Niederau (Düren)

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Niederau
City of Düren
Coordinates: 50 ° 45 ′ 42 "  N , 6 ° 29 ′ 42"  E
Height : 141 m above sea level NHN
Area : 1.68 km²
Residents : 2594  (Dec. 31, 2019)
Population density : 1,544 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : January 1, 1972
Postal code : 52355
Area code : 02421
map
Location of Niederau in Düren

Niederau has been a district of Düren in North Rhine-Westphalia since 1972 . The origins of the place on the Rur go back to the Franconian times and are closely connected with the lords of the castle who resided in Burgau Castle. During industrialization, Niederau developed into a residential community for the factory workers from neighboring Krauthausen . A paper mill was also built in the village itself. The tallest building in Niederau is the parish church, which replaced a smaller church from the 12th century. Today, the numerous clubs in particular shape life in Niederau. From this the partnership with Altmünster- Neukirchen developed. The footballers cultivate international relations just like the stick shooters .

geography

Niederau is in the south of the urban area and lies on the Rur. The ending -au in the name refers to the river landscape, as in the neighboring town of Kreuzau . On the eastern edge, Niederau borders the Burgau Forest , which serves the residents as a recreational area. In the north there is a smooth transition between Niederau and Krauthausen. The two places, which were previously politically separated, now form a common urban district. The Rur is the natural border to the western neighbor Lendersdorf . In a southerly direction you come from Niederau to Stockheim and Kreuzau.

Niederau has the structure of a street village with the houses directly on the street. While the old town center was around the church on Cyriakusstraße, today Kreuzauer Straße (L 249), which runs in a north-south direction, forms the center. Cross streets extend in the west to the Rur and east to the city forest. Niederau an der Straße in the direction of Stockheim (Hinzenbusch, Sandberg) and towards the Rur (Tuchmühle) was expanded through the new development areas that arose after the Second World War . While industry dominates in Krauthausen, which is seamlessly adjacent to Niederau, Niederau has essentially remained a residential community.

history

Local history

The first traces emerge from archaeological finds from the time of Roman antiquity, which were excavated in the area around Niederau. The first settlement on the eponymous floodplain of the Rur was built in Franconian times . Around 1100 there was a first castle complex on the site of today's Burgau Castle and the first lords of the castle are known by name from the 13th century. Niederau was first mentioned in a document in 1384, when Dietrich Schinmann sold the chapel to the Nideggener Stift .

For several centuries it remained a relatively sparsely populated place, the inhabitants of which lived mainly from agriculture. During this time, the Niederauer were under the influence and jurisdiction of the Lords of Burgau. To Burgauer rule included a Leprosenhaus Quilted Rather field. The facility was built in the mid-16th century and destroyed by the French in 1685. The Thirty Years War and several plague epidemics in the following decades caused further destruction and deaths .

In the 18th century a community council was formed, the head of which was first mentioned in 1757. After there had been constantly changing structures with Maires during the French era , the Prussians assigned Niederau with its around 200 inhabitants to the Stockheim mayor and installed a municipal council. With the beginning of industrialization , the population increased many times over. Increasing urbanization gradually replaced the artisanal structures.

The war memorials commemorate the fallen soldiers of the two world wars and the wars of the middle of the 19th century

The NSDAP initially found it difficult to gain influence in Niederau, which the party belonged to the local group Lendersdorf, because the Catholic town had been dominated by the Center Party with a large majority since the First World War . The National Socialists used Burgau Castle as quarters for the Düren Oberbauleitung (OBL) of the Todt Organization , which between 1938 and 1940 worked on the construction of the west wall and left a bunker in the castle.

On July 31, 1940, the first bombs fell on Niederau; three more attacks followed over the next two years. The air raid on Düren on November 16, 1944, which completely destroyed the city, collapsed the supply of food and electricity. In the days that followed, the surviving residents fled Niederau after an evacuation order had been issued on November 8 for all non-working residents. On February 24, US troops took Niederau. In mid-March, the first refugees returned to their homeland and began to rebuild, which resulted in looting of Burgau Castle. After the war, Niederau belonged to the Kreuzau office in the structure established by the British.

The Aachen-law made on 1 January 1972 for a municipal reorganization, which also concerned Niederau. Against the will of the citizens, who would have preferred to belong to the new Kreuzau community, the previously independent town became a district of Düren. In 1985 the Niederau district committee was established , which Krauthausen joined in 1994.

Religions

Church of the Holy Sepulcher and Resurrection, until 2015 parish church of St. Cyriakus

The Catholics belong to the parish of St.  Cyriakus . Although parts of the old church date from the 12th century, Niederau only became an independent municipality in the 16th century, when Heinrich von Elmpt took over the collation of the Niederau chapel from the Kreuzau parish. The place used to belong to the Deanery Zülpich and from 1384 to the Nideggener Stift St. Johannes Baptist. Since Napoleon Bonaparte suppressed the Niederauer Sukkursalpfarre (auxiliary parish ) in 1808, the parish was assigned to the Stockheim parish from the French period until 1842. From 1957 to 1973 Niederau was temporarily part of the dean's office in Kreuzau instead of Düren. In January 2010 St. Cyriakus merged with five other parishes in Düren to form the new large parish of St.  Lukas .

The church choir, which is still active today, was established in 1886. In the first half of the 20th century there were also three associations for young people and workers under the umbrella of the parish. The youth founded in 1922, Congregation and the four years his senior Congregation for young women and young men wanted to educate women to a morally correct life, had to be disbanded in 1938 under National Socialist influence. The traces of the Catholic workers' association established in 1907 are lost between the two world wars.

Protestants and members of other religious communities use the places of worship in the city area. However, the proportion of Protestant Christians in the community is very low. There were only a few Jews in Niederau.

Population numbers

Population development

In the first few centuries Niederau was a small settlement with individual farms. For the year 1730, a list of the “subjects” of Burgau Castle names 44 inhabitants for the place. In 1799, 135 people are listed in Niederau in the population list of the French mayor . In the course of the 19th century, the population increased significantly and in 1900 it was already more than three times the value of 1800, to which increasing industrialization made a significant contribution. The increase of almost 75% at the beginning of the 20th century can be explained by the increased mobility of commuters due to the newly established railway. The incorporation into the city of Düren in 1972 only stopped the increase briefly. Of the around 2500 people who live in Niederau today, many are of retirement age given the two old people's homes in the town.

politics

administration

Since the municipal reorganization in 1972, Niederau, which previously belonged politically to Stockheim or Kreuzau, has been administered as a district of Düren. Between 1972 and 1985 there were three mayors in Niederau, all of whom belonged to the CDU . A majority of the Christian Democrats also surrendered to the first district committee, which was constituted on April 10, 1985. In addition to eight CDU members, six members of the SPD and one representative each from the Greens and the FDP were represented. When Krauthausen joined the district committee in 1994, the relationship shifted in favor of the Social Democrats (SPD 8, CDU 6, Greens 1). In the current body, the CDU dominates with seven mandate holders, including chairman Ralph Schauerte, compared to the SPD with four members; The representatives of the Greens, the FDP, the Left, the AfD and the Senior Citizens' Council each occupy one place .

Town twinning

Niederau has maintained a close partnership with Altmünster - Neukirchen since 1971 . The relationship with the Austrian city ​​on the Traunsee was documented in writing in mid-December 1971, around two weeks before it was incorporated into the city of Düren. The residents of the towns meet for school exchanges and ice stock sport, among other things. As a sign of mutual respect, there are Altmünster and Neukirchener Strasse and Traunseeweg in Niederau, and Dürener and Niederauer Strasse in Altmünster.

Culture and sights

theatre

The Serbian Kaća Čelan worked in Düren from 1994 to 2006 and opened a small theater with a theater school in the castle.

music

The Niederauer men singing club received the award for 1998 2003 champion choir of singers federal North Rhine-Westphalia. A permanent partnership developed from a visit to the association founded in 1913 in Altmünster, Austria, where the singers got to know the local music association in 1965. A highlight in the club's history was the appearance in the Cologne Philharmonic in 1990 .

In addition to the church choir founded in 1886, the Niederau parish of St. Cyriakus has the Cantilena women's choir, a chamber choir and a youth choir.

In 1966 a brass band was formed within the Rurkei Carnival Society, which performed under the name Rurschiffer. In 1971, the group broke away from the carnivalists and became an independent music association. Even today, the Musikverein Düren-Niederau is a pure brass music ensemble, which performs a diverse repertoire from traditional music to musicals .

Buildings

Churches

Old church

The tallest building in Niederau is the St. Cyriakus Church of the Holy Sepulcher and Resurrection . The former parish church was completed in October 1905 after a year and a half of construction; the 56 meter high tower was built a year later. The church, built in the neo-Gothic style with a floor area of ​​40 by 16 meters, served as a parish church with around 400 seats. In 1963 the old organ from 1911 was replaced by a new instrument. The new altar was consecrated ten years later. Since 1990 there has been extensive renovation work in which the interior of the church has been redesigned. In 2015 the parish church was converted into a Church of the Holy Sepulcher with urns and 80 seats. The inauguration as a Church of the Holy Sepulcher took place on November 1st, 2015.

Less than 200 meters from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is the old church, the oldest part of which is a wall from the 12th century. In 1751 renovations of the building are recorded, which stands on a base area of ​​16 by 11 meters. The organ dates from 1848. Twenty years later a new rectory was built nearby, which has served as a youth home since 1974. The old church has been used as a meeting place for the Catholic associations since the end of the First World War . Since the large parish church was converted into a Church of the Holy Sepulcher, more services have been held in the old church.

Since the cemetery, which is located right next to today's Church of the Holy Sepulcher, no longer offered any possibility of expansion, the community opened a new cemetery in 1991 next to the Schenkel-Schoeller-Stift.

Burgau Castle

Burgau Castle

Burgau Castle is located on the edge of the city forest . The oldest parts of the moated castle date from the 13th century. A lord of the Auwe castle can be identified as the first owner from this time. The castle remained in the possession of several families for many centuries, especially the Lords of Elmpt , until the city of Düren acquired it in 1917. After the massive destruction in the Second World War , the building has been rebuilt since 1974 by the Rettet Burgau campaign launched by the Schützenbruderschaft . Cultural events and exhibitions take place there. There are several legends about the castle. In addition to the story of the "bad Ursula", who presented herself as a tyrannical mistress, the Hackefey saga in particular became well known across the region. According to legend, the witch Sophia made a pact with the devil against the couple who lived in the castle.

Monuments

There are several monuments in the place. The memorial for the fallen soldiers of the two world wars has been in a square near the church since 1957 and replaced a similar memorial from 1932, which commemorated the victims of the First World War. Next to it is a small memorial stone from 1872 for the victims of the German War and the Franco-German War . Next to the Marienkloster there is a two meter high field chapel donated in 1767. A quarry stone cross erected by the Erkens family was brought from Kreuzau to Niederau in the middle of the 19th century and renewed in 1954.

The following buildings in Niederau are registered as architectural monuments in the list of monuments of the city of Düren :

Sports

FC 08 Düren-Niederau is a nationally known football club. In the 2017/18 season, the former Mittelrheinligist will play with his first team in the Landesliga Mittelrhein. The club, which was founded as the Niederau ball and sports club, played under the name Windhorst between the two world wars. The Niederau footballers had their most successful times between 1981 and 1991, when the first team played in the association league. The club gained national fame through its successful youth, who regularly take part in the Dana Cup . The German national player Johanna Elsig began her career here as did the U19 European champion Deniz Naki . In 1985 the table tennis club, which had been founded 15 years earlier as a separate club, joined the FC, which also has a tennis department.

In its Austrian partner city Altmünster the Niederauer in November 1988 studied the otherwise mainly spread in the Alps curling know that playing the members of the 1990 sports clubs founded on its own asphalt track and winter on ice.

Regular events

On the second Sunday in July, the St. Cyriakus Schützenbruderschaft organizes the people's and rifle festival . The brotherhood was founded in 1922 as a shooting club and two years later crowned its first shooting king. In 1930 and 1972 the Niederauer hosted the Federal Rifle Festival.

For many years, Niederau had its own parade on Carnival Sunday . There are two societies in the district. The history of KG Rurkei goes back to the year 1937. Members of the then cycling club founded the carnival society. The KG Kamelle für de Kenge (sweets for the children) was founded in 1962 to meet the needs of children and takes care of the offspring with a tent camp in the summer even outside the carnival season. In recent years, however, organizational problems arose in the Niederau Carnival due to a lack of members. While KG Rurkei continues to organize its large costume meeting in the “Laughing Angle Hall” at Burgau Castle and an Oktoberfest in the clubhouse every year, the carnival procession was discontinued due to a lack of participation.

Economy and Infrastructure

Like the entire city of Düren, Niederau is characterized by paper production and family-owned companies. The industry used the mill ponds that arose from the unregulated tributaries of the Rur. The Niederauer pond extended from Friedenau to Krauthausen. Niederau also serves as a residence for many employees of the Schoellershammer , AkzoNobel and Sihl companies located in neighboring Krauthausen . Agriculture, which dominated in earlier centuries - at the beginning of the 20th century there were still ten full-time farms - no longer plays a role today.

The Niederauer Mühle is located in the south of the village . In 1831 the brothers Franz and Ernest Schoeller were granted the concession to build a cloth mill on land belonging to Herr von Elmpt, which they were never able to operate undisturbed because of ongoing disputes with members of the Hoesch family . In 1889 the company was converted into a paper mill , from which the cardboard and paper factory (Karpa) emerged. After a bankruptcy in 1978 it was given its current name. Ludolf Matthias Hoesch (1788–1859) and his descendants had been running several paper mills since 1786 , including one in Friedenau. Due to irreparable damage from the First World War, this location had to be closed in 1924.

The Franke company has been producing various kitchen appliances and smoking systems since the 1920s. The Dürener Tonwerke existed from 1899 to 1962.

traffic

Tuchmühle stop on the Rurtalbahn

Since 1892 the people of Niederau could use the railway, which stopped at the Lendersdorf train station in Krauthausen. At the same time there was a small electric train until the Second World War . The contract with the WeEG provided for a route from Düren station to Kreuzau. The timetable of the railway, which went into operation in 1908, included stops at the Niederauer Church and at the end of the village. In 1921, the newly founded Düren district railway took over this line, which was replaced in 1945 by a bus line on the same route. Since 1992 there has been a rail traffic stop in Niederau on the Düren – Heimbach railway line . The Rurtalbahn serves the Renkerstraße and Tuchmühle stops in Niederau .

Four bus lines of the Düren district railway, since January 1, 2020 Rurtalbus , run through the village. The central street is the L 249, which connects Düren with Kreuzau and continues into the Eifel. Other roads lead from Stockheim (L 327) and Lendersdorf (L 13) to Niederau. Cycle paths connect Niederau with Krauthausen, Lendersdorf, Kreuzau and Stockheim.

Public facilities

The Marienkloster is one of two retirement homes in Niederau. It was built in 1908 as the Monastery of the Cellites of St. Gertrude . In 1988 the Cellitinnen zur St. Maria took over the sponsorship of the facility.

The second senior citizens' home in Niederau is the Protestant Schenkel-Schoeller-Stift. This is based on a foundation by Catharina Schenkel , b. Schoeller , the wife of the industrialist Rudolf Schenkel, who had already run a utility in Düren from 1852 until the Second World War. In 1952 the foundation moved the home from Düren to Niederau. In the 1980s, the facility was modernized with a new building.

On the edge of the city forest near the L327, an animal shelter was built in 1965 that, in addition to the usual pets, offers space for sheep, horses and many other animal species. One of the buildings used to be the seat of the Burgau Forest School, founded in 1921, which served as a spa facility for children.

In Niederau there has been a local fire fighting group of the Düren volunteer fire brigade since 1972 . Before the municipal reorganization, the unit founded in 1909 was independent.

  • Mary's Monastery

  • Schenkel-Schoeller pen

  • animal shelter

education

Primary school Niederau

There is a Catholic primary school in the village for Niederauer and Krauthausen children. It was built in 1878, rebuilt in 1909/10 and expanded in 1954. Around 120 students are taught in the city school. The gym across the street opened in 1970. In 2011 the Niederau elementary school was merged with the St. Michael Lendersdorf elementary school to form a school association. The old school building still exists across from the old church. The teachers who taught there at the time were also sextons of the parish.

Personalities

  • The politician Albert Müller became known as the historian and initiator of Aktion Rettet Burgau . He received the Federal Cross of Merit for his services to the homeland . The same award went to the deputy mayor Franz-Josef Keimes, who particularly promoted sport and the partnership with Altmünster in Niederau. The FC Niederau sports park is named after him. The graphic artist Willi Rixen lived in Niederau and designed, among other things, the windows of the new church.
  • Raphael Otto Schauerte (* December 18, 1946 - June 6, 2018) was a German firefighter, local politician and, among other things, the recipient of the Cross of Merit on Ribbon of the Federal Republic of Germany. Schauerte was a member of the Düren volunteer fire brigade for 46 years , including 15 years as a fire fighting group leader in his home town of Niederau. He was also a circuit instructor. For his diverse engagement in the fire service he received the fire service honor mark of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in gold in 1999 , the badge of honor of the district fire service association Düren and in 2006 the fire service honor cross in silver of the German fire service association . In 1993 he received the Fire Brigade Merit Medal of the Gmunden District (Upper Austria) III. Level awarded. For a long time he was on the board of directors of the Düren-Niederau association. In 2008 he became chairman of the newly founded Schenkel-Schoeller-Stift support association. He was also active in the city partnership with the Upper Austrian market town of Altmünster-Neukirchen . As a member of the CDU, Schauerte was a council member in Düren from 1994. In 1999 he became chairman of the fire service council of the city of Düren. From 1999 he was also chairman of the Niederau-Krauthausen district committee. He was also full member of the Supervisory Board of the Hospital Düren eGmbH. Professionally, Raphael Schauerte was the district chimney sweep for many years .

literature

  • Helmut Krebs: Niederau Krauthausen and the rule of Burgau. The story of a separate entity . Hahne & Schloemer, Düren 1997, ISBN 3-927312-11-8 .

Web links

Commons : Niederau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ https://www.dueren.de/kultur-tourismus/stadtportraet/zahlen__fotos?sr=7584
  2. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 16
  3. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 18
  4. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 11f.
  5. ↑ a b Krebs 1997, page 259
  6. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 371f.
  7. ↑ Düren - yesterday and today. City map, accessed October 10, 2017 .
  8. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 62
  9. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 68
  10. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 89f.
  11. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 93
  12. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 95f.
  13. ^ Düren chronological table and November 16, 1944. Düren history workshop, archived from the original on May 1, 2015 ; accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  14. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 104
  15. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 106
  16. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 73
  17. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 306 .
  18. ↑ a b Krebs 1997, page 79f.
  19. ↑ a b Krebs 1997, page 260f.
  20. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 286
  21. ↑ Sandra Kinkel: Großpfarre St. Lukas: Balance after the merger. Aachener Nachrichten , January 20, 2011, accessed on April 10, 2017 .
  22. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 332
  23. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 319-328
  24. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 297
  25. ↑ Krebs 1997, page 57
  26. ↑ Data: Krebs 1997, page 52 and www.dueren.de
  27. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 43
  28. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 53
  29. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 84
  30. ↑ Niederau-Krauthausen district committee. Ratsinfo Stadt Düren, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  31. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 464
  32. ^ Sister city : Altmünster. (No longer available online.) City of Düren, archived from the original on August 28, 2012 ; Retrieved July 24, 2009 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dueren.de
  33. ↑ Kaca Celan leaves Düren. Aachener Nachrichten, December 29, 2006, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  34. ↑ Welcome devotional yodelling. Aachener Nachrichten, November 28, 2005, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  35. ↑ They have been united by music for 50 years. Aachener Zeitung, October 16, 2015, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  36. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 437-440
  37. ↑ Church music & choirs. Parish of St. Luke, accessed October 10, 2017 .
  38. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 441
  39. ↑ We introduce ourselves. Musikverein Niederau, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  40. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 271
  41. ↑ St. Cyriakus in Niederau. Church music Düren, accessed on July 24, 2009 .
  42. ↑ St. Cyriakus Niederau. Church music Düren, accessed on July 24, 2009 .
  43. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 288
  44. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 296
  45. ↑ St. Cyriakus is converted into a Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Aachener Zeitung, June 21, 2015, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  46. ↑ St. Cyriakus opens on All Saints Day after renovation. Aachener Zeitung, October 28, 2015, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  47. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 265-270
  48. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 307
  49. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 406
  50. ↑ Hubert Gierlichs: Hackefey. In: Rheinische Geschichtsblätter. 1896, p. 29f. , accessed October 10, 2017 .
  51. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp 410-413
  52. ↑ a b FC Niederau celebrates its 100th birthday. Aachener Nachrichten, October 20, 2008, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  53. ↑ Club profile at fussball.de
  54. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 431-436
  55. ↑ DanaCup: Niederau wins 13-0. Aachener Zeitung, July 25, 2017, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  56. ↑ Johanna Elsig appointed to the national team. Aachener Nachrichten, June 16, 2014, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  57. ↑ Deniz Naki has not forgotten his homeland. Aachener Nachrichten, May 26, 2011, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  58. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 460
  59. ↑ The association. (No longer available online.) SCAE Niederau, archived from the original on July 5, 2017 ; accessed on October 10, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.scae-dueren-niederau.de
  60. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 443-446
  61. ↑ "Rurkei" celebrates 77 years cheerful folly. Aachener Zeitung, February 17, 2014, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  62. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 451
  63. ↑ A little melancholy mixes with happiness. Aachener Zeitung , February 9, 2009, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  64. ↑ Large costume meeting of the Niederau carnival society "Rurkei". Aachener Zeitung, February 10, 2015, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  65. ↑ No move in Niederau. Radio Rur , February 5, 2016, accessed October 10, 2017 .
  66. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 248f.
  67. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 246
  68. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 205-208
  69. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 214-218
  70. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 228-231
  71. ↑ Krebs 1997, pp. 231-233
  72. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 34f.
  73. ↑ a b 50 years of the Düren district railway - a company chronicle. Economic, social and traffic events in the Rhineland, accessed on July 24, 2009 .
  74. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 36
  75. ↑ Historical. Schenkel-Schoeller-Stift, accessed on July 24, 2009 .
  76. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 385
  77. ↑ The shelter. Tierschutzverein Düren, accessed on October 10, 2017 .
  78. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 370f.
  79. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 448
  80. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 346f.
  81. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 362f.
  82. ↑ District government approves school association of the Lendersdorf and Niederau elementary schools. (No longer available online.) City of Düren, July 12, 2011, archived from the original on October 10, 2017 ; accessed on October 10, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dueren.de
  83. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 421f.
  84. ↑ Krebs 1997, p. 414
  85. ↑ http://www.kreis-dueren.de/aktuelles/index.php?pm=/aktuelles/presse/2011/VK_Schauerte.php
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 28, 2009 .