Krauthausen (Niederzier)

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Krauthausen
Niederzier municipality
Coordinates: 50 ° 52 ′ 28 "  N , 6 ° 25 ′ 31"  E
Height : 97 m above sea level NHN
Area : 1.07 km²
Residents : 742  (December 31, 2016)
Population density : 693 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : 1936
Incorporated into: Jülich
Postal code : 52382
Area code : 02428

Krauthausen is a district of Niederzier in the Düren district , North Rhine-Westphalia .

geography

Geographical location

The neighboring villages are called Hambach , Niederzier , Schophoven , Selgersdorf , Selhausen , Berg and the pier, which has since given way to the Inden open-cast mine . The next cities are Jülich and Düren . The mill pond, a tributary of the Rur, flows through the western part of the village .

history

The name Krauthausen is made up of the word components "Crut" and "Hus". Under Crut is understood as everything that grows in the fields and not at the same time grain crops. The name Krauthausen could therefore be translated as "Houses in Krautfeld".

Krauthausen is mentioned for the first time in a document from knight Hunkin von Mollenack from 1290 ("quinque folidos Colonienses apud Cruthusen"). The settlement was already inhabited in Roman times, as evidenced by finds of Roman brick fragments, shards of vessels and a 10 cm bronze cast, the portrait of a young Roman woman, in the "alley".

The history and development of Krauthausen is characterized by the Krauthausen mill pond, which has existed since the late Middle Ages at the latest. The paper mills standing on the pond were of decisive importance for the development of the paper industry on the Rur and still influence the townscape today.

History of the paper industry

Kollergang at the mill pond
Tee off at the mill pond to the Rur

In 1525 there is already a full mill for Krauthausen, but no paper mill can be verified. From 1564, two mills on the mill pond are mentioned in the winery accounts of the Wehrmeisterei office . At that time, one of the two mills was already a paper mill, making it the oldest documented paper mill in the Düren-Jülich area. By 1760 at the latest, three mills and from 1820 four mills stood on the Krauthausen mill pond. Three of the mills were used, at least temporarily, to make paper. Due to the growing demand for paper in the course of the 19th century, chemical substances were increasingly used in its manufacture. While in the previous bleaching process rags rotted up in water for up to 20 days, from 1811 onwards large amounts of paper could be bleached inexpensively on the Rur with the help of so-called chlorine bleaching. Various processes for the production of paper led to the development of the soda process in 1854. By cooking straws under increased pressure in cauldrons filled with caustic soda , pulp was obtained from straw for the first time . However, this pulp had to be mixed with the still indispensable rag pulp. This baking soda process was probably first introduced on the Rur at the Obere Mühle in Krauthausen in 1862. Nowadays a Dutchman and a pan mill still testify to the paper production in Krauthausen. They can be viewed at the junction of the street “Am Mühlenteich” / “Aachener Straße”.

Upper mill

The upper paper mill was in Oberkrauthausen on Aachener Strasse. It initially belonged to Gerhard Bongen, who moved from Pommenich to Krauthausen after the paper mill there closed between 1631 and 1636. For two and a half centuries, the upper mill was used both for paper production and temporarily as a barley mill. From 1894 to 1922 the mill was used for cotton processing. Today the Rhineland corrugated cardboard factory is located roughly at the former location of the mill. This was founded in 1914 by Johann Krieger and was first located in Jülich. In 1916, however, the company's headquarters were relocated to Krauthausen. In 2003 Brohl Wellpappe GmbH & Co. KG took over the plant. Thus, the production activities were concentrated and specialized on sophisticated die-cut articles, high-quality flexo direct printing and offset lamination. The business activities finally passed in 2008.

Medium mill

The middle mill was also in Oberkrauthausen and was used as a grinding and oil mill. It is mentioned in a document for the first time in the order of the Krauthausen mill pond from July 9th, 1760. This mill was never used for paper production.

Lower mill

Dutch at the mill pond

The lower paper mill, on the other hand, was located in Unterkrauthausen, roughly where the “Am Mühlenteich” road runs today. Already from 1579 to 1591 the lower mill served as a paper mill, but was misappropriated until 1832 and used for grinding grain and the production of thimbles , which is why it was popularly known as the "thimble mill ". In 1860 the plant was technically expanded by adding a steam boiler. The cardboard lid factory built in the following period burned down in 1897, but was rebuilt in the same year. From November 18, 1907, the mill was under the company Krauthausener Deckelfabrik GmbH in Krauthausen-Jülich. guided. In 1935, the company expanded its operations to include the lower mill, which had now been shut down. During the Second World War, 90 percent of the factory was destroyed and production came to a complete standstill by the spring of 1949 due to the evacuation of the population. After that, the plant's machines were increasingly modernized so that 50 people were employed in 1959. The factory operation was completely stopped in 1980.

Bottom mill

The concession for the lowest mill in Krauthausen was granted to Peter Johann Kufferath on April 6, 1762 by the court chamber of Düsseldorf . After a fire in 1824, the mill was rebuilt in 1825. Despite objections from the municipality of Selgersdorf, the concession for the new construction, the relocation of the barley peeling mill of the paper mill to the other side of the pond and the extended use of the pond slope was granted in 1830. From 1882 onwards, there were no good times for the mill. In the following decades the mill changed hands several times because the operation had become unprofitable. In a final attempt to maintain paper production, wrapping paper production was expanded to include corrugated cardboard production in 1909. From 1928 onwards, paper production was stopped in favor of the establishment of a shredded wool factory . Use of the mill was completely ended in 1960.

Krauthausen in the Second World War

During the Second World War , Krauthausen was largely destroyed by American artillery bombardment, as the place was on the main battle line along the Rur. On September 11, 1944, the school was closed and covered with schanzers . The teaching staff was also assigned to this purpose. On October 4, 1944, the station was attacked by low-flying aircraft. A railway worker died here. While American infantry and tank divisions attacked on the front between Hürtgenwald and Roermond on November 16, 1944 in order to encounter Cologne and Düsseldorf , American bomber units bombed German artillery positions in the Hambacher Wald, smaller towns in front of the Rur, the Jülich repair shop and Jülich in the afternoon . Thus the Krauthausen population was repatriated and evacuated from November 19, 1944 to spring 1945. In the following months, various regroupings of divisions and regiments on the German side had to be carried out due to heavy fighting. The high water level in the Rur caused enormous difficulties during the fighting. In the major offensive Operation Grenade scheduled for February 23, 1945 , Krauthausen was overrun in the early hours of the morning via Müllenark in the direction of Hambacher Forst and Stetternich after parts of the 30th US Inf. Div. of the 9th US Army crossed the Rur.

Administrative mappings

As a place of the parish Selgersdorf Krauthausen was under the Dingstuhl Hambach and belonged to Mairie Birkesdorf in the Département de la Roer from 1798 to 1814 . On March 9, 1801, the department de la Roer and thus also Krauthausen was incorporated by the French state. For 1802 a population of 38 for Krauthausen and Berg together is proven. After the troops allied against Napoleon marched into Düren on January 14, 1814 and put an end to French rule, Krauthausen became part of the provisionally established Generalgouvernement Niederrhein based in Aachen. On April 5, 1815, the region was added to the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III . Then Krauthausen was part of the newly established administrative district of Aachen . Previously, Krauthausen was spun off from the Mairie Birkesdorf and came to the Hambach mayor . Finally, in 1936, Krauthausen was incorporated into the city of Jülich . The reason for the addition to Jülich was the premises of the Reichsbahn repair shop . Since the local reorganization, which came into force on January 1, 1972, Krauthausen has belonged to the Niederzier municipality. At that time the place had about 500 inhabitants. From 1961 to the incorporation in 1972 the postcode was "517 Jülich-Krauthausen", from 1972 to 1993 "5162 Niederzier", since then "52382 Niederzier". In 2005 750 people lived in the village.

Population development

In the population list of the year 1799 55 inhabitants and a stock of 18 houses are shown for Krauthausen.

Since the municipal reorganization in 1972, the number of inhabitants has increased by 240 inhabitants from 502 inhabitants (1972) to 742 inhabitants (2017) in the last 45 years. Since the 1980s in particular, there has been an increasing increase.

year 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017
population 502 506 479 502 585 595 606 694 703 686 767 750 742 760 758 742
source                              


traffic

rail

Rurtalbahnstation Krauthausen
line Line course Tact
RB 21 Rur Valley Railway:
Linnich , SIG Combibloc  - Tetz  - Broich  - Jülich North  - Jülich  - Research Center  - Selgersdorf  - Krauthausen  - Selhausen  - Huchem-Stammeln  - In the Great Valley  - Düren  - Annakirmesplatz  - Kuhbrücke  - Lendersdorf  - Renkerstr / Hospital  - Tuchmühle  - Kreuzau  - Kreuzau, Eifelstraße  - Üdingen  - Untermaubach-Schlagstein  - Obermaubach  - Zerkall  - Nideggen-Brück  - Evenings  - Blens  - Hausen  - Heimbach
Status: timetable change December 2015 		60 min

The place was connected to the railway network in 1873 and lies on the Jülich – Düren railway line . Until 1982 Krauthausen had its own train station "Niederzier-Krauthausen" with goods handling , a reception building with a waiting room and an inn. In 1986 the dilapidated reception building was demolished because renovation was no longer profitable. Freight traffic was stopped in 1956. The station had two platforms north and south of Pierer Str. (Direction Krauthausen), which still exist today, but have not been used since the change of operation to the DKB in 1993.

From 1982 to 1992 the “Krauthausen Süd” stop on Pierer Strasse at the exit to Hambach / Niederzier served as a replacement. The stop was moved to Eilener Weg in 1996 and, due to its double lane, serves as a crossing point for the railcars from the direction of Düren and Jülich. From 1993 to 2002 the route was used by the Dürener Kreisbahn (DKB) under the name Rurtalbahn . Since 2003 the traffic has been carried out by the Rurtalbahn GmbH . The next larger train stations are Düren train station on the high-speed line Cologne – Aachen and Jülich train station .

Street

The next motorway junction is "Düren" on the A 4 , which can be reached from Krauthausen via the B 56 .

Postal services

On January 16, 1879, a post office was set up in Krauthausen. The localities of Selgersdorf , Selhausen , Altenburg , Daubenrath , Hambach , Niederzier , Oberzier , Weidenhof and Frenzerhof were assigned to the regional order district of this agency . On November 11, 1995, the post office in Krauthausen was closed.

church

Front view of the Church of St. Josef, Krauthausen

St. Joseph Church

The Church of St. Josef is on Aachener Strasse opposite the junction of the street “Am Bilderstock”.

Originally the part of the village Oberkrauthausen belonged to Bonsdorf. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the parish came to St. Stephanus, Selgersdorf as a subsidiary parish. Since October 1, 1952, the branch church has been financially independent in the association of the Selgersdorf mother parish. Nowadays she belongs to the parish association Kirchberg - Krauthausen - Selgersdorf - Bourheim . The community is located in the diocese of Aachen .

Until September 30, 1957, the Eilen estate belonged to the St. Josef Jülich-Krauthausen branch community. On October 1, 1957, he was awarded by a parish of the parish of St. Cäcilia Niederzier.

After the efforts of the chapel building association founded in 1908 had been thwarted by the onset of World War I , construction of the church began in 1930 . The church was built according to the plans of the Jülich architect A. Hauff. The consecration of the church took place on May 17, 1931.

After the church was badly destroyed in 1944, it was almost completely destroyed in the last year of the Second World War in 1945, so that it had to be rebuilt in 1946–1947 and could be used again the following year. It was the first church within the Jülich urban area to be rebuilt after the end of the war. In 1963, it was converted and restored according to a plan by architect Christian Kochs from Jülich.

In 1986 the church building was enlarged, whereby the roof turret had to give way in favor of a separate bell tower. The gallery was expanded and rooms for parish activities were built on the front. The three new bells, tuned in F sharp-A sharp-C sharp ( F sharp major ), were consecrated on April 20, 1988. The bronze of the two old bells is now used in the cemetery as a cemetery bell .

Two-manual organ with seven registers from the Church of St. Joseph

The roof structure, masonry and ceiling of the church were renovated in 1997 for five months.

The church contains 13 windows, donated by Krauthausen citizens, on which St. Joseph, St. Mary , St. Cecilia and St. Stephen can be seen.

The Krauthausen church contained an organ made by the Klais organ building company . It was taken over from another church in 1980 to replace a harmonium purchased in 1964 and has the following disposition :

I Manual C–
Wooden flute 8th'
Salicional 8th'
Principal 4 ′
II Manual C–
Lovely Gedackt 8th'
recorder 4 ′
Rauschpfeife II – III
Pedal C–
Sub bass 16 ′
  • Coupling : II / I, Sub II / I, I / P, II / P.

At the end of 2011 the previous organ was replaced by a new one. The new organ is a Gloria Excellent from Kisselbach with 32 registers.

The current church choir , founded in 1980, is now a pure women's choir.

The church has 140 seats and 45 standing places.

Lady Chapel on Pierer Strasse


Lady Chapel

In addition to the church of St. Josef there is also a small Marienkapelle in Krauthausen.

There were two old houses of the Mother of God on Aachener Strasse and at the intersection of Pierer Strasse and Aachener Strasse. However, both were destroyed in World War II. The new chapel was built and consecrated in 1989.

The Marienkapelle is located on Pierer Straße, opposite the junction with Aachener Straße.

Others

At the exit direction Selhausen on the Aachener Strasse there is a rare in his slightly expressionist forms and due to its stylistic shrine of basalt . The wayside shrine has been included in the list of monuments since 1954 .

Association

Active clubs

1. FC Krauthausen

The soccer club 1. FC Krauthausen was founded in January 1981 and played in the first regional league from 1992 to 1996. In 2007 and 2008 the team won the municipal cup title. The village's own sports field was inaugurated in 1988 and the sports center on December 8, 1989. Since August 25, 2018, the soccer field has been called "Milz und Lindemann Sportpark".

SG La Boule d'Or 1990 e. V.

In 1990 the SG La Boule d'Or 1990 e. V. founded. The association emerged from a course of the district's VHS. The club currently consists of 4 league teams, an active senior group and various recreational players. On April 25, 2009, the newly designed boulodrome opened in less than a year and the new clubhouse inaugurated. The club's boulodrome has around 30 lanes and is located on the old fairground on Pierer Straße, on the outskirts and outskirts towards Pier.

Rifle Brotherhood of St. Joseph

Until 1921/1922, the St. Katharina Brotherhood in Selgersdorf comprised the entire parish of Selgersdorf and thus also the residents of Krauthausen, Altenburg and Daubenrath . After a Sankt-Josef-Verein was established in Krauthausen in 1910, the Krauthausener Schützen separated in 1922 and founded the St. Josef Schützenbruderschaft. As a reaction to a decree of the Reich government in which the shooting clubs were given the choice of either purely ecclesiastical or secular activities, the then religiously influenced board resigned in 1936. When the war broke out, the association's work, which had been continued up to then, came to a complete standstill in 1939 and was only resumed in 1958. On March 18, 1979, a new statute for the Schützenbruderschaft was passed in order to improve the management. The Schützenbruderschaft traditionally celebrated its shooting festival on the 6th Sunday after Easter , although the start of the festival has been brought forward to the Ascension Day since 1960 . The rifle brotherhood was significantly involved in the establishment of the village community center "Haus Hubertus".

Volunteer firefighter

The volunteer fire brigade was founded in Krauthausen in 1932. After it was incorporated into Jülich in 1936, the Krauthausen fire fighting group belonged to the Jülich volunteer fire department. While the place had a hydrant device and a hand-operated sprayer in April 1939, a motorized sprayer was also stationed in 1944 in order to be prepared for larger operations. After the young people had taken over the work in the fire fighting group during the war because they left the organization of the Hitler Youth and the male residents over 18 were drafted into the armed forces, the fire fighting group was re-established in 1946. Since January 1, 1972, the Krauthausen fire brigade has been part of the Niederzier community due to the local reorganization of the volunteer fire brigade.

The syringe house was on the corner of “Pierer Strasse” and “Aachener Strasse”. The fire station was destroyed in the war and therefore had to be rebuilt in a different location, next to the school building on “Im Niederfeld” street. In 1998 a crew room was added to the building.

The Krauthausen fire fighting group traditionally organizes and designs the annual St. Martins train.

May society Krauthausen 2010

With the "May Society Krauthausen 2010" founded on October 23, 2010, homage was paid to May custom and village club life was expanded.

Former clubs

In the 20th century there were various initiatives in Krauthausen for the establishment of further associations, which, however, often had to stop their work due to a lack of participation.

The St. Josef Theater Association was founded in 1918, and its activities continued until 1930. In 1920 z. B. the play "Saint Catherine" performed.

In 1925 the Loreley men's choir was founded in Krauthausen . The association was dissolved in 1968. The club flags from 1927 and 1955 can still be viewed in the village community center today.

The carnival club, which was founded in Krauthausen in 1949, was dissolved less than ten years later in 1958.

School system

At the beginning of the 19th century the Krauthausen children from the 1st to the 8th school year were schooled in Selgersdorf. In 1931 a separate school was founded in Krauthausen for teaching these classes , which was initially housed in a wooden barracks. After Krauthausen was incorporated into the city of Jülich in 1936, it was deemed necessary to build a schoolhouse . The schoolhouse with only one classroom was completed in 1938. Due to the construction of a new primary school for the southern districts of Jülich in 1965, the school in Krauthausen was closed and the students went back to Selgersdorf. After the municipal reorganization in 1972, the school system for Krauthausen was also changed. Nowadays, the primary school students go to the primary schools in Hambach and Niederzier and the students from the 5th grade to the surrounding secondary schools. The old school building still exists in the street “Im Niederfeld” and is now used as a multi-purpose room.

Awards

Krauthausen has been successful in the competition “ Our village has a future ” and the competition “Our village should be more beautiful”, which ran until 1997, for over 30 years. In the district competition, the village received bronze in 1981, gold in 1983, gold in 1987, gold in 1993, gold in 2005, gold in 2011 and finally gold in 2014. The village was able to achieve further successes in the state competition. It received bronze in 1983, silver in 1987, bronze in 1993, bronze in 2006 and bronze in 2012. Further special prizes and commendations were obtained in the 1980s, 1990s and most recently in 2006: Special prize for greening the town edge and house garden maintenance (1983), special prize for well-thought-out greening and agricultural integration of the place (1987) and a commendation for the wetland (1992) and award for the exemplary, listed renovation of a building complex that is not under monument protection (2006).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ J. van Gils: Parish chronicle of the parish Selgersdorf.
  2. ^ CJ Kremers: Academic contributions to Gülch and Bergische history. Third volume, Mannheim 1781, edited by A. Lamey, p. 209.
  3. ^ Johannes Halbsguth: New archaeological finds in the Jülich district. In: Local calendar of the Jülich district. 1965, p. 74 f.
  4. ↑ Peter Johannes Droste : Hydraulic engineering and water mills on the middle Rur. 2003, p. 331.
  5. ↑ Further information in: J. Geuenich: History of the paper industry in the Düren-Jülich economic area. Düren 1959, pp. 532-542.
  6. ↑ Johann Paul: Limits of Resilience. The Rur (Roer) and Inde rivers in the industrial age. In: Forum Jülich History. 10, Jülich 1994, p. 29 f.
  7. ↑ Helmut Krebs: Niederzier. Timeline for history 871-2000. Niederzier 2012, p. 113.
  8. ↑ brohlwellpappe.de
  9. ↑ J. Rahier: The paper industry in the Jülich district. In: Local calendar of the Jülich district. 1958, p. 136.
  10. ^ Josef Geuenich: History of the paper industry in the Düren-Jülich economic area. Düren 1959, p. 538 f.
  11. ^ Josef Geuenich: History of the paper industry in the Düren-Jülich economic area. Düren 1959, p. 540 ff.
  12. ↑ Josef Rahier: Jülich and the Jülich Land in the fateful years 1944/45. 2nd Edition. Jülich 2013, p. 164.
  13. ↑ Josef Rahier: The front on Rur and Inde. 4th edition. Jülich 2012, p. 67.
  14. ↑ Josef Rahier: The front on Rur and Inde. 4th edition. Jülich 2012, p. 120.
  15. ↑ cf. Josef Rahier: Jülich and the Jülich region in the fateful years of 1944/45. 2nd Edition. Jülich 2013, pp. 26, 44 f.
  16. ^ Hans Kramp: The Rurfront 1944/45. Second battle at the Hubertuskreuz between Wurm, Rur and Inde. 4th edition. Linnich 1993, p. 552.
  17. ↑ Josef Rahier: Jülich and the Jülich Land in the fateful years 1944/45. 2nd Edition. Jülich 2013, p. 39.
  18. ↑ Helmut Krebs: Niederzier. Timeline for history 871-2000. Niederzier 2012, p. 59.
  19. ↑ see also excerpt from the Aachener Zeitung from October 1948, printed in: H. Reisen, H. Herzog: Chronik der Kapelle St. Josef Krauthausen. published by the parish council of St. Josef Krauthausen.
  20. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 306 .
  21. ^ Kaulen, Heinz / Dürener Geschichtsverein: The population and social structure of the places of today's municipality Niederzier in the year 1799 - reproduction and evaluation of the population lists from French times. Contributions to the history of the Dürener Land, Volume 26, Dürener Geschichtsverein, Düren, 2006 (pp. 17, 20).
  22. ↑ Population figures of the Niederzier community, at: https://www.niederzier.de/gemeinde/allgemeine_informationen/einwohner numbers.php
  23. ↑ Helmut Krebs: Niederzier. Timeline for history 781-2000. Niederzier 2012, pp. 94, 208.
  24. ↑ J. v. Gils: The French period in the mirror of the parish Selgersdorf. In: Local calendar of the Jülich district. 1956, p. 109.
  25. ↑ see also excerpt from the Aachener Zeitung from October 1948, printed in: H. Reisen, H. Herzog: Chronik der Kapelle St. Josef Krauthausen. published by the parish council of St. Josef Krauthausen.
  26. ↑ Episcopal General Vicariate Aachen (ed.): Handbook of the Diocese of Aachen . 3. Edition. Mönchengladbach 1994, ISBN 3-87448-172-7 , p. 386 .
  27. ↑ see also excerpt from the Jülich newspaper from July 1948, printed in: H. Reisen, H. Herzog: Chronik der Kapelle. St. Josef Krauthausen. published by the parish council of St. Josef Krauthausen.
  28. ↑ Episcopal General Vicariate Aachen (ed.): Handbook of the Diocese of Aachen . 3. Edition. Mönchengladbach 1994, ISBN 3-87448-172-7 , p. 386 .
  29. ↑ Episcopal General Vicariate Aachen (ed.): Handbook of the Diocese of Aachen . 3. Edition. Mönchengladbach 1994, ISBN 3-87448-172-7 , p. 386 .
  30. ↑ see also: Geschichts- und Heimatverein Niederzier (Hrsg.): Wayside crosses, wayside shrines and chapels in the community Niederzier. Niederzier 1990, p. 100.
  31. ↑ Special start to the season at FC Krauthausen. Retrieved August 27, 2018 .
  32. ^ H. Joppen: History of the shooting brotherhoods of the Jülich district. Jülich 1960, pp. 56-59.
  33. ↑ more detailed information in: Festschrift 75 years St. Josef Schützenbruderschaft Krauthausen eV 1922, pp. 25–33.
  34. ^ May society Krauthausen. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on August 6, 2013 ; Retrieved October 12, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.maigesellschaft-krauthausen.co.de
  35. ^ H. Jansen: Krauthausen in the 20th century, A village in the course of time. Pp. 149-152.
  36. ↑ Krauthausen is again "Gold Village". (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved October 16, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / wp10959339.wp051.webpack.hosteurope.de  
  37. ↑ Kreis-dueren.de
  38. ↑ State Evaluation Commission Our Village Has a Future - State Competition 2005/2006. (PDF; 28 kB) Retrieved October 16, 2012 .
  39. ↑ dorfwettbewerb.de
  40. ↑ dorfwettbewerb.de

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