King calls
Königrufen (also Königrufen ) is in Austria and South Tyrol maintained of cards from the tarot family for four players. It is usually simply called "tarot" by its players . It is the only tarot variant widespread in a large part of Austria and after Schnapsen and Rummy it is the most widespread card game in Austria.
Compared to other card games, Königufen is characterized by a rich number of game options. The name of the game describes the practice in the most basic game announcements, by naming a particular king, choosing his owner as a partner. Most games - to put it simply - are, among other things, about the four players forming two sides (two against two, or one against three), which fight to conquer the majority of the card values (according to the rules, they have 54 cards a total of 70 points).
Although the basic rules of the Austrian Königrufen are uniform, there is a large variety of game announcements and bonuses as well as their ratings. Many private rounds are played by their own house rules. In addition, more widely accepted tournament rules have emerged, which, however, are quite different from region to region. This makes Königruf the most varied tarot game. Regular tournament series have been held since the 1990s, and an annual Austrian final since 2008.
In a broader sense, Königruf is a family of related card games that are primarily played on the territory of the former Habsburg monarchy , primarily in Slovenia and regionally in Romania , Ukraine and Poland . In some places players also converted the related Nineteen Call, which was derived from König’s calls, to a’s König’s call, including in Texas .
history
prehistory
The original form of the Tarock card game family was created around 1425 in northern Italy during the early Renaissance . The most important feature of the new game was that 21 permanent trumps , the trionfi , were added to the suit cards . Today these trumps are also called tarot in German-speaking countries and are usually numbered with Roman numerals . There was also the valuable fool's card, played according to certain special rules , which is often mistakenly viewed as the forerunner of the joker in later card games. Called L'Excuse in French because it was played with a ritualized excuse, it was later changed to Sküs in German .
According to the oldest surviving French rules from 1637, tarot was a trick card game with 78 cards of certain values for three people, who each played against each other for as many points as possible. In its heyday from around 1730-1830, tarot was played with this basic framework in a large part of Europe. In addition, variants for four players were developed in which the players sitting opposite formed a team - mostly similar in principle to the troccas that are still widespread in Graubünden today .
From the middle of the 18th century, the tarot game went through a series of far-reaching reforms , especially in the German-speaking countries and in the Habsburg Monarchy :
- The most important innovation was introduced by the Spanish card game L'Hombre, the principle of bidding . Now the players competed before the actual game to be allowed to play against an alliance from the rest. From the four-player version of L'Hombre, the Quadrille , it was taken over to determine a partner by “calling” a king. According to this principle, tarot variants such as the German tarok quadrille and the Italian Chiamare il re , whose name already means the same as "Königruf", were created.
- The set of 78 cards has been reduced for easier handling by omitting the smallest color cards. This is how the sheet of 54 cards, almost exclusively produced in Central Europe today, was created. Other tarot variants also canceled fewer or even more color cards.
- The Sküs lost its role as a special card and turned into the 22nd and highest trump card, although both its high value and its shape and name were retained.
- A talon was introduced , possibly adopted from other card games , from which the winner of the bidding could improve his hand.
- As an additional element of the game, a bonus was introduced if the smallest tarot, the Pagat , won the last trick. In Austria, the rule was invented that you could also announce this before the game (“Pagat Ultimo” or “Pagat at the end”).
- The maps also changed graphically: instead of the Italian sheet , the French sheet was changed to the easier-to-use French sheet . The trumps broke away from their traditional motifs , which are mainly known today in the tarot, and were replaced by depictions of animals, vedute , social scenes or other images.
The end point of this development was the Tapp tarot , which was once very popular in southern Germany and Austria and is now only used regionally . Each of the three players received 16 cards, six cards formed the talon; the players bid to be allowed to play against the other two with the help of six, three or no cards from the talon.
Origin and development in the 19th century
Königruf was created at the end of the 18th or beginning of the 19th century as a four-player variant of Tapp-Tarock . Each player received 12 instead of 16 cards, the talon still consisted of six. As in the variants mentioned above, the principle of Königrufen for partner determination was adopted by Quadrille.
Three special features of the Tapp tarot were also adopted in Königruf. In the course of time they have largely disappeared from the Austrian town of Königruf, but have survived in related games in other countries and are therefore described here:
- Revealing the talon in stages: a player who was allowed to take three cards from the talon looked at the top three first and picked them up if he liked. Otherwise, he laid them open on the table and looked at the bottom three. If he took this, the loss of the game counted twice. If, however, he switched back to the first half, the loss of the game counted three times. In today's Königufen the whole talon is usually opened and then the player chooses one half.
- Surplus points: A player receives more game points, the greater the lead he has won the game. Today, on the other hand, you always get the same amount for winning the game in Königruf, regardless of whether you have achieved 36 or 56 out of 70 points (exception: Absolut and Grammopoi ).
- Hand rewards: For certain bonuses, players can announce certain constellations of cards in their hand, such as a certain number of tarots. In the current King Call, mostly only bonuses are paid out that are achieved during the game , see bonuses .
Königruf was first described in 1827 in an appendix to the second edition of the book "Instructions for a thorough learning of the popular Tarok tapping game, both by precisely determining all the rules and subtleties, as well as by observing and discussing several of the very difficult examples mentioned." The first edition from 1821 (which in turn is the first known description of Tapp-Tarock) had not yet taken Königruf into account, from which a surge in popularity of the game in the 1820s can be assumed. The second edition was thought to be lost until recently and was only made public in 2010, when the Lower Austrian Regional Library was able to acquire a copy from the Dutch Tax and Customs Museum in Rotterdam .
According to these rules, the forehand , i.e. the player who started the bidding process and led to the first trick, could announce a tapper if the cards were bad . This meant the lowest game in the Tapp tarot in which the forehand was allowed to pick up all six cards from the talon if no one announced a higher game. However, since it was won all too easily, this game was already obsolete in the Tapp tarot and was not played, but paid out to the player at a cheap rate; this was also done in Königruf.
With better cards, the forehand could either call a king, announce a Dreyer (play with three cards from the talon against the other three) or a solo , which at that time did not mean today's solo caller , but the solo threesome - alone against the others play without cards from the talon. All other players could also bid on these games.
Until the appearance of the book, the newest general game book from 1829 was the oldest known source for king calls, which - as it turned out - contained an edited copy of the rules from 1827 under the heading Fapping with the king or taro calls . From this the tarot experts deduced that in the original form of the game a king or a high tarot could be called. This turned out to be wrong after the emergence of the rules of 1827 - only a king could be called there. In the event that the called king was stabbed by the opponents (or remained in the talon), a heavy penalty had to be paid. This was found so unpleasant by the king callers that some of them went over to calling Tarock XX instead of the king, hardly to fear his loss, and if so, whether his low value was not too bad. So it says in the rules of 1829:
"§. 14. All the difficulties that prevail in calling a king have given rise to calling instead of a king a high tarok, which the player loses in his order, the XX, XIX, XVIII or XVII, whose loss is not to be risked. "
This created a new line of development of tarot games, which led to the calling of the twenty , the calling of nineteen and the Hungarian tarot . In turn, the “Königfang” was mostly abolished from the Königufen or, if retained, its consequences were significantly reduced.
In 1840 the first book was published that dealt exclusively with Königruf - Thorough and easy-to-understand instructions for quickly learning the popular tarot Königruf, or the art of learning to play the same theoretically and practically in a short time according to rules and examples. The rules differed considerably, however - in this king call the players could only announce shouting games, namely as a triple (with three cards from the talon) or as a solo without a talon. If you wanted to play alone, you could call a king in your own hand.
Various methods of bidding survived for a long time. In the book The Practical Tarot Player by Moriz Bermann (1894) three different possibilities of announcement are presented, two of which correspond roughly to the above; in the third, two cards or just one could be taken from the talon. However, a combination of shouting and solo games should prevail, in which three cards from the talon or none (solo games) could be picked up. In Sigmund Ulmann's Illustrirtem Wiener Tarokbuch , 2nd edition 1899, only the forehand could play a shouter with talon without further announcements. A caller with a pagat and a solo caller without a talon could be played over it. Even higher in the auction was the three-point , which in terms of meaning had now broken away from the three talon cards and became the designation for games against three alone; and the highest game was therefore the solo threesome without a talon. This was already the basic structure of the games, which has been retained to this day, with the difference that today a Pagat caller is always higher than a solo caller in the auction.
The transition to modern Königruf
Today's Königruf has many more announcements than the one around 1900, including those that can be played with weak hands. Many of these were adopted from other card games in a long process that dragged on through the 20th century.
In the interwar period, the beggar appears, in which the player undertakes not to win a single trick. Even if something similar had already existed in the Great Taroque of the 18th century, a continuity with Königufen cannot be assumed. Rather, the beggar, like so many other influences, is likely to have originally come from L'Hombre and got into Koenigruf via the Boston card game . The same applies to the later adopted Piccolo , in which the player has to take exactly one trick - in a late version of the Boston it is described as Piccolissimo in 1879 . The game probably found its way into Königruf in the 1920s or 1930s. Later, in many tarot rounds, the announcements Zwiccolo and Triccolo were invented for exactly two or three tricks .
From the related call of the nineteen the announcement of the Trischakens was introduced, in which everyone plays against everyone for as few points as possible - to punish players who do not announce anything with good hands. The calling of the nineteen, in turn, had probably copied this announcement from the junk in Skat .
The last of the game announcements that are widespread today were the color games , which were probably created in the Twenties and also spread in Königruf in the second half of the 20th century. Here the tarots do not beat the color cards - they allow players with weak tarocks and good color cards to play for the majority of points.
The evolution of birds
|
|
|
|
Eagle on a modern map by Piatnik , motif from 1890
|
Rare double-headed eagle version, Ludwig Jäger company, approx. 1880
|
The (usually four) smallest tarot are called birds - mostly dialect Vogerln ("little birds"). Their specialty is the award to take with them the last trick corresponding to the respective number, i.e. with Tarock I the last, with II the penultimate etc.
The oldest bird is Tarock I, the Pagat . His role for the last stitch is already much older than Königruf. At the beginning there was a punishment, probably introduced in Germany, in the event that the player with the Pagat was struck by a higher tarot. This penalty was doubled if it occurred in the last trick; and vice versa, a bonus was introduced later if the player with the Pagat won the last trick. This premium then reached northern Italy via France; the term Bagatto ultimo has been used in Piedmont since 1787. At that time Milan belonged to the Habsburg monarchy , and this is how the premium and the term came to Austria. There, in turn, it was introduced that the Pagat ultimo can also be announced beforehand, very likely taken from a similar announcement in Hundertspiel , an Austrian variant of the originally Italian card game Trappola . The Pagat ultimo became a formative element of almost all tarot variants in the Habsburg monarchy.
Although there were similar premiums in the Hundred Game, it wasn't until the 20th century that the idea of expanding the Pagat ultimo scheme to include higher tarot and tricks, initially to the eagle owl . In 1937 this name for Tarock II was first documented, namely in the small textbook of the tarot game in its most beautiful ways by Franz Unger; there, however, the award was made for playing the eagle owl in the last trick. Later on, the penultimate prevailed as the norm.
Traditionally, the term eagle owl was interpreted as a corruption of the depicted eagle inspired by the Austrian imperial eagle, analogous to the term cuckoo for a pledge seal . Research showed, however, that the term first appeared in Hungary in 1902 , in the card game Alsós , a variant of Jass for three players with double German cards that was heavily influenced by Tarock and was also played in Austria under the name Vannakspiel . There was as owl awarded, with the clamps - ace to make the penultimate down. Why this was called uhu is unclear; This is also the name for the owl in Hungarian , but there is no apparent connection with the playing cards.
The concept was transferred from the Alsós to the Hungarian tarot and was part of a major refinement of the game in the 1920s, which led to the illustrated Hungarian tarot . Now the pagát uhu could also be played, i.e. the pagat in the penultimate trick. When the term migrated to Austria, the meaning of Tarock II seems to have been transferred.
Apparently in analogy to the eagle owl, the Pagat was given the nickname Sparrow , which gave rise to the concept of "birds". It was now natural to also include higher tarots. This process took place several times independently of one another, which means that there are several different names for the higher "birds". Bird names with the appropriate number of syllables were often preferred. This is how the names Kakadu , Pelikan and Kanari emerged for the III series . For the IIIIer are marabou , vultures , Kikeriki and sow some of the many names; Quapil , a Germanized family name of Czech origin (from kvapil = "he has rushed") , has generally prevailed . In this case, too, it is unclear how this became the name of the playing card.
Playing up to the Quapil is largely the norm today, of the larger player communities only the Raiffeisen Tarock Cup only plays up to the Kakadu. However, individual rounds still play Tarock V or VI as a bird, with the name Dronte being known for the former .
Todays situation
Austrian law regards Königruf - like all tarot variants - as a game of skill (determined more by the skill of the player than by luck of the cards), which is why it does not violate the gambling monopoly , although it is mostly played for (small) amounts of money.
Since 2004 you can play Königruf online on the game platform GameTwist.at (formerly Stargames.at ).
Tournaments
It has only been a relatively short period of time that Königruf has been played in organized tournaments. The Raiffeisen Tarockcup has been held annually in Upper Austria (especially in the Mühlviertel ) since 1995 . In 1997 the Hausruckviertler Tarockcup was launched, which also includes parts of the state of Salzburg . These two cups use largely identical rules and together organize a little more than 50 tournaments with up to 300 participants each from September to March. In doing so, they make Upper Austria, with a total of four-digit tournament players, the stronghold of the Austrian king's call.
The largest cup outside of Upper Austria is the Wiener Zeitung Tarockcup , founded in 2002 , initially held as the Wiener Tarockcup with three tournaments and supported by the daily newspaper Die Presse . It has been sponsored by the Wiener Zeitung since 2005 and has borne its name since then. It developed into an umbrella for all public Koenigruf tournaments in Vienna and Lower Austria, with a few tournaments in Carinthia and Hungary. In addition, there has been the smaller Tyrolean Tarock Cup since 2008 . In Styria there has been a Tarock Cup since 2012, with 15 tournaments per year, which is currently sponsored by Casino Graz.
Austria final
Since 2008 there has been an Austria final every April at Casino Linz in which over 200 of the best players from the cups play for the title of Austrian Tarot Champion . The rules of the Hausruckviertel Tarock Cup are played . The previous winners:
| year | First | Second | Third |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Manfred Huemer | Hubert Zauner | Thomas Walter Angerer |
| 2009 | Manfred Doppler | Josef Brugger | Josef Wenninger |
| 2010 | Hermann Manzenreiter | Manfred Huemer | Josef Mülleder |
| 2011 | Markus Leimhofer | Karl Schilcher | Hermann Manzenreiter |
| 2012 | Josef Böckl | Markus Jungwirth | Christian Raninger |
| 2013 | Florian Ebner | Helmut Dallinger | Alois Stöbich |
| 2014 | Rudolf striker | Sigurd Diess | Johann Zandt |
| 2015 | Hubert Zauner | Dieter Oleinek | Johannes Weninger |
| 2016 | Josef Mülleder | Johann Hafner | Markus Mair |
| 2017 | Christian Rieseneder | Ingrid Müller | Balthasar Rohrmoser |
| 2018 | Anton Wimmer | Peter Baumann | Friedrich Wastl |
| 2019 | Manfred Huemer | Rudolf Raninger | Günther Pestitschek |
Prominent Königrufer
The most famous player in the history of Königrufen was probably Sigmund Freud . In this context, he jokingly spoke of “comfort in the unculture” - an allusion to his work The Uneasiness in Culture .
In Vienna, Königruf is also popular with politicians, journalists and the advertising industry. Prominent king call players were or are for example the former Federal Chancellor Julius Raab (ÖVP), Franz Vranitzky (SPÖ), Wolfgang Schüssel (ÖVP) and Alfred Gusenbauer (SPÖ). After his political career, Schüssel drew his own set of tarot cards, the proceeds of which were donated to charity. Also from Karl Renner his Tarockleidenschaft is handed down, but not directly to which option (s) it has acted up.
Other king call players among politicians on the ÖVP side are former Vice Chancellor Wilhelm Molterer , Senior Citizens Association boss Andreas Khol and Minister of Economics Reinhold Mitterlehner . Former Transport Minister Rudolf Streicher (SPÖ) and former SPÖ federal manager Josef Kalina play for the SPÖ .
The President of Caritas Austria, Franz Küberl , also plays Königruf. Every year shortly before Christmas he organizes a charity tournament in Graz .
The best known Königrufer among the journalists are editor-in-chief Michael Fleischhacker (Die Presse), the former editor-in-chief Andreas Unterberger (Die Presse and Wiener Zeitung), the former ORF general director Gerhard Weis , the ORF television film director Heinrich Mis and the ORF editor Roland Adrowitzer . Prominent women who indulge in the game are the cabaret artist Lore Krainer , the Vienna ORF regional director Brigitte Wolf, the cultural journalists Gabriele Flossmann and Eva-Maria Klinger , the former President of the Austrian National Bank, Maria Schaumayer , and the former Vice-President of the Austrian Chamber of Commerce, Ingrid Tichy-Schreder .
Literary mentions
In Friedrich Torberg's 1975 collection of anecdotes, Die Tante Jolesch, about Austria in the interwar period, tarot also appears again and again. A separate paragraph of the book is dedicated to a variant of the Königrufen:
“The master players at Café Central had invented an incredibly complicated version of the already demanding“ Königrufens ”, which they called“ Rostopschin ”. In addition to the “Pagat Ultimo” - the announced obligation to take the last trick with the lowest tarot - there was also an “Uhu pre-ultimo”, namely the announcement that one would take the penultimate trick with the second lowest tarot, what if successful, brought in a high point bonus. An even higher premium was achieved by taking two tricks in a row in the course of the game with tarot values XVII and XVIII. That was not to be announced in advance, but only when playing, namely with the first card with "Ross!" And with the second with "Topschin!", Otherwise it did not apply. "
According to Robert Sedlaczek, Torberg, as a non-tarot scorer, was mistaken in using the name of the Rostopschin bonus for the entire game.
The game gave the name of the novel König/02 by Peter Marginter . This is not about the game itself, but the plot is reminiscent of a shouting game, in which the partnerships are also hidden at the beginning.
In the crime novel Rose, Löwe, Rosmarin by Eva Holzmair, the king's call plays a unifying role. In 1945, during the last days of the war, four teenagers learned the game from a Jewish refugee. More than 40 years later, they get together again for a game in the Viennese Café Central . After another quarter of a century, there was the last meeting where the now eighty-year-olds received clarification from a witness about a dramatic event a long time ago.
Explanation of terms
The word game is used in three different meanings in this article, as is customary with the call of king:
- Königruf (in itself) with its set of rules
- a game announcement in the bidding , for example a beggar declaring the intention not to take a trick.
- a game as a sequence unit, consisting of shuffling, drawing, dealing, bidding, playing the 4 × 12 cards, counting and accounting. Four games form a round or a wheel , with each player being the dealer once.
As in other card games, the word sheet is used for the entire hand of 12 cards dealt (per player), but also refers to individual cards that have no point value.
The cards
A distinction is made between two groups of 54 cards: 22 tarot and 32 color cards. Königruf uses the basic set of tarot games with a reduced number of color cards - the full set of tarot cards contains 56 color cards, but there are also variants with only 20 color cards.
The design of the cards belongs to the series Industrie und Glück , which, founded in 1824, developed into the standard for Austrian tarot cards in the 19th century. Some of the motifs come from older tariffs; for example Pagat and Sküs from the Chinese tarot , others from the national tarot , which shows members of Austrian peoples in their costumes, or a professional tarot . Today types five (from 1860) and six (from 1890) are still in use from Industrie und Glück .
Tarot
Of the 22 tarots, the numbers I to XXI are numbered with Roman numerals, only the highest, the Sküs , is unmarked. They take on the role of permanent trumps : in almost all games (except for the suit games ) they triumph the suit cards.
Six tarots play special roles and are therefore given names, cards I to IIII are widely known as birds or birds:
- I - pagat or sparrow
- II - eagle owl
- III - cockatoo or pelican
- IIII - Quapil or marabou
- XXI - moon
- Sküs or Gstieß (without a number) - the highest tarot, looks similar to the joker in other card games
Sküs, Mond and Pagat together form the trull . These three have a much higher card value than the other tarots (see Counting ). These names originally come from French and Italian : Excuse (pronounced "Eks-küs" , sorry), Le Monde (the world, corresponding to card XXI in the Tarot - incorrectly translated into "The moon") and il bagato (from bagatella, Small thing).
In the classification of the tarot game expert Michael Dummett, Königufen belongs to the type 3 tarot games - that is, the Sküs is not a special card, but simply the highest tarot, i.e. XXII.
Color cards
The 32 color cards consist of eight cards each in the four French colors of hearts , diamonds , spades and clubs , whereby all colors are equivalent.
Four cards of each suit form the pieces in descending order of stitches - king , queen , cavall and jack . The Cavall, also known as the rider, is unfamiliar for those new to the Tarot who only know games with the usual French hand. He is often mistaken for the jack or the king. The cavall is recognizable on the horse shown (Italian cavallo ), and unlike the king, he wears neither a crown nor a scepter .
The other half of the color cards are four small cards each, the Skartindeln (also: Skatindeln, bald or leaves ). With decreasing stitch power this is for the black colors 10, 9, 8 and 7, for the red ace, 2, 3 and 4. The difference in the ranking between the red and the black Skartindeln reminds us that in earlier tarot variants with all Cards from Ace to 10 has been played. Even then, the hierarchy in the red colors was different from that in the black. When reducing the hand, the six lowest suit cards were then removed: for hearts and diamonds it was 10, 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5, for spades and clubs it was ace, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 .
Basic rules of the game
Königruf is - like all tarot games - a trick card game . It is designed for four players, but five people can also play without any problems - the dealer then goes out and a round consists of five games. In the individual games there are alternating partners and opponents: There are games two against two, one against everyone else and everyone against everyone. Even if several players try to win together in individual games, in the long run everyone plays for himself.
The game is played for game points, usually with money, but typically not for higher amounts. The points that a game is worth must not be confused with the points of the card values. Königruf is a zero-sum game , which means that what one side wins, the other loses - the sum of the plus and minus points equals zero.
Brief description of the gameplay
Each player receives twelve cards, two three cards are placed face down as a talon in the middle. Königruf is usually played counterclockwise. After it has been determined which announcement will be played (and by whom), a certain player (depending on the game) places a card on the table for the first trick after possibly including the talon. From then on - as in most similar card games - the winner of the last trick always plays until either all twelve tricks have been played or the goal of the game has already failed.
The main aim of most games is to have the majority of the value of the cards in the tricks (see Counting ). In addition, there are additional game objectives in such games, the bonuses . Other games, on the other hand, are about a specific, small number of tricks that you have to take, or about getting as few points as possible.
Stitch rules
Encore and lead rules
As in most other tarot games, there are two irrevocable addition rules with no exception:
- Compulsory service (also compulsory color ): If a suit card is played, each subsequent player must play a card of the same suit in this trick, provided that he has one. This also applies to tarot, i.e. if tarot has been played, the following players must play tarot in this trick.
- Tarock compulsory (also trump compulsory ): If you cannot use the led suit because you do not have it or no longer have it in your hand, you must admit tarot in this trick. If he does not have tarot (any more) in his hand, he can play any color card in this trick (which then does not win).
There is an additional rule in negative games : There, subordinate to the compulsory color, there is also compulsory stitch. Each player must overstitch the highest card, if this is possible while fulfilling the compulsory suit.
The first opening lead to a trick is largely free and leave the choice of the player. There are, however, exceptions.
- Cards that have been reserved for one of the last tricks by announcement (birds, king ultimo) must also be played in precisely this trick and therefore must not be played beforehand.
- In the negative games, the Pagat may only be added or played as the last tarot in the hand.
- In the suit games the players have to play suit cards; only those who don't have any left in their hand may (and must) play tarot.
Height of the cards
A higher suit card wins a lower one within the same suit, a higher tarot a lower one. The trick is won by the player who played the highest card in the suit led if no tarot was played. Otherwise the highest tarot wins.
In contrast to this, in color games, tarots do not score a played color. However, they must be added within the framework of the unchanged mandatory tariff.
A special rule that is often played is: If all three trull pieces fall in the same trick, the pagat wins . This special rule is usually called an emperor's stitch or fairytale stitch and may or may not be tied to a certain sequence of trull pieces in the stitch. There is also no uniform regulation as to whether it also applies in negative and color games - in the latter, however, only if tarot has been played.
The players
The individual players take on different roles:
The giver
The dealer's job is to shuffle the cards and deal them counter-clockwise. He first gives each player 6 cards, starting with the forehand, then places the talon in the middle and finally gives each player another 6 cards.
The lifter
The lifter sits to the left of the dealer (or across from him) and divides the shuffled deck of cards into two parts, which are then reassembled by the dealer in reverse order. This creates some additional shuffling of the cards and ensures that the dealer is not cheating.
Instead of taking off, the lifter can usually also "knock" . In this case, the talon is placed first, then twelve cards are counted for the 1st pile, another twelve for the 2nd pile, and so on until a total of four piles are next to the talon. The players - starting to the right of the dealer - choose any pile as a hand.
The forehand
The forehand sits to the right of the dealer. It begins with the bidding , usually simply with the announcement “Forehand” (or “My game!”). It usually begins to play out, except in negative games . In addition, the forehand has the right to play some special announcements that are only reserved for them (forehand games) . In the following game, the forehand becomes the dealer.
The player standing
The one who in the Lizitation announces the highest game bid for this and so is the player upright or game enhancer . When a partner game (caller) is announced, the player standing calls a partner. Only then does he choose half of the talon (again depending on the game being played) and choose his bonuses . In a negative game he opens the first trick himself, otherwise forehand leads.
Play partner
Who plays with whom depends on the popular game. At negative or three games a play against all others in Trischaken everyone plays against everyone in callers usually two play against two. In the narrower sense, a partner is the partner of the player standing, in the broader sense all players who play together for the current game.
Bidding
The auction is the auctioning of the games and - like the admission of cards - takes place counterclockwise. First, the forehand usually declares it to be. Then the players take turns saying whether they want to make a game announcement. Whoever announces the game with the highest score may play it. If you don't register a game, continue! and is thus eliminated from the auction. A typical auction could look like this:
- 1st player: Forehand!
- 2nd player: Go on!
- 3rd player: Solo callers!
- 4th player: Beggars!
- 1st player: Go on!
- 2nd player: is not allowed to report anything because he has already Continue! has reported
- 3rd player: Threesome!
- 4th player: Go on!
Thus the 3rd player plays a threesome , with player 1 (forehand) leading.
The talon and the laying
The six cards that are placed face down in two groups of three cards each in the middle of the table are called talons .
Most game announcements mean that the player standing up opens the talon for all players to see and selects one of the two halves on the hand. He picks up this and places three cards face down that count towards his tricks. This is called embarrassing .
Only color cards may be laid below the kings. Only if a player has fewer than three such cards in hand can he move tarot - but then these cards face up. Kings and trulls may not be moved.
The left half of the talon counts as one of the tricks of the opponent.
However, other things can also happen to the talon:
- The talon remains face down and counts towards the tricks of the opponents (solo games).
- The player takes all six cards and displaces six cards (six-threes).
- The talon does not take part in the game at all (negative games, sometimes including trischaken).
- The six cards of the talon are thrown individually to the first six tricks, or it comes to the player who wins the last trick (Trischaken).
The calling
In contrast to many other card games, there are no fixed partners in Königruf. The cards and the bid game decide who plays with whom.
If a caller game , which is one of the positive games, has been auctioned in the auction, the player standing calls any king. The one who has the king of the called suit on his game sheet is the partner of the stand-up player, the other two players play as the opposing team. If the player has three kings, he can call "the fourth" without specifying the color. If the player has all kings, he cannot call a partner, but some house rules allow him to call the owner of a queen or a certain tarot. When the called king is in the talon, the player can give up and pay the game to everyone. Alternatively, he can start the game against all three - depending on the house rules, the opponents can register a contra (see below), or the game is settled on the terms of a three. However, some house rules also prohibit the contra in this case in order to reduce the number of games abandoned.
Cons
If an opponent does not believe that the announced game or a announced bonus will be won, then he can call against. This doubles the value of the game or the bonus. Games and rewards can be countered independently of one another. If the player thinks he is going to win anyway, he can double the value again with a recontra . Depending on the rule agreement, the opponent can counter with a subcontract , which is now eightfold. Some rounds play with even more contra levels up to a 64-fold multiplication.
In positive games a contra always counts for the whole party, but in negative games everyone can double individually. With Trischaken, since everyone plays against everyone, there is no contradiction.
The premiums
In addition to winning a positive game by achieving the majority of points, there may also be other goals, the so-called rewards . The closest - similarly known from other card games - is to win all the tricks. This is called Valat in Königruf . A Valat either multiplies the tariff of the basic game or it has a constant, high value, depending on the rule agreements.
The other prizes are divided into two fundamentally different groups, the first of which, however, is rarely played today:
- Hand Rewards where the player announces what he has in the hand;
- Bonuses in the tricks that represent a goal to be achieved in the course of the game.
Rewards in the tricks can usually either be played in silence without notice or announced , whereby they usually count double if announced . If they are in, they can also be doubled in any case .
Rewards from the hand are factual statements about constellations in the hand before the game, which only exist as announced. So it will reveal part of the hand to the players in exchange for a prize or as information for the partner. Since the announcement is automatically fulfilled, these bonuses cannot be doubled. Adopted from older tarot variants, they are no longer played in today's tournaments and are therefore only mentioned below for the more rarely played variants .
Some regulations divide the bonuses in the stitches into two further subgroups:
- Game bonuses to be achieved during the course of the game;
- Material bonuses that must be achieved in the cards won after the game.
This distinction is advantageous because the two groups are sometimes treated differently in the Valat: Game bonuses are independent of the Valat and therefore apply without restriction. Material rewards are almost automatically achieved with the Valat (opponents only have 0, 3 or 6 talon cards) and are therefore not valid. However, this is not a norm. In the various player communities, different variants are possible, from "No bonus counts with Valat" to multiplying some bonuses.
Game rewards
| Surname | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Birds (pagat / eagle owl / cockatoo / quapil) | The last / next / third / fourth last stitch is made with the bird. |
| King Ultimo | The called king is played in the last trick and the trick is won by the player side. |
| Moon catch | The moon is tapped by the Sküs (usually only playable in silence). |
| King catch | The called king is captured by the opponents. |
Material rewards
| Surname | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Trull | One side has the trull (Sküs, Mond and Pagat) in its engravings. |
| Four kings | One side has all four kings in the stitches, which is sometimes referred to as a king strull . |
| Honors | Of the seven most expensive cards (trulls, kings), one side has at least five in the tricks. |
| Absolut and Grammopoi (Grammeln, bag bonuses) | The side that won the game has at least 45 points two hands ( absolute) or 55/2 (Grammopoi) . There are also other names ( 1st and 2nd bag ; Grammeln and Großgrammeln ) and other barriers in use. |
The games in groups
Normal positive games
Positive games is a general term for those games in which the aim of the game is to win the majority of points with the cards (possibly among others). In contrast to the color games , they are also called "black games".
Shouting games
When there is a caller , a partner is called . The callers include:
- Ordinary caller with talon - forehand play
- Solo caller - caller without talon
- Better caller - caller with the announcement of a bird
Triple games
A three-way game is a positive game in which you play alone against the other players. Games of three are:
- Threesome - with talon
- Solo threesome - without talon
- Color triple and solo
- Six-threesome - forehand game
Solo games
Solo is a prefix that indicates that you are playing the game without a talon (or short for solo callers ). It doesn't mean the same thing as in other card games - the game of one against all the others is called a game of three . At the end of the day, the talon counts towards the tricks of the opponents, except if the called king is in the talon in the case of a solo caller - then the corresponding half belongs to the player. Solo games count twice as much as the corresponding games with a talon, and all bonuses (usually except for the valat) count double for a solo game. Solo games are:
- Solo caller
- Solo threesome
- Solo color threesome
Play of colors
Color games are a special form of positive games with some special rules:
- The trick power of the tarot over the suit cards is canceled (but they still have to be added if the player cannot use the suit led).
- Tarocks may not be played while the player still has colored cards.
- There are special rules for triple colors as to what can be laid. Usually tarots have to be laid, but sometimes tarots and color cards can be laid.
The solo color triple is also called color solo for short . Occasionally a color caller is also played (possibly only as a forehand game), in which a partner is called, as with the usual caller.
Negative games
Negative games are games in which the normal game objective of gaining a majority of points does not apply. Instead, there is an alternative goal in which the player has to do “little” - either as small a number of points as possible or a fixed, small number of tricks. Several special rules apply to this:
| Positive play | Negative game |
|---|---|
| The primary goal is to have the majority of the points in the tricks (see Counting ). | The goal is a certain, small number of tricks (none, one, ...) or as few points as possible. |
| The forehand leads to the first trick. | The standing player leads to the first trick. |
| No need to stab | Prick compulsion |
| Additional game objectives, the bonuses | No additional game goals |
In addition, the Pagat may only be played as the last tarot in the hand in negative games. There are the following negative games:
- Trischaken - forehand game .
- Beggar - the player is not allowed to take a trick.
- Piccolo - the player must take exactly one trick.
- Zwiccolo - two stitches
- Triccolo - three stitches
- Beggar, Piccolo, Zwiccolo and Triccolo ouvert (open): Here all players lay their sheets of paper openly on the table. Depending on the agreement, it is permitted or forbidden for the player's opponents to discuss the strategy. There are also semi-ouvert (half-open) variants in which only the player or only the opponents put their hands on the table. In any case, advice on strategy is not allowed in half-open negative games.
In contrast to the positive games, negative games are compulsory and the player in the negative game is allowed to lead (instead of forehand). All negative games except Trischaken and possibly the (semi) -offenen games can examples (joint) are played, that is several (possibly. All) players play parallel a negative game.
Forehand games
Forehand games are games that are only allowed to announce the forehand when all other players have said “Continue!” . An exception is the six-three-point mentioned below - in this case, it has been generally accepted that the forehand must announce it immediately and that it can then only be outbid by a higher game.
- Ordinary caller: The forehand calls a partner and takes three cards from the talon.
- Trischaken (or driving, downhill): Everyone plays against everyone and tries to take as few tricks as possible. The billing at Trischaken alone has almost as great a fluctuation range as the other variants combined. It can be billed according to many different principles:
- The one with the most points pays everyone else.
- The two players with more points pay the two with fewer points.
- The one with the fewest points wins from everyone else.
- Those who have an above-average number of points pays, whoever has less than average cashes (in individual cases this can look like any of the three principles above).
- Instead of the points in the tricks, only the number of tricks itself is counted.
- In addition, it usually means a special role if one player alone has the absolute majority of points ( mayor or large farmer ), if the forehand loses (both costs more than a normal defeat) or if one or more have no trick at all ( virgin or angel ) - that earns points.
- The talon is usually thrown at the first 6 tricks, but sometimes the player who takes the last trick also receives it, or it remains completely out of play.
- Six-threes (sixes): Like a normal threesome, except that the forehand can pick up all six cards of the talon and discard six cards. The loss of this game is usually valued higher than the profit (usually twice as high).
Counting
An important feature of the Königrufen is the way in which the values of the cards are counted. The total value of the cards is 70 points, but these are divided into thirds . In detail the value of the cards:
- 4 1/3 points: the trull pieces and the kings
- 3 1/3 points: the ladies
- 2 1/3 points: the Cavalle
- 1 1/3 points: the jacks
- 1/3 point: all other cards (= the remaining tarocks and the skartindles)
The cards that are worth 1/3 point are called "hand", which is why the terms hand and third point are treated as synonyms .
The goal of the game in positive games is to achieve the majority of the total of 70 points, more precisely 35 2/3 points. 35 1/3 points are traditionally rounded down to 35 points, and at 35:35 the player has lost - there is no provision for a tie. Only regionally, 35 1/3 points are enough to win the game, for example in many places in Styria.
Since it is cumbersome to add up the values together with the third points individually, the value of each card is either rounded up or down for counting. The values rounded up correspond to those of other tarot games such as Zwanzigerzüge and Hungarian tarot . The rounded ones were the original ones; a point was added to them for each stitch in the old three-baroque.
Rounded card values
- 5 points: the trull pieces and the kings
- 4 points: the ladies
- 3 points: the Cavalle
- 2 points: the jacks
- 1 point: all other cards (= the remaining tarocks and the skartindles)
You take the value of three cards and subtract 2. A king, a jack and a skartindel are worth (5 + 2 + 1) - 2 = 6 points. If there is one card left at the end, 2/3 is deducted from its value; if two cards remain, 1 1/3 point is deducted from their value. If you want to count during the game, you have to subtract: For example, the pagat, a king, a cavall and a jack (5 + 5 + 3) - 2 + 2 - 2/3 = 12 1/3 are worth.
Rounded card values
- 4 points: the trull pieces and the kings
- 3 points: the ladies
- 2 points: the Cavalle
- 1 point: the boys
- 0 points: all other cards (= the remaining tarocks and the skartindles)
Now you take the value of three cards and add 1 to it. As in the example above, a King, a Jack and a Skartindel are worth (4 + 1 + 0) + 1 = 6 points. If you want to count during the game, you add up the 4 cards in the tricks and add 1 1/3. So the Pagat, a King, a Cavall and a Jack are worth (4 + 4 + 2 + 1) + 1 1/3 = 12 1/3.
Rule violations
If a player commits an infraction (Renonce), he has to pay to all other players (also to the partners) as if they had won the game and the announced bonuses. With Trischaken you usually have to pay as if you had taken all the tricks.
Examples of rule violations:
- The player misplaced (he forgot to misplace, misplaced the wrong number of cards or misplaced cards).
- The color played has not been used.
- A player who does not have the suit led has not played a tarot.
- In negative games, the compulsory trick was not observed.
- Besserrufer was bid, even though there was no bird in the hand.
- Some rounds also prohibit the player from calling a king that he himself has in the hand (although this may also be allowed).
Billing of the games
The local regulations are very different from one another. As a common guideline, it can be seen that trendy bonuses count twice as much as silent ones, and solo games double as much as their basic games. The solo threesome is always the highest game.
Match table of the Austria final
As an example, the rules of the Hausruckviertel Tarock Cup are given, which are also used for the Austria finals.
The six-threesome must be announced in the forehand, i.e. before the other players bid. In the Trischaken, the player who wins the last trick receives the talon.
It is settled in game points, which are multiplied by an amount of money (usually 10 cents per point).
| Forehand play | value |
|---|---|
| Caller | 1 |
| Trischaken | see below |
| Six-threes | 4, lost 8 |
| Bid game | value |
|---|---|
| Piccolo | 2 |
| beggar | 2 |
| Solo caller | 2 |
| Bettercaller | 1 + bird |
| three | 4th |
| Color solo | 5 |
| Piccolo crotchless | 6th |
| Begging crotchless | 7th |
| Solo threesome | 8th |
| Bonuses | quiet | hip, trendy, popular |
|---|---|---|
| Trull | 1 | 2 |
| 4 kings | 1 | 2 |
| King ultimo | 1 | 2 |
| Pagat ultimo | 1 | 2 |
| Eagle owl | 2 | 4th |
| Cockatoo | 3 | 6th |
| Quapil | 4th | 8th |
| Valat | Game × 4 | × 8 |
Settlement at Trischaken
- The loser of the Trischakens is the player with the most points. That can be two or three players with equal points. All losers pay all other players 10 cents each.
- If the loser has achieved at least 35 points and 2 hands (mayor), he pays twice as much.
- If a player does not have a trick (virgin), he collects the entire payout of the losing side.
- If there are two virgins, they will each receive 30 cents from the loser, even if he only has 35/1. If there are two losers with an ex aequo 35 points, each pays a virgin 30 cents.
- In the case of a renunciation (game abandonment due to rule violation by a fellow player), the player pays 20 cents each.
- If the forehand loses, it always pays everyone alone (any ex-aequo loser is canceled) and in all of the above cases double.
Variants played less often
Games
- By-games : Two or more negative games are played at the same time, e.g. B. a piccolo and a piccolo with another player
- Color six: forehand three suit with all six talon cards
- Half-open negative games: Only the player standing up or only the opponents reveal their hands.
- Higher negative games:
- Triccolo - three stitches
- Quadruccolo - four stitches (very rare) in the Salzkammergut (Austria) also called Wildsau
- Variations in the Trischaken:
- Contra with different meanings
- Trischaken from above , d. H. the player who leads must come out with his highest tarot
- Trischaken with changed card stitching power, e.g. inverted tarot
- Trischaken without stabbing
- Announcement of the virgin
- Supra: Rufer, with whom you have to achieve the absolute, i.e. 45/2, to win.
- Better threesome: threesome with a bird as a separate bidding game
- Upper, lower: Like a threesome, but the player must decide blindly whether to take the upper or the lower half of the talon. The selected half is not revealed for the opponents, the unselected half is only opened at the end of the game and its points are allocated to the opponents. This variant of the game is better known for the three -player tarot ( tap tarot ).
Bonuses
- Rewards out of hand
| Surname | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Heads | A player who has two trull pieces in hand announces the bonus heads . |
| Hand honors | This announcement means that you have five of the seven most valuable cards (trulls, kings) in your hand. In other regulations, four are sufficient for the announcement. |
| Tarot | This means having at least eight tarots in hand. |
| Grand tarot | If you only have tarot in hand, you can make this announcement. |
| Without a trull | A three-player player who does not have a trull piece in hand may announce this, which means that the trull does not count as a bonus for the opponents (sometimes this also increases the value of the game). |
- Rostopschin: An old bonus - get two tricks with XVII and XVI in a row.
- V and VI are also played as birds.
Others
- Game together : If a player has neither tarot nor king, he can / must return the cards, a new deal is made. This rule is also used in various ways, for example that a trull piece and no other tarot is thrown together.
- Piccolo with Sküs is prohibited, or it has to be announced separately.
- Bettercaller with a prone king can be changed to three.
Königruf in other countries
Königruf was not restricted to today's Austria, but expanded into wide areas of the monarchy. Several variants have been preserved to this day. They share the set of cards, the hand distribution and the “calling” of a king with the Austrian king calling, but differ primarily in the range of games and the rules for handling the talon. Only the most important differences are described here. All these variants have in common that no higher "birds" have developed - only the Pagat ultimo is played.
A king is called in the very different French tarot for five players, but this does not count as king calls , not even in a broader sense.
Slovenia
Slovenian tarot is played in a three- and a four-player variant. The former is fundamentally similar to the Tapp tarot, the latter to the Königruf. While in Austria today there are clearly two different games (and overlaps among the players are rare), in Slovenia both variants are seen as parts of the same game. While John McLeod classifies it as "less baroque and much more competitive" than König Ruf, Robert Sedlaczek judges it as much more conservative, since card games were unpopular under communism and therefore it could not develop strongly.
In contrast to the Austrian Königruf, the game announcements can also include two or one cards from the talon. There is no solo caller with a closed talon - after the caller with a card from the talon, the next higher bid is the game against the others with three talon cards alone. The term solo stands for games against the others alone, so it corresponds to the three-man game in Königruf. The beggar is a very high bid between the solo one and the solo without , the open beggar even goes over the latter.
Slovenian tarot kept the excess points.
Romania and Ukraine
The Romanian tarot is played in Bukovina , once the easternmost part of Cisleithania , today shared between Romania and Ukraine . The rules in the two states differ only slightly.
The players after the forehand are only allowed to bid three-way games, i.e. those in which one plays against the other three. In contrast to Austria and Slovenia, the possibility of receiving three cards from the talon has been abolished; the player may only take two, one, or none at all. From the Tapp tarot, the revealing of the talon was kept in stages.
If none of the players announces such a game, however , the forehand must call a king. If she wants to play alone, she can call a king in her own hand. Players may declare a high number of tarots in their hand (eight, nine, or at least ten).
Romanian tarot also has a three-player variant, but it is only played with 42 cards.
Poland
In Poland south of the Vistula - formerly Austrian Galicia - tarot is played, most often nineteen calls , which as Taroky is also the national tarot variant of the Czech Republic and Slovakia . But regionally, especially in Kozy , the largest village in Poland, a king call has been preserved, whereby the large rule differences make a direct connection between the two games appear unlikely despite the geographical proximity. Polish does not usually use terms for king calls and nineteen calls - you just play taroki . In the case of a necessary clarification, taroki z królami ("tarot with kings") or taroki z dziewiętnaską ("tarot with nineteen") is used.
Polish king calling is similar to the version described in 1840 in that only callers are played - if you want to play alone, you have to call a king in your hand. Depending on the bid, three, two, one or no cards at all can be lifted from the talon - the talon is revealed in stages. Announcements of the King Ultimo and doubles must be made before the talon is accepted. After picking up the talon, hand announcements can be made, for example 0–2 and 10–12 tarot in hand or four kings. 35 1/3 points are enough to win the game.
United States
Since tarot never reached the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, which was otherwise very widespread , America remained largely unaffected by the game. Only later immigrants brought the game to the USA. In Texas , Czech immigrants introduced the Nineteen Call, which is closely related to King Call (and also a Twenty Call with 54 sheets). Apparently some players there came up with the idea of calling a king instead of a high tarot. In the small town of Taylor in Williamson County , this king call is also played as a tournament.
From the other rules, however, this game remained subject to the calling of the nineteen. In the case of three, for example, the revealing of the talon, taken over from the Tapp tarot, was retained in stages: the player first opens one half of the talon and decides whether to pick it up; if he opens the other one instead, the game counts twice for him in the event of a loss. In the caller games, however, the talon is not opened, but the player picks up the top four cards face down, while the two remaining cards are dealt counter-clockwise to two players. The hand prizes , which have largely disappeared in König’s call , have also been retained here - players can announce card constellations that they are holding in their hand, such as at least 10 tarots or four kings.
In addition, there was an attempt in 1922 by the illustrator August Petrtyl , who immigrated to Chicago from Bohemia , to establish a King Call in the USA, the maps and names of which he had drawn were based on America. The Sküs called Uncle Sam , the Pagat Papoose and the kings Chiefs ( chiefs ). A five-player version of this game was also described, in which each player received ten cards and four formed the talon. However, there is no evidence that it was actually played.
literature
Books about king calls
- Martin Vácha: Tarot manual. The art of calling a king. Kral Verlag, Berndorf 2015, ISBN 978-3-99024-323-7 .
- Martin Vácha: Tarock - textbook of the call of the king. A way to think strategically . Edition Volkshochschule, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-900799-74-8 .
- Friedrich Flendrovsky: Tarock. A guide through the royal game . Self-published, 2nd improved and expanded edition 1997, ISBN 3-85028-221-X .
- Siegfried Hackl: The Tarock Game. Tarot for everyone . Sailer's series of bags No. 34, Vienna 1950.
King calls in cross-game tarot books
- Wolfgang Mayr, Robert Sedlaczek : The strategy of the tarot game. Königruf, Zwanzigerufen, Nineteen tarot, three-tier tarot, straw man tarot. 4th extended edition, Edition Atelier, Vienna 2014, ISBN 978-3-902498-22-9 , pages 125-269.
- Wolfgang Mayr, Robert Sedlaczek: The great tarot book. Verlag Perlen-Reihe, Vienna a. a. 2001, ISBN 3-85223-462-X ( Perlen-Reihe 642), pp. 26–32, 119–152 u. a.
- Michael Dummett , John McLeod: A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack. The Game of Triumphs. 2 volumes. Mellen Press, Lewiston NY 2004, ISBN 0-7734-6447-6 - Supplement volume: tarotgame.org (PDF; 3.81 MB), pp. 575-692.
- Michael Dummett: The Game of Tarot. From Ferrara to Salt Lake City. Duckworth, London 1980, ISBN 0-7156-1014-7 , pp. 502-525.
Web links
- Königruf on pagat.com; Retrieved December 5, 2010
- Online Königufen on gametwist.at; Retrieved April 7, 2012
- Austria Final ; Retrieved April 19, 2012
Individual evidence
- ↑ Vácha: Tarock - textbook of the king's call. A way to think strategically . 2007, p. 25
- ↑ Mayr, Sedlaczek: The great tarot book . 2001, p. 7
- ^ Dummett, McLeod: A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack . 2004, Volume 2, p. 576
- ^ Dummett, McLeod: A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack . 2004, volume 1, p. 1
- ↑ Abbé Michel de Marolles: REGLES DV IEV DES TAROTS. Hans-Joachim Alscher, accessed on April 22, 2012 .
- ^ Dummett: The Game of Tarot . 1980, p. 225
- ↑ The section follows, unless otherwise convenient, largely Dummett: The Game of Tarot , 1980, p. 437ff.
- ↑ Hans-Joachim Alscher: Rare tarot book acquired from the Lower Austrian regional library. (PDF; 3.3 MB) Association of Austrian Librarians, 2010, p. 113 , accessed on April 22, 2012 .
- ↑ Tarok-tap-game-1827. (PDF; 5.1 MB) (No longer available online.) 1827, pp. 155–173 , archived from the original on December 25, 2015 ; Retrieved April 7, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ The rules of 1829 on tarock.info (PDF; 117 kB)
- ↑ Königrufen 1840 tarock.info. Retrieved April 21, 2012 .
- ↑ Sigmund Ulmann: Illustrirtes Wiener Tarokbuch. (PDF; 10.2 MB) Hans-Joachim Alscher, accessed on April 21, 2012 .
- ↑ The section follows, unless otherwise indicated, John McLeod: Owl or eagle? The Uhu in Austrian Tarock , The Playing-Card Volume 32, No 1, Jul-Aug 2003, pages 33-36.
- ^ Dummett, pp. 229f
- ^ Dummett, pp. 432 and 438f
- ↑ Mayr / Sedlaczek: The great tarot book , page 31
- ↑ Quapil on enzyklo.de. Retrieved April 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Rules of the Raiffeisen Tarock Cup. Retrieved April 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Raiffeisen Tarock Cup schedule. Retrieved April 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Tournament calendar Hausruckviertler Tarockcup. Retrieved April 7, 2012 .
- ^ Tournament calendar Wiener Zeitung Tarockcup 2011/12. (PDF; 55 kB) Accessed April 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Styrian tournaments. Retrieved April 7, 2012 .
- ↑ News from the Baumgartner Brewery. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on April 25, 2012 ; accessed on April 18, 2012 (with the results of the three tournaments 2011/2012). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Wiener Zeitung: A good paper - luck or ability?
- ↑ Königufen on GameTwist.at ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Archive - Raiffeisen Tarockcup Austria on haudum.at; Retrieved December 5, 2010
- ↑ Venues and tournament participants in the 14-year history of the Hausruckcup at home.eduhi.at; Retrieved December 5, 2010
- ↑ Wiener Zeitung : Overview of the top placements 2003–2008 , March 18, 2008; Retrieved November 20, 2013
- ^ Tarock in Tirol - Link "Tirol-Cup" on members.chello.at; Retrieved December 5, 2010
- ↑ The comfort in the unculture. Wiener Zeitung, March 9, 2006, accessed on November 20, 2013 .
- ↑ Bowl tarot sold for charity ( Memento from September 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Mayr / Sedlaczek: The great tarot book , page 261f. A description by Alfred Migsch at least shows that Renner played four-star with him.
- ↑ Erich Witzmann: 54 cards in grand coalition. Die Presse , December 12, 2008, accessed April 6, 2012 .
- ↑ Mayr / Sedlaczek, Das große Tarockbuch , page 255f
- ↑ Hans-Joachim Alscher: Tarock Gallery. Retrieved April 19, 2012 (see the files under section a)).
- ^ Cards, giving and announcements on Wiener Zeitung , September 19, 2005, accessed on November 20, 2013
- ↑ Robert Sedlaczek : Styrian King Calling. Wiener Zeitung , September 15, 2005, accessed on April 7, 2012 .
- ^ Franz Kienast: The tournament rules at the Tarock Austria finals. Retrieved April 7, 2012 .
- ↑ Rules for playing the Tarockierverein LLURT. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on October 6, 2013 ; Retrieved April 22, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ John McLeod: Tarot for five players. Retrieved April 14, 2012 .
- ^ John McLeod: Slovenian Tarok. Retrieved April 15, 2012 .
- ^ Robert Sedlaczek : Slovenian tarot. Wiener Zeitung , September 14, 2005, accessed on April 21, 2012 .
- ↑ John McLeod: Romanian Tarok. Retrieved April 15, 2012 .
- ↑ Taroki z królami on pagat.com
- ↑ Article Polish King Calling by Robert Sedlaczek . Wiener Journal , color supplement of the Wiener Zeitung , August 12, 2011, page 27
- ↑ Michael Dummett, John McLeod: A History of Games Played with the Tarot Pack - Supplement. (PDF; 4.0 MB) 2009, pp. 35–43 , accessed on April 15, 2012 (English).
