is (currently) not required. Because of the actual legislative competence of the federal states in higher education , intervention by federal law is therefore prohibited.

However, the Federal Constitutional Court has reserved the right to comment again on the question of the social compatibility of tuition fees , in particular if the effects feared by critics actually occurred in order to decide whether they were acceptable. But that has to happen first; From the current perspective, a ban on tuition fees is premature, especially if it is done by the federal government and not by a federal state itself.

This ruling is also interesting in relation to the numerus clausus ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court, because this called for a nationwide regulation for the allocation of study places and study locations .

Literary criticism

In a legal opinion published by the “ Action Alliance against Tuition Fees ”, the lawyer Wilhelm Achelpöhler expressed doubts about the legality of the state legislative developments in 2005. The introduction of fees without appropriate transition periods, which violates the protection of the confidence of the students already enrolled, is particularly problematic. Furthermore, concerns arise where BAföG recipients are not explicitly excluded from the obligation to pay fees. The federal states are not allowed to “collect” money that the federal government makes available to students in need through tuition fees. That dictates the unwritten constitutional principle of federally friendly behavior . Due to these concerns, the general student committees of most of the universities in North Rhine-Westphalia have decided to take action in the Fees back! come together and complain in a coordinated manner against the law on the collection of tuition fees and university fees (Tuition Fee and University Fees Act - StBAG NRW) .

On the other hand, the university professor Bodo Pieroth considers the introduction of tuition fees possible as long as the structure is socially acceptable. In a statement as an expert in the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia and in an opinion for the parliamentary group of the SPD in the state parliament there, he has the StBAG NRW on Art. 13 IPwskR and on the right to equal access to the universities according to. Art. 12 Abs. 1 GG i. V. m. Art. 3 Abs. 1 GG and measured against the welfare state principle . Pieroth comes to the conclusion that tuition fee loans are only suitable for creating the social compatibility of tuition fees required by the higher-ranking law if the interest on tuition fee loans is only at the rate of inflation . If the interest rates are higher, financially weak students are unlawfully disadvantaged compared to immediate payers in his opinion. Section 12 (1) StBAG NRW does not meet the requirements for the level of interest because the interest rate depends on money market prices and administrative costs. In Hesse, on the other hand, where the regulation was adjusted after Pieroth's statement in the last reading, recipients of BAföG benefits receive the student loan without interest.

Jurisprudence of the administrative courts

It remains to be seen whether the courts will endorse the concerns of the literature. In Baden-Württemberg, the administrative courts in Freiburg and Karlsruhe, as well as the Baden-Württemberg Administrative Court, held the state law regulation to be legal. Because of the fundamental importance of the proceedings, the Higher Administrative Court has allowed its judgments to be appealed to the Federal Administrative Court.

On the other hand, the VG Giessen in Hesse expressed serious doubts about the constitutionality of the law and temporarily suspended the obligation to pay.

In North Rhine-Westphalia, the administrative courts in Minden and Arnsberg have confirmed the state law. According to the VG Minden, the charging of tuition fees is only permitted if everyone is equally, i. H. regardless of their financial circumstances and social background, have the opportunity to complete a university degree according to their abilities. Whether the North Rhine-Westphalian legislature with the loan entitlement, the possibility of exemption from loan repayment and the limitation of the repayment amount to 10,000.00 € including repayable federal education funding, the requirement of equal opportunity university access is a factual question that cannot be answered at the moment. The legislature's assessment that these instruments preserve the chances of lower-income students cannot be refuted at the moment and is therefore binding on the court. The appeal against the judgment of the VG Minden was rejected by the OVG Münster : Art. 13 IPwskR is not a directly applicable national law. The tuition fee loan ensures that anyone who is able to do so is reasonably able to study. Which then brought by the plaintiffs leave to appeal to the Federal Administrative Court was successful, the audit action was also rejected on 29 April of 2009.

The administrative court of the Saarland decided in an urgent procedure for the introduction of tuition fees without further examination of the compatibility with higher-ranking law.

Lack of funding opportunities for student groups

There is no collateral to be provided for student loans from the Landesbanken and the granting of them is not made dependent on income and asset tests. However, some conditions must be met. The loan is usually granted for the duration of the standard period of study plus four additional semesters.

However, this financing option is particularly problematic for foreigners who are often refused the loan. It is currently being legally examined whether this form of discrimination is contrary to European law.

There are limited scholarships available. The organizations for the promotion of talented students together support almost 14,000 students. Full scholarships (awarded based on income) are given to around a quarter of the recipients.

Status of the discussion - positions of important actors

In the study quality monitor 2007, a representative survey of almost 22,000 students at 150 universities carried out by HIS and the AG Hochschulforschung at the University of Konstanz, the majority of the students questioned were against tuition fees. When asked what their general stance on tuition fees is, 42% strongly disagree, 25% disagree, 11% support and 3% strongly support.

Student advocacy groups

For example, the “free association of student bodies” passed resolutions at various member assemblies to reject all types of tuition fees.

The German Student Union fears that the equivalence of life situations in the various federal states will be impaired if tuition fees are handled differently depending on the state. Since the legal interests of the legal and economic entity are still at risk, the German Student Union is demanding a nationwide regulation through a federal law. In particular, the Studentenwerk fears an increased inhibition threshold for children from financially weak parents to start studying.

The Krefeld call of the student action alliance against tuition fees , consisting of more than 200 alliance partners, criticized

  • that tuition fees further privatize social risks and thus pass social costs on to the individual,
  • that tuition fees led to a de-solidarized and anti-social educational behavior,
  • that tuition fees reproduced existing social inequality and reinforce existing social selection effects of the education system,
  • that tuition fees reduce the status of students from that of a university member to that of a customer (this also means that the draft of a partially participatory (self-) administered, fundamentally democratically oriented community is replaced by a kind of commercial contractual relationship)

The German Burschenschaft has also spoken out against the introduction of tuition fees. However, there is no collaboration with the above-mentioned alliances.

Colleges

  • The German Rectors' Conference (HRK) advocates tuition fees because it expects them to provide additional funding for teaching.
  • The presidia of the Hessian universities of applied sciences reject tuition fees because they see a deterrent effect with negative consequences for the shortage of skilled workers.

Political parties

  • The majority of the CDU / CSU is in favor of tuition fees. The state governments led by it in Bavaria, Hamburg, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saarland have played a major role in the introduction of tuition fees.
  • The SPD rejects tuition fees for the first degree. State governments with SPD participation have not introduced (general) tuition fees, but long-term tuition fees, for example in Lower Saxony, and student accounts in North Rhine-Westphalia.
  • The FDP is mostly in favor of tuition fees, whereby it should be possible for the individual universities to determine the amount of the fees themselves.
  • The Left rejects tuition fees. By a resolution of the state party congress, it prevented the introduction of student accounts in Berlin.
  • The Greens reject tuition fees for the first degree. However, the GAL in Hamburg, together with the CDU, has introduced downstream tuition fees in Hamburg.
  • The Free Voters reject tuition fees for the first degree nationwide and have successfully initiated a constitutional lawsuit in Bavaria.

Interest groups

Research institutes

See also

literature

Monographs

  • BdWi and fzs (eds.): Tuition fees, Elite Conceptions & Agenda 2010 . (= BdWi study booklet; 2). BdWi-Verlag, Marburg 2004, ISBN 3-924684-93-6
  • Markus Kirchner: Given wealth. Returns to Education on Tuition-Free Higher Education . Dissertation, University of Potsdam 2007 ( full text )
  • Norbert Krause: The debate about tuition fees. Systematic reconstruction of a rapid change of opinion . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15901-0
  • Christian Pestalozza: Land constitutional questions of university money in Hesse. Legal expert opinion on behalf of the Hessian state government , publications on education and science law Volume 3, Nomos-Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2007, ISBN 978-3-8329-2328-0
  • Heiko Richter: Tuition fees and their use . (Monograph published in the series: Public Management - Discussion Contributions, ISSN  0939-3994 ; Discussion Article No. 56). 2007

Essays

  • Daniel Klösel, The reforms of the university as a hegemonic project? Tuition fees and Bologna in current constitutional law. In: Kritische Justiz (KJ), ISSN  0023-4834 , vol. 2008, pp. 353–358.
  • Bosse: On the legality of the North Rhine-Westphalian tuition fee model. At the same time, a critical examination of the Kronthaler report (also comment on BVerfG, judgment of January 26, 2006 - 2 BvF 1/03) . In: Nordrhein-Westfälische Verwaltungsblätter (NWVBl), ISSN  0932-710X , year 2007, pp. 87-92
  • Gerrit Glupe: "Tuition fees and human rights: The problematic practice of Nuremberg universities", Nuremberg Human Rights Center 2007 [11] (PDF; 92 kB)
  • Ludwig Kronthaler: Design options and limits when introducing tuition fees. Constitutional framework and simple legal leeway . In: Wissenschaftsrecht (WissR), ISSN  0948-0218 , Vol. 39 (2007), pp. 276–309 ( online version )
  • Bodo Pieroth, Bernd J. Hartmann: Tuition fee loans on the scale of higher-ranking law . In: Nordrhein-Westfälische Verwaltungsblätter (NWVBl), ISSN  0932-710X , year 2007, pp. 81–86
  • Heiko Richter, Jens Heiling: Options for using tuition fees . In: Wissenschaftsmanagement, ISSN  0947-9546 , Vol. 13 (2007), No. 2, pp. 34-41
  • Heiko Richter, Jens Heiling: Decision model for the use of tuition fees: Criteria framework provides assistance . In: Wissenschaftsmanagement, ISSN  0947-9546 , Vol. 13 (2007), No. 4, pp. 33-40
  • Ingo-Jens Tegebauer: On the constitutionality of the financing of study funds through special taxes . In: The Public Administration (DÖV), ISSN  0029-859X , year 2007, pp. 600–604
  • Harald Walther: Tuition fees in Hessen - constitutional admissibility and administrative process . In: Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht (NVwZ) 2007, pp. 1366–1373.

Web links

 Wikinews: Portal: Tuition Fees  - In the News

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Björn Kauder and Niklas Potrafke : Government Ideology and Tuition Fee Policy: Evidence from the German States (PDF; 361 kB). In: Leibniz Information Center for Economics , April 2013.
  2. ^ Die Zeit: Tuition fees in Baden-Württemberg
  3. ^ Die Zeit: Landtag resolves the end of tuition fees in Bavaria , accessed on April 26, 2013
  4. ↑ Dewezet Hameln of 11 December 2013 Page 1
  5. ↑ Weblink: Berliner Semester Ticket
  6. ↑ Verkehrsverbund Stuttgart: StudiTicket ( Memento from August 30, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  7. ^ Tuition fees in Baden-Württemberg. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  8. ↑ Tuition fees in Bavaria. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  9. ↑ Tuition fees in Berlin. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  10. ^ Tuition fees in Brandenburg. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  11. ↑ Tuition fees in Bremen. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  12. ↑ Tuition fees in Hamburg. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  13. ↑ Tuition fees in Hessen. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  14. ^ Tuition fees in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  15. ↑ Tuition fees in Lower Saxony. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  16. ↑ a b c Tuition fees in North Rhine-Westphalia. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved June 8, 2017 .
  17. ↑ Tuition fees in Rhineland-Palatinate. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  18. ↑ Tuition fees in Saarland. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  19. ↑ Tuition fees in Saxony-Anhalt. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  20. ↑ Tuition fees in Saxony. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  21. ↑ Tuition fees in Schleswig-Holstein. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  22. ↑ Tuition fees in Thuringia. In: www.studis-online.de. Retrieved December 14, 2016 .
  23. ↑ § 6 Paragraph 1 No. 1 State University Fees Act Baden-Württemberg, version of December 12, 2008, in force from March 1, 2009, Journal of Laws of December 12, 2008, p. 458 ( Memento of January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 174 kB)
  24. ↑ § 6 Paragraph 1 No. 2 State University Fees Act Baden-Württemberg, version of December 12, 2008, in force from March 1, 2009, Journal of Laws of December 12, 2008, p. 458 ( Memento of January 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 174 kB)
  25. ↑ a b State government adopts a concept to abolish general tuition fees , accessed on February 22, 2012
  26. ↑ SWR news
  27. ↑ [1]
  28. ↑ https://mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/hochschulen-studium/studienfinanzierung/gebuehren-fuer-internationale-studierende-und-zweitstudium/
  29. ↑ StMWFK Bavaria
  30. ↑ Deutschlandradio
  31. ^ Tuition fees: Bavaria . In: Spiegel Online , August 28, 2009.
  32. ↑ Tuition fees, Bavaria asks you to pay . In: Focus Online , October 26, 2005.
  33. ↑ Art. 71 para. 1 Bavarian Higher Education Act
  34. ↑ Tuition fees at Bavarian universities of applied sciences
  35. ↑ Tuition fees at Bavarian art colleges
  36. ^ Decision of the Council of Ministers ( Memento of November 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  37. ↑ Tuition fees in Bavaria (Flyer from the Bavarian Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts)
  38. ↑ Art. 71 BayHSchulG ( Memento of July 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ↑ ibid. Art. 71 para. 5 sentence 3 BayHSchulG
  40. ↑ Art. 71 para. 8 sentences 1 to 3 BayHSchulG
  41. ↑ Bavarian State Parliament - Ordinance (PDF; 357 kB)
  42. ↑ Bayernleaks
  43. ↑ Data from the Bavarian State Returning Officer on the referendum "No to tuition fees in Bavaria"
  44. ↑ Report of the Süddeutsche Zeitung "CSU and FDP agree on a billion-dollar compromise" from February 23, 2013
  45. ^ Message from the Bavarian State Portal ( Memento from February 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) from February 23, 2013
  46. ↑ The Bremen Study Account Act ( Memento of February 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) in the “Law Gazette of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen”, p. 550, (PDF).
  47. ↑ UNISPIEGEL - Current information on the tuition fee situation in Bremen
  48. ↑ Press release of the Bremen Administrative Court ( Memento from February 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ↑ VG Bremen, judgment of August 16, 2006, Az. 6 V 1586/06
  50. ↑ VG Bremen, judgment of September 17, 2007, Az. 6 K 1577/06, decision as PDF ( Memento of March 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ).
  51. ↑ [2] , as of April 2008
  52. ↑ The World Black and Green Senate lowers tuition fees in Hamburg
  53. ^ Change in law: Hamburg abolishes tuition fees . In: Zeit Online , September 18, 2011.
  54. ↑ http://www.ndr.de/regional/hamburg/universitaet151.html ( Memento from November 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) , as of September 13, 2011 4:18 pm
  55. ↑ Frankfurt Goethe University is shopping - FAZ October 12, 2007
  56. ↑ Christian Pestalozza: Land constitutional questions regarding university money in Hesse (Berlin, 2006)
  57. ↑ FAZ-Rhein-Main-Zeitung of October 18, 2005, p. 52; NVwZ 2006, 883 ff., ( Summary )
  58. ↑ Article 59 of the Constitution of the State of Hesse
  59. ↑ Arndt Schmehl in uniforum (Gießener Universitätszeitung) of July 3, 2006, p. 5 (2006, PDF ; 2.0 MB)
  60. ↑ Weblink: September 4, 2006, 10:00 a.m. Public hearing on the Tuition Fee Act and financial autonomy at Hesse's universities .
  61. ↑ Weblink: Bill of the CDU parliamentary group ( Memento of March 25, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  62. ↑ Bill of the FDP parliamentary group ( Memento of March 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  63. ↑ Section 7, Paragraph 1, Clause 6 of the HStubeiG and amendment by the CDU parliamentary group of September 19, 2006, LT-Drs. 16/6018, p. 4 (preliminary remark) and p. 6 (on No. 6a)
  64. ↑ a b Press release of the Hessian HStGH of January 30th, 2008: Oral hearing in terms of tuition fees - registration for interested citizens  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.staatsgerichtshof.hessen.de  
  65. ^ Opinion of the state prosecutor at the State Court of Hesse in the judicial review procedure before the State Court of July 19, 2007 .
  66. ↑ First vote, then litigate, SPIEGEL ONLINE from January 16, 2008.
  67. ↑ Press releases of the HStGH from January 15, 2007: Oral hearing in the matter of tuition fees - accreditation of press representatives ( Memento of the original from December 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staatsgerichtshof.hessen.de
  68. ↑ Resolutions of the VG Giessen of October 30, 2007 ( 3 G 3758/07 ) and of November 12, 2007 ( 3 G 2590/07 ( Memento of February 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )), see also the press release of 1. November 2007 .
  69. ^ Judgment of the State Court of Hesse from June 11, 2008 - P.St. 2133, P.St. 2158 Bürgerservice Hessenrecht, accessed on August 1, 2020.
  70. ↑ dpa: Tuition fees: Hessian tuition fee ruling goes to Karlsruhe. In: Focus Online . July 10, 2008, accessed October 14, 2018 .
  71. ↑ http://starweb.hessen.de/cache/DRS/17/5/00015.pdf Urgent draft law of the parliamentary groups of the SPD and BÜNDNIS 90 / DIE GRÜNEN for a law to ensure equal opportunities at Hessian universities (pdf), 4. April 2008
  72. ↑ http://starweb.hessen.de/cache/DRS/17/6/00016.pdf Urgent draft law by the DIE LINKE parliamentary group for a law to abolish tuition fees at Hessian universities (pdf), April 5, 2008
  73. ↑ http://starweb.hessen.de/cache/DRS/17/2/00032.pdf Draft law of the FDP parliamentary group for a law to strengthen the financial autonomy of Hessian universities (pdf), April 8, 2008
  74. ^ [3] , Good signal from Hessen, by Hans-Gerd Öfinger
  75. ^ [4] , Hessen abolishes tuition fees
  76. ↑ [5]
  77. ↑ Second attempt: tuition fees abolished - FAZ of June 17, 2008
  78. ↑ http://www.studentenpresse.com/apsp/index.php?page=news&show=02293 Studentenpresse Online
  79. ↑ Tuition fees in Lower Saxony ( Memento from September 25, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  80. ↑ https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/hannover-rot-gruene-starten-koalitionsverhandlungen-in-niedersachsen_aid_910574.html
  81. ↑ "Cabinet initiates law to abolish tuition fees" mwk.niedersachsen.de
  82. ↑ Dewezet Hameln of 11 December 2013 Page 1
  83. ↑ Administrative regulations for the StKFG and the RVO-StKFG, RdErl. D. Ministry of Science and Research October 1, 2003 - 321 - 07/02/2002, accessed January 23, 2012
  84. ↑ Law to improve equal opportunities for university access in NRW, in: Gesetz- und Verordnungsblatt NRW, 2011 edition No. 5 of March 11, 2011, accessed on January 22, 2012
  85. ↑ NRW becomes free of charge. In: sueddeutsche.de. February 25, 2011, accessed March 26, 2018 .
  86. ↑ Wilfried Goebels: NRW abolishes study fees, in: Kölnische Rundschau, September 1, 2010 .
  87. ↑ Thomas Reisener: NRW coalition negotiations: The CDU and FDP have already agreed on these results . In: Kölnische Rundschau . ( rundschau-online.de [accessed on June 8, 2017]).
  88. ↑ NRW election 2017: What is disputed between the CDU and FDP . In: https://www.merkur.de/ . May 15, 2017 ( merkur.de [accessed June 8, 2017]).
  89. ↑ Detlev Hüwel: From tuition fees to elite universities: That's what the NRW parties say about universities. Retrieved June 8, 2017 .
  90. ↑ [6]
  91. ↑ [7]
  92. ↑ Der Spiegel, discontinued model, paid study
  93. ↑ [8]
  94. ^ Administrative Costs Act of the Free State of Saxony
  95. ↑ destatis.de: Students at universities  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Page 32@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www-ec.destatis.de  
  96. ^ Full universities despite tuition fees, Rhein-Main-net October 10, 2007 ( Memento from October 11, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  97. ↑ Statistics-Hessen.de: Students (without leave of absence) in Hesse since the winter semester 1972/73 ( Memento from November 16, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  98. ↑ State Office for Data Processing and Statistics NRW: Fewer new students at NRW universities
  99. ↑ Sueddeutsche Zeitung: Abiturientenschreck tuition fee ( Memento from May 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  100. ↑ Article in the time
  101. ↑ Christoph Heine, Heiko Quast, Heike Spangenberg: Tuition fees from the point of view of those entitled to study . In: Forum University . tape 15/2008 . University Information System, October 31, 2008, ISSN  1863-5563 , p. 1 ( his.de [PDF]).
  102. ↑ o. V. (2006): Tuition fees are more likely ( Memento from October 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  103. ↑ o. V. (2006): Political struggle for federalism reform
  104. ↑ KMK press release: 290th plenary meeting of the Standing Conference of Ministers and Senators of Education in the Federal Republic of Germany on May 25 in Meiningen (Bonn, May 25, 2000)
  105. ^ Judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court: BVerfG, 2 BvF 1/03 of January 26, 2005, paragraph no. (1–94)
  106. ^ Wilhelm Achelpöhler. Expert opinion on the legal admissibility of the introduction of tuition fees . November 2005. ( Archived copy ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF ) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / abs-bund.de
  107. ↑ Professor Dr. Bodo Pieroth , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität , Münster, statement on the public hearing of the Committee for Innovation, Science, Research and Technology on January 26, 2006, statement 14/114 (PDF; 367 kB)
  108. ↑ Bodo Pieroth, Bernd J. Hartmann: Tuition fee loan on the scale of higher-ranking right , North Rhine-Westphalian administrative sheets (NWVBl.), Richard Boorberg Verlag , Stuttgart, issue 3/2007, pp. 81-87
  109. ↑ Bodo Pieroth, Bernd J. Hartmann: Tuition fee loan on the scale of higher-ranking right , North Rhine-Westphalian administrative sheets (NWVBl.), Richard Boorberg Verlag, Stuttgart, issue 3/2007, p. 81 (86); see also the calculations of the interest disadvantages ( Memento of February 14, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  110. ↑ See Section 7, Paragraph 1, Clause 6 of the HStubeiG and amendment by the CDU parliamentary group of September 19, 2006, LT-Drs. 16/6018, p. 4 (preliminary remark) and p. 6 (on No. 6a), online in the State Parliament Information System Hesse ( memento of the original from June 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / starweb.hessen.de
  111. ^ Press release of the court dated June 21, 2007
  112. ^ VG Karlsruhe, judgments of July 11, 2007 - 7 K 2966/06 , 7 K 444/07 and 7 K 3075/06 ; see also press releases of December 3, 2007 and July 13, 2007 .
  113. ↑ a b Universities are allowed to charge tuition fees, press release of the Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg from February 16, 2009
  114. ↑ Decision of the VG Giessen of October 30, 2007 - 3 G 3758/07 , see also the press release of November 1, 2007 ; also VG Giessen, decision of November 12, 2007 - 3 G 2509/07 , see also Spiegel Online: University has to repay tuition fees ; previously the administrative court granted an urgent application against tuition fees for formal reasons , cf. to AP : "court doubts the legality of tuition at"
  115. ↑ VG Minden, judgment of March 26, 2007 - 9 K 3614/06 , DVBl 2007, pp. 773-780, see also the press release of the court ( Memento of June 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  116. ↑ Press release of the court of October 11, 2007  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.vg-arnsberg.nrw.de  
  117. ^ VG Minden, judgment of March 26, 2007 - 9 K 3614/06 , Rn. 181 ff. = DVBl. 2007, p. 773 (778)
  118. ↑ OVG Münster, judgment of October 9, 2007–2015 A 1596/07, DVBl 2007, p. 1442 ff., See also “ Lawful collection of tuition fees for the first degree in North Rhine-Westphalia”, press release of October 9, 2007 ( Memento of January 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) and "Judges throw off lawsuit", Spiegel online of October 9, 2007 .
  119. ↑ [9]  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.astafh.de  
  120. ↑ bundesverwaltungsgericht.de ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  121. ↑ Administrative court rejects urgent application against tuition fees ( Memento of June 13, 2007 in the Internet Archive ). Press release of the Administrative Court of Saarland from July 18, 2007.
  122. ↑ In 2006, 13,858 students received study grants, see answer from the Federal Government of March 28, 2007, BT-Drs. 16/4849 (electronic preliminary draft), p. 2. (PDF; 92 kB)
  123. ↑ In 2005 24.66%, see answer of the Federal Government of March 28, 2007, BT-Drs. 16/4849 (electronic preliminary draft), p. 3. (PDF; 92 kB)
  124. ^ Tino Bargel, Peter Müßig-Trapp, Janka Willige: Study Quality Monitor 2007 - Summary . Ed .: HIS Hochschul-Informations-System GmbH. Konstanz December 2007 ( his.de [PDF; accessed on February 10, 2008]). Tino Bargel, Peter Müßig-Trapp, Janka Willige: Study Quality Monitor 2007 - Study Quality and Tuition Fees . Ed .: HIS Hochschul-Informations-System GmbH. Konstanz December 2007 ( his.de [PDF; accessed on February 10, 2008] detailed report).
  125. ↑ Submission by the German Student Union to the lawsuit of the federal states against the amendment of the higher education framework law ( Memento of September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 315 kB)
  126. ↑ Achim Meyer, Secretary General of the German Student Union ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 207 kB)
  127. ^ Krefeld appeal
  128. ^ Action alliance against tuition fees ( Memento of October 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  129. ↑ [10]
  130. ^ Statement by the HRK on future university funding ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  131. ↑ https://osthessen-news.de/n11496163/pr%c3%a4sidien-der-hessischen-fachhochschulen-lehnen-wiedereinf%c3%bchrung-von-studiengeb%c3%bchren-ab.html
  132. ↑ 10 points for a future-proof university pact. (PDF; 172 kB) Position paper of the Education and Research Working Group. CDU / CSU parliamentary group, June 13, 2006, p. 5 , archived from the original on January 31, 2012 ; accessed on January 30, 2013 .
  133. ↑ Decision book of the SPD federal party conference of August 31, 2005. (PDF; 101 kB) SPD , August 31, 2009, p. 7 , archived from the original on February 21, 2014 ; accessed on January 30, 2013 .
  134. ^ Election program for the 2009 Bundestag election. (PDF; 300 kB) FDP , May 17, 2009, p. 49 , accessed on January 30, 2013 .
  135. ↑ Bundestag election program 2009. (PDF; 380 kB) Die Linke , August 3, 2009, p. 34 , archived from the original on June 29, 2012 ; accessed on January 30, 2013 .
  136. ^ Election program for the election in Berlin 2011. Die Linke Berlin, accessed on January 30, 2013 (section: “Berlin - city of students with open universities also for Berlin high school graduates”).
  137. ↑ Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen : Wahlprogramm 2005. (PDF; 746 kB) 2005, p. 74 , archived from the original on September 29, 2007 ; accessed on January 30, 2013 .
  138. ^ Spiegel Online : Hamburg: Black-Green tilts tuition fees - at least a little. April 4, 2008, accessed January 30, 2013 .
  139. ^ Free voters Bavaria: referendum "No to tuition fees". Archived from the original on February 14, 2013 ; accessed on January 30, 2013 .
  140. ↑ Handelsblatt dated February 8, 2006
  141. ^ Verdi online brochure: Tuition fees. Pay first, learn then. ( Memento of March 7, 2006 in the Internet Archive )
  142. ↑ IZA press release 2010