Street fountain in Berlin

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Greinerscher Rohrbrunnen Type I around 1925
( Fischerinsel )

This illustration of the street wells in Berlin is an overview of the street and emergency water wells in the districts of the German capital. Historical data was added as far as sources were available. An overview of the history and development of the system of water supply at public taps is provided for Berlin.

The district lists with the individual current street fountains are part of this list and are in turn sorted according to districts. In the lists of street wells according to districts, the locations are recorded as addresses and geographic coordinates, as well as the corridor distance . As far as made available, information on the drilling depth of the groundwater is included. Image and descriptions relate to shapes, the relationships to the environment and connections to the water pumps. For specific information there is a link to main articles.

Currently ( Template: future / in 5 yearsas of: 2020) there are 2070 emergency water street fountains in Berlin.The mostly green-painted fountains are primarily in public street space and belong to street furniture (also called street furniture ). Their function is to be able to convey groundwater (fresh water) independently of the functional and operational water network, especially for drinking and cooking purposes.

Ten of the historical handle pumps are included in the list of monuments. Six are in the districts of Gesundbrunnen and Wedding (until 2000 the district of Wedding ). There are two Krausebrunnen in Friedrichshain and Friedrichshagen. In the district of Mitte there is a listed Lauchhammer fountain on Zinnowitzer Straße, as well as the (no longer usable) Lohdesche Rohrbrunnen in Wöhlertstraße. These “ monument” copies will continue to be maintained in order to be available for emergency water supply when needed.

The so-called pieces of equipment of the public street space do not include the hydrants supplied by the Berliner Wasserbetriebe via the public water network . The drinking fountains, which are also supplied via the network, are not considered causally in the article.

The decorative fountains and splashbacks that exist in the Berlin districts and their districts are listed in a separate article, as they do not belong to the emergency water street fountains shown here .

Forms of the Berlin street fountain contains the description of the historical and modern pump forms that are present in the current street scene.

List of selected street fountains in old Berlin is a directory of historical locations of street fountains, as far as this can be deduced from images.

Hofbrunnen in Spandau
Last preserved pipe well, Lohde system (Type I) in Berlin-Mitte , Wöhlertstraße 18, monument

overview

Street wells, also known as emergency water wells , belong to street furniture like lanterns or park benches. The fountains and fountains, which are primarily to be understood as works of art, are listed in separate lists divided by district . The emergency water wells are used to supply water in the event of a disaster and for civil protection in order to be independent of the availability of the public water network . “The street and green areas office is responsible for maintaining the wells in the Berlin districts, and the health authorities arrange for regular water quality samples to be taken. This applies to both federal and state wells. ”The key numbers on the pillars are assigned by the districts. In the district merger of 2001 , consecutive numbers of the old districts sometimes appeared several times. In the affected (large) districts, letters were therefore placed in front or renumbered. These numbers are retained in the lists as a sorting criterion. The descriptions also contain striking circumstances and pictures of the pumps. Further images are on Commons, broken down by district .

etymology

The term “plump” is often used for the wells set up on Berlin streets and squares, which in the Duden dictionary stands as “outdated, still East Central German, East Low German” for “pump” as “cylindrical, connected to the groundwater by a pipe, perpendicular to the water Hollow body inserted into the ground and provided with a handle, lever, which sucks water to the surface when the handle is operated ”. Wells, on the other hand, are technical systems for extracting groundwater, as in this case: street, alley, courtyard or house wells. In contrast, this article does not cover ornamental or decorative fountains where the enclosure or walling form a basin to collect the water from a well. Street wells for an emergency supply of groundwater - "plumps" - have their own spring boreholes for suitable water and are independent of the water network  - even if it fails. The operating mode is lever pumps that are operated with muscle power. 2070 copies are named for the year 2019, but this number can fluctuate due to damage and renovations and new construction.

According to the general understanding of language, a street well is "a possibility of skimming off water on a public street".

history

Water supply from wells

"Street fountains [...] are distributed through all streets and alleys to 600 and with those in the courtyards, in total around 6,000. They are adequately protected from all harmfulness, but without barring access to the atmospheric air."

- JGA Ludwig Helling, 1830.

Until the middle of the 19th century, boiler wells served to supply the Berlin population with drinking water and extinguishing water. Such boiler wells were lined shafts up to five meters deep in which the groundwater collected. The water from these holdings was pulled up with buckets on ropes until the 18th century. From the beginning of the 15th century, almost 40 owners of “wind fountains” (locations for public use) are named in the Berlin city book. As a reserve for fire-fighting water, there were vats next to the public wells, which had to be constantly filled with water. "Drawing" increasingly were fountain of greater ease of handling by hand pump supplemented and replaced. The pumping device with reciprocating piston and suction pipe were encased in a wooden housing, handle and water outlet protruded from the casing. The space in between was filled with straw.

From the middle of the 19th century iron pipe wells were set up with which water could be drawn from greater depths. Deeper water layers were necessary on the one hand to increase the amount of water available and on the other hand to achieve a better quality of the extracted groundwater. In the 1850s, the printer Ernst Litfaß came up with the idea of ​​covering street pumps with wood in order to use them as advertising space . In 1854 he submitted his plan to the General Police Director of Hinckeldey to erect pillars of architectural form, which could also be used as ornaments, and to use them for posting. He decided that fifty street fountains should be provided with a wooden casing resembling the stone pillars and a suitable pump construction, and that a hundred massive pillars should also be erected. Both were 9½ feet tall with a circumference of 9¾ feet, including the coronation of the pavement. In the 19th century, a courtyard fountain was required for every built-up property in Berlin . Until the construction and expansion of the waterworks and the connection of the land to the water network , the households continued to be supplied with water from courtyard wells (on the property) and public road wells. There have always been restrictions on the use of the street fountains, so washing clothes was forbidden.

“The public is reminded that washing the laundry at the public street fountain is forbidden with a fine of 15 silver groschen for every contravention. Berlin, December 2, 1837 "

- Official Journal of the Royal Government of Potsdam and the city of Berlin

To improve the water supply of the growing city, the first Berlin waterworks was built in 1856 in front of the Stralauer Tor directly on the Spree. The large water reservoir (open pure water tank) was created on the Windmühlenberg ( Belforter Straße ) to equalize the pressure . For the first public water pipe, the contract between the Königl. Police President of Hinckeldey on behalf of the Royal. Prussian Governments and the entrepreneurs Sir Charles Fox and Thomas Russell Crampton closed about the supply of the city of Berlin with running water. The construction of the network with wooden pipes in Berlin and Cölln, which began in the 16th century, had been neglected and had not survived. The more than 900 public wells that existed around the year 1850 and the public pipeline network increasingly became tap points for extinguishing water. On the other hand, there were some court fountains in the area of ​​Greater Berlin until the 1950s. The contract for the water network provided for the handover to the Prussian state in 1881, from 1867 the company refused to lay remote water pipes. The courtyard wells and the street wells were still necessary in certain urban areas.

The technology and design of the street wells were further developed. The iron pipe wells of the Greiner and Lohde design were installed in 450 copies from 1877 to 1892. With a tender from 1890, the well housings proposed by Otto Stahn with Kuntzescher pump mechanics were manufactured in the iron foundry Lauchhammer . These fountains , initially made in two types, were then erected between 1894 and 1897 in the districts of Berlin. In the suburbs around Berlin, efforts to improve and expand the supply of drinking and extinguishing water arose at the end of the 19th century. In addition to the construction of water networks, newer street wells from Lauchhammer followed from 1900 . The city of Charlottenburg chose pump stands with their own city arms. Schöneberg was also based on the Berlin model. The citizens of Wilmersdorf had August Gaul produce their own design. The rural community of Pankow also made its own design for its fountain stand . At the same time, the urban water networks were also created in the suburbs of Berlin.

The sum of the financial resources used by the city for road wells were not insignificant - despite the central drinking water supply (from Spreewasser) from the Stralau waterworks, which began in the mid-1850s. At the end of the 1870s, the city assembly asked the magistrate for information on the original city loans amounting to 15 million thalers, of which 363,457 thalers were used for "paving streets, for the production and improvement of public road wells and for the installation of needy institutions" and (for example) 1,302 .877 thalers were used to build permanent bridges.

During the cholera epidemic of 1892/1893 , preventive measures and examinations were carried out and ordered for Berlin. “The drinking cups were removed from the street fountains in order to protect the public from the danger of drinking suspicious water.” The building authorities found that almost 83% of the water was clean, 8.7% was suspicious and 8.45% was directly harmful to health delivered. Wells that supplied “bad” water were labeled “No drinking water”.

20th century

Queuing for water
March 1920 (Kapp-Putsch)
Water withdrawal after the war in July 1945

Fountain between ruins
April 1945
Well repairs
March 1947

After 1900, with existing house connections to water pipes in the Berlin districts, the use and thus the maintenance of the street wells declined. After the First World War , the removal of street wells and the conversion to underground wells began. Where necessary, the fire brigade wells were set in an increasingly simple design.

In troubled times, street wells continued to be useful to supply the population in emergency situations. Public taps were used during the Kapp Putsch , when the water network in Berlin failed due to the general strike in 1920. After the formation of Greater Berlin, responsibility for the emergency water supply and the street wells was transferred from the incorporated cities and suburbs to the magistrate. The existing wells were now looked after and maintained centrally. For the fire brigade, hydrants were added to the water network for extinguishing water. The administration of Greater Berlin commissioned the development and installation of new systems as emergency water wells. In the mid-1920s, the new fountain housing was developed, which was cast according to designs in the ironworks and enamelling factory Wilhelm von Krause in Neusalz (Silesia) . "Krausepumpen" had a fluted column on an octagonal base without any pictorial decorations. In addition, systems from other pump companies were set up, they were simple, cylindrical columns with the approach for the handle on top and the pipe for the water outlet in the middle.

The street wells for emergency supply gained great importance for the water supply when there was damage to the water network after the nights of bombing in World War II . Because of the destruction in the air raids in 1943–1945, the supply collapsed several times at different locations. Especially in the last days of the war in the final battle for Berlin, the drinking water supply in Berlin collapsed and the network-wide water supply was disrupted. Only the existing public taps, regardless of whether they were active Lauchhammer wells, preserved pipe wells (Lohde, Greiner) as well as Kraus pumps, Loewe and Wolf columns, gave the population access to fresh water. In the 1940s war years, white rings were attached to the street fountains , as can be seen in the above picture on the fountain between the rubble.

Especially after the great Allied air raid on March 18, 1945, the Berlin water network collapsed. The hits hit the pipeline system in many places. Most of the gas, water and power lines were destroyed. “There was only water at the pumps on the street, so that queuing for water in the open air during the rest of the battle for Berlin became a survival risk.” “A new 'animal' was spotted in Berlin: the 'water snake'. In front of hydrants and pump wells, in snow and rain, in cold and mud, Berliners stood in line with buckets and pots for water. ”During the ongoing battles for Berlin in April 1945, street wells were an important basis for the water supply. After all, there were the street wells, at the pumps of which long lines of buckets formed day in and day out. “Around 200,000 residents in Moabit were dependent on only a few street wells for almost four weeks. Only in mid-July did water flow out of the pipes again, at least on the lower floors. The pressure was often not enough for the upper ones. ”2.8 million Berliners living in ruins and soldiers from the armed forces of both sides as well as refugees from the eastern regions were affected. “The Leiser company's shoe store was on fire next door. My mother managed to organize two shoes for me [...] At a street pump there was a line of people to fetch water. "" On April 23, 1945 [...] the Red Army marched into Hauptstrasse. Shortly [before], because our water supply had failed, I had to fetch water from a pump in the main street. There was still a German 8.8 cm anti-aircraft battery here [...] ”“ We got drinking water from a pump on Revaler Strasse. Most of the time there was a line of people with buckets waiting. ”Due to the destruction, many pumps for the emergency water supply could no longer be used. Often these stood between the rubble of the destroyed buildings that reached down to the roadway. Lauchhammer housings, but different pump bodies, were disguised as frost protection in the winter of 1944/1945 and probably also to protect them from air raids. After the surrender, wells were destroyed and there was frost damage in the cold winters of the late 1940s.

The initially uniform Berlin administration in the four occupation sectors endeavored to continue operating the wells: destroyed "plumps" were repaired. A difficult task given the material situation in 1945/1948, but experiences from the war years taught us to continue to maintain street wells. It is worth mentioning the increase in division in the city. A typical occurrence was the Berlin blockade (1948/1949), when an unclear future situation arose in West Berlin and existing wells were pre-emptively repaired. Since the early 1950s, the divided administration of Berlin also led to different evaluations of the importance of street wells and the use of material resources. In the eastern part, old systems were preserved and repaired. In the western part of the 1951 “emergency drinking water supply” it was stipulated that a well must be available for 3500 inhabitants.

With the construction of the Wall in 1961, West Berlin was again prepared for an emergency situation and a robust and safe well shape was required. In 1969 the guideline number for a well was set at 2500 inhabitants. Between 1960 and 1972 the number of street wells rose from 588 to 893, of which there were still 122 pipe wells with laughing hammer stands. The supervision and control was transferred to the civil engineering authorities, the health authorities monitored the hygienic condition according to the guidelines of the health senator. The elaborate pre-war housing around the pump mechanism was supplemented by simpler cylinder bodies (smooth columns) that encompass the reciprocating piston. New boreholes and well locations were added.

For cost reasons, a “uniform model” was sought in West Berlin as early as 1958/1959. With the construction of the Wall in 1961 and the Cold War era , the Senate oriented itself towards a new strategy for emergency water supply. In 1969 a fountain stand was created with a uniform technical design , which in a modern form with a pleasing appearance met the economic and technical requirements. These compact pumps were designed by Schliephacke and introduced by senior building officer Rainer G. Rümmler . The emergency wells were created for the "V case", but could be used for all other emergencies: in the event of a water jam, in the event of an accident, in the event of a catastrophe, in the event of voltage and even in the V case. For West Berlin, information on the 1960s / 1970s is given in Civil Defense Issue 1/76 p. 56. Accordingly, 165 wells for 2.09 million inhabitants at a cost of 2.46 million marks were sunk for Berlin 1968–1972 for the "drinking water emergency supply according to the water security law" (priority program to secure a mains-independent drinking water emergency supply from wells and spring taps), which provided 410,000 inhabitants. At the same time, historical pump housings were repaired and sometimes placed in new locations.

In 1978, restored and reconstructed Lauchhammer and Krausebrunnen were set up in pedestrian zones, which should serve both as an emergency water supply and to improve the townscape. In 1987, with the 750th anniversary of Berlin, several restored fountains in the old design were added in East Berlin. During the ongoing maintenance of the wells, a worn or damaged part usually has to be replaced, less often a clogged filter replacement or relocation.

In East Berlin , the street fountains were also used and maintained, as can be seen in an article in Neues Deutschland from 1969. “[…] In many places in our Berlin the old green pumps are still standing. Most of these 528 'street fountains' have been restored. As miniature monuments, they testify to a bygone era. Today hardly anyone uses the bellied iron structures to supply themselves with water. Modern technology has long since supplanted the pumps that were once important for progress, but they are and will remain points of attraction for children […] ”From 1981, the“ BK 03-81 ”drinking water pumps appeared in East Berlin, which are similar to the Wolf type fountain stands .

The source of the water wells must not be silted up, regular use prevents aging and regular pumping ensures that it is hygienic. Therefore, it is desirable in Berlin that citizens the dick press, Berlin refresh their dogs and heated tourists to cool the head. Only car washing, which was still common in the 1970s, is prohibited to prevent pollutants from entering the groundwater. The district administrations are responsible for the condition and usability of the pumps in order to keep them usable. According to information from road authorities, for example, unauthorized outsiders remove attractive pump parts. Careless drivers run into wells in accidents. The well bores can become unusable if they are silted up. Water should be boiled before drinking.

When the two city administrations were united in 1990, the provisions of the Water Safety Act had to be observed for the eastern districts. In the 1990s, new emergency water locations were established here. The emergency was livelier in the western districts with the airlift and the building of the wall, and the federal regulations were closer. "After the fall of the Wall, many pumps were [re-installed] in the eastern districts that were apparently not considered to be so important during the GDR era."

In 1973 the thousandth street fountain was built in West Berlin. At the turn of 1990, there were 1600 street wells in the western part and 400 in the eastern part. A table from issue 22 of the “Archive for the History of Roads and Transports” of the Research Association for Roads and Transports gives the number and the number of inhabitants per well is broken down by old districts.

Street fountain in Berlin 2000
District (2000) Street fountain Residents / wells
Zoo 0070 1279
Wedding 0125 1254
Kreuzberg 0105 1411
Charlottenburg 0133 1320
Spandau 0149 1457
Wilmersdorf 0111 1251
Zehlendorf 0079 1248
Schöneberg 0137 1065
Steglitz 0146 1290
Tempelhof 0122 1549
Neukölln 0217 1412
Reinickendorf 0209 1192
Marzahn 0054 2630
center 0030th 2496
Friedrichshain 0040 2426
Prenzlauer Berg 0045 2904
Lichtenberg 0055 2833
Pankow 0055 2170
district 0056 1985
Weissensee 0026th 2680
Koepenick 0047 2427
Hohenschoenhausen 0035 3188
Hellersdorf 0053 2430
Berlin (entire) 2099 1600

Function since the 2010s

Fish head as the water outlet of a historical pump in Charlottenburg (Tegeler Weg)

When asked to the Senate in 2017: “What are the main purposes of the existing street wells (emergency wells) in Berlin?” The answer was: “They primarily serve to ensure a replacement or emergency water supply for the population in the event of a crisis or disaster large-scale failure of the grid-connected public water supply. ”In quiet times, watering street trees is more in the foreground, especially since regular pumping is beneficial for operational readiness.

According to the Water Security Act (WasSG), the emergency drinking water supply is a precautionary measure for the population in the event of a defense to secure the vital drinking water requirement . The design and requirements for drinking water emergency wells are defined in Section 4 of the Second Water Safety Ordinance (2. WasSV).

Marking in the Lichtenberg district

The requirements for the quality of drinking water are stipulated by law. In the case of examinations by the health authorities, the groundwater extracted from the Plumpen can hardly meet these strict regulations (see Drinking Water Ordinance ). The overwhelming majority of the street fountains do not offer drinking water and warn with signs of various shapes, some in several languages. Such a negative statement ultimately does not necessarily exclude its use as potable water in the event of a disaster or for civil protection. There are also ways to prepare this water for drinking purposes. Information signs suitable for emergency water have been used since the 2010s .

All street wells are independent of the power supply due to the manual operation and pump water even in the event of a power failure . At the beginning of the 20th century, the density of the well locations was desirable in Berlin at a distance of 300 meters. The regulations since the 1960s suggest the supply of 1,500 residents per well. Some district lists contain a table in which the number of wells is broken down according to LOR planning areas (roughly corresponding to the neighborhoods ) and related to the number of inhabitants. All Berlin street wells deliver near-surface groundwater regardless of the state of the water network of Berliner Wasserbetriebe . Emergency water supply wells are owned by the federal government on the one hand, and wells owned by the State of Berlin on the other and are the responsibility of the Senate Administration. The “Landesbrunnen” in the city are facilities for disaster control and “Bundesbrunnen” are used for civil protection . They are subordinate to the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance . The federal wells are planned and implemented by the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Aid (BBK) in cooperation with the water authority . The number of wells can change depending on their condition and development. They must be taken out of service due to mechanical functional restrictions or if they dry up due to "sanding". Other reasons for repairs can be vandalism. Wells are primarily at the roadside and are at risk from vehicles bumping into them. As a preventive measure, unsafe locations are provided with protective posts or tree guard stirrups (as in street trees).

The number of street wells for Berlin changes constantly by an average value due to dismantling and new construction or temporary dismantling. However, some locations have been in use since they were set up between 1895 and 1910. In 2019, 1500, but also 1800 street wells were given for Berlin. In the previous year, around 2000 pumps ( Template: future / in 2 yearsmedia information as of 2018) were specified. In Tempelhof-Schöneberg there are 204 “Plumpen”, with 194 in the center and 39 in Steglitz-Zehlendorf. Spandau reported 120 water dispensers, in 2007 there were 87. For Pankow, 133 locations and for Lichtenberg 91 are given . However, very few pumps flow directly usable drinking water. District authorities have put appropriate warning notices on 1090 of the road wells. In Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, 104 of 106 pumps have such signs, in the middle all 194. The execution of the signs is time-dependent. The authorities point out that disinfection tablets can purify the water to such an extent that the quality of (potable) "emergency water" reached. In principle, the water is (well) drinkable. “The Berliners handle their pumps with care. [...] otherwise the citizens should always drive the pumps with their muscular strength. This is helpful so that wells do not dry up or sand up. [...] In summer you should water the street trees with groundwater. "

The district health authorities regularly test the extracted water for microbiological or chemical pollution. The district road authorities are responsible for repairs; they award their contracts to well builders or work together with the civil engineering department. Depending on the area of ​​responsibility, federal or state funds must be requested from the Senate Administration. This planning and short-term failures can trigger financial bottlenecks in the (independent) district budget, so that "clumsy" are temporarily out of order and are not operational. Sometimes it was also necessary to store pumps or to completely fill the boreholes and create new source boreholes. If the wells are not operated, the water level drops and it is necessary to pump for minutes (up to 20 pump strokes) until water comes (initially rusty brown). But there are also unusual fountains with unhooked handle bolts, jammed pipe rods or faulty seals in Berlin. The most common defects are (probably) failed valves, cuffs, frost taps and slipped or broken bolts. A sanded well becomes more expensive because it requires new drilling and full insertion of the pipes. Examples of this can be found in the remarks of selected locations in the district lists belonging to the article. The fault that wells silt up is the water quality and the material used. On average, the wells silt up every 40 to 50 years. The pump is first stored at a service provider and relocated as soon as the financial means are available.

"... to operate wells more often with hand pumps, as far as the delivery head and the well output [allows]. These wells are simple in their technical construction and robust in terms of maintenance and mechanical safety. Because they do not need any electricity to operate, they are ready for use 'around the clock' and for many people even 'right on their doorstep'. "

- Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance

There are no plans to build new federal wells, and the Senate Administration does not manage any funding for street wells. With a growing population, precise planning for emergency water supply would be necessary. Planning for the location of road wells requires not only the current population size, but also particularly the relationships between the roads, geological conditions and environmental influences, such as underground plumes of pollution in the groundwater. Residential building potential that can be realized in the foreseeable future must also be taken into account. There is no strategic planning of emergency water supply for the Berlin population in the state of Berlin. Such planning took place around 1970 according to the Water Safety Act during the Cold War . For example, this was done in the Neukölln district with the installation of rumble pumps, the construction then took the outer districts between 1970 and 1990. Such planning was carried out for the 2010s: “The present concept for drinking water emergency supply from 2009 already shows a deficit of 1000 Well off. The number of them should now be a lot higher. "

“In 1973 the thousandth street fountain was built in West Berlin. At the turn of 1990 there were 1600 street fountains in the western part and 400 in the eastern part. "

Street fountain in Berlin 2000, 2009, 2019
District (since 2001)
after district reform		 (Old) District (2000) Residents / Fountain
(2000)		 Street fountain
2000		 2000
(new)		 Number of wells in
2009		 Number of wells
2019
center center 2496 0030th (225) 0205 208
center Zoo 1279 0070 - -
center Wedding 1254 0125 - -
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Friedrichshain 2426 0040 (145) 0137 0140
Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg Kreuzberg 1411 0105 - -
Pankow Pankow 2170 0055 (116) 0125 0124
Pankow Prenzlauer Berg 2904 0045 - -
Pankow Weissensee 2680 0026th - -
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Charlottenburg 1320 0133 (244) 0225 0227
Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf Wilmersdorf 1251 0111 - -
Spandau Spandau 1457 0149 (149) 0116 0128
Steglitz-Zehlendorf Steglitz 1290 0146 (225) 0220 0234
Steglitz-Zehlendorf Zehlendorf 1248 0079 - -
Tempelhof-Schöneberg Tempelhof 1549 0122 (259) 0247 0262
Tempelhof-Schöneberg Schöneberg 1065 0137 - -
Neukölln Neukölln 1412 0217 (217) 0210 0213
Treptow-Koepenick district 1985 0056 (104) 0096 0105
Treptow-Kopenick Koepenick 2427 0047 - -
Marzahn-Hellersdorf Marzahn 2630 0054 (107) 0108 0131
Marzahn-Hellersdorf Hellersdorf 2430 0053 - -
Lichtenberg Lichtenberg 2833 0055 ( 090) 0088 0090
Lichtenberg Hohenschoenhausen 3188 0035 - -
Reinickendorf Reinickendorf 1192 0209 (209) 0190 0208
Berlin (totaled) 1600 2099 (2099) 1967 2070

Needs and opportunities

Supplementary sign for "No drinking water"

“As far as the Senate knows, there are 2070 street fountains in Berlin. These are divided into federal wells, which are to be used in the event of a defense in accordance with the Water Safety Act (WasSG), and state wells (1169 pieces, as of: 2019, source: FIS Broker), which are subject to state legislation on disaster control. "The number of wells fluctuates somewhat. According to evidence from the early 2000s, 2107 street wells were named, and in October 2019 there were talk of 1500 emergency wells, a third of which provide water of potable quality. Fluctuations in the number result from the removal of aged springs and newly erected or relocated wells. However, it is noteworthy that wells (in this case of the leek hammer type) have been in the same location since they were erected around 1900. In a road inspection commissioned by the Senate in 2014/2015 with digital evaluation, 1632 street fountains in the public street area were recorded for the first time, along with other street facilities and street furniture. According to the legal situation, a hand-operated handle pump for 1500 inhabitants is aimed for in an emergency, which corresponds to a requirement of 2500 street wells with the current number of inhabitants (as of June 2019). The operational readiness is repeatedly disrupted by vandalism, non-use, aging or other external influences. An RBB broadcast named 4600 euros for a necessary repair of the well . Installing a new fountain costs 30,000 euros. The districts receive the finances for repairs and repairs from the Senate with the budget funds. Because of the division into tapping points for disaster cases (state) and defense cases (federal), the funds for federal wells are again requested from the federal government by the Senate.

The twelve districts are responsible for the maintenance and operational readiness of around 2000 pumps for the emergency water supply. The regulations of the drinking water emergency supply originate from the times of the East-West conflict and they are implemented by the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief (BBK) according to the Water Safety Act. For times of emergency, 15 liters per person per day are calculated. In extreme situations this has to be reduced to the pure drinking water requirement of 2.5 liters. The daily operating time of an emergency well is designed for 15 hours with an average hourly extraction of 6 m³. The reasonable supply route can be between 500 and 2000 meters. The well bore is only carried out as deep as is necessary to obtain the required volume flow and the final bore diameter is between 320 and 600 millimeters, the extension diameter between DN 150 and DN 200. If it is necessary to use it as drinking water, only disinfection with chlorine tablets ( sodium dichloroisocyanurate ) for disinfection. Of the 5,000 federal wells for emergencies (natural events, through human or technical supply or terrorism / crime / war), 912 wells in Berlin are under the responsibility of the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief for civil protection. The green "plumps" on the roadside are "emergency water wells" and all are hand-operated handle pumps. The systems, which are in constant maintenance, are supposed to supply the Berliners preferably during disasters and in the event of war when the normal water supply fails. Even in normal times, the water can germinate or be chemically contaminated. It must be noted that the quality of drinking water is defined by the Drinking Water Ordinance. In an emergency, however, other criteria would have to count with appropriate usage conditions. The formation density of the wells is determined by the population in the area.

It is in the nature of things that the street wells are subject to wear and tear. Although some Lachhammer wells still represent the location from 1895 after 125, seals fail due to little use or Sgtand pipes have to be drilled over or re-drilled slightly offset. “The actual purpose of the Schwengelpumps has moved out of the public consciousness after 75 years, but the federal and state governments are still obliged to keep the wells clean and functional.” A third of the 2070 wells cannot be used for various reasons. With the growing population of Berlin, new wells are needed. The Senate Department for Environmental Protection, Transport and Climate Protection expects a financial requirement of 20 million euros. The districts have registered a financial requirement of 1.2 million euros for 2020. The investment requirement for federal wells is 13 million euros, plus the need for renovation of the state wells totaling € 7,155,700.00 for the whole of Berlin. The Senate was asked by the House of Representatives to “develop a concept for the future operation of the wells in cooperation with the Berlin water company”, and this is combined with a “campaign to maintain urban greenery”. If the drought has persisted in recent years, citizens should be encouraged: "Raise and lower the pump handle a few times, fill the bucket and water the neighboring street trees." Ideas to transfer the maintenance of the street wells to the state's own water company, as is already the case for Berlin's drinking and ornamental wells happen, exist, but "the water companies keep a low profile".

Pump shapes

  • Berlin street pumps on postage stamps

  • Lauchhammer pump type I (fish) (1895)

  • Lauchhammer pump type II (dragon) (1895)

  • Krausepumpe (
    1920s)

  • Valve wells
    (1910s)

Publicly installed emergency water wells must be robust, not susceptible to failure and free from repairs for a long time. The Berliner Plumpen are manually operated handle pumps . Most are painted green (shade # 35412E). The color pigment is chrome oxide green (also known as Cologne Bridge Green ). In a few cases, other paintwork is available: for example, the Rümmler or Schliephackebrunnen in Spandau are yellow-orange and the Charlottenburgers are often completely blue, or except for the tubular housing. In rare cases red or gray paint is present. The first hand pumps on public roads were artistically designed. Particularly in the post-war years , but also currently when the district budget was used economically, the subsequent housings were given a more functional appearance, and security requirements were also increased. After more than 150 years there are different types of construction in the big city . They are all manually operated hand lever pumps that work as piston pumps with a piston and a leather sleeve. The common feature is the compact design. In the 2010s, the following models were available as well bodies for the Berlin emergency water supply:

  • Lauchhammer : this oldest form came from Otto Stahn (from 1892), similarly used for the city of Charlottenburg (around 1900) and with animal sculptures by Deutsch-Wilmersdorf (1905), and a few copies were also set in Schöneberg. They were erected in Berlin from 1894 to 1897 and in the suburbs until 1910.
  • Krause : set up after the formation of Greater Berlin from the 1920s
  • New frill : screwed together from two cylinders
  • Pankow : placed in the rural community and recognizable by the GP coat of arms
  • Schliephacke or Rümmler : compact pump bodies from the 1960s
  • Single tube housing Wolf, Wolf 2, BK 03/81 in similar shapes made of tube with handle and outlet
  • Well body made up of four column parts (stand, outlet, pipe for upper rod, handle unit): common in Reinickendorf
  • Pillars of the Freyer and Son company
  • three-part columns : FSH-L consisting of a pump with a handle on a stand
  • Borsig : a hexagonal, prismatic column designed in the 2000s, primarily with the district coat of arms
  • some other forms: in Dahlem Brunnen von Garvens or in Grunewald there are small numbers of older pipe bodies
  • Allweiler stands , which were probably procured as early as the 1930s, are primarily located in Steglitz-Zehlendorf . In the district's usage list, some are shown as self-made .
  • "Valve wells" are not safe for emergencies because they are connected to the water network. Due to the water pressure in it, a slight movement (without a handle) is sufficient to release the water flow. If this is missing, no removal is possible. They have preferably been installed for the fire brigade in Berlin since the 1910s and have found their successor in the unadorned hydrants.

In addition, there are (probably) individually installed handle pumps, sometimes in several copies based on districts. In Charlottenburg, for example, there are decorated fountain bodies made up of five optical parts, or those in Spandau made up of four welded cylinders. These different designs are derived from the Wolf type or were designed in the same way. Some well stands are oh shorter - adapted to the piston rod on site -, changed during installation or repairs. There are differences in the design of the handle and the design of the weighting body on the handle of the handle and the attachment and shape of the outlet pipe. The well depths in Berlin are between 20 and 40 meters, 10 meters near the Spree and sometimes 90 meters in the north.

In contrast to the well stands that can be seen above ground in the street scene, however, the “underground” parts are decisive for the well construction. The casing pipe at the drilling is lowered to 9 meters below the groundwater level. This is where the filter pipe is located, the suction pipe is attached, followed by the valve body and riser pipe. In the latter, the piston rod moves. The riser pipe ends at the outlet on the well housing and the rod is connected to the handle fork. The delivery rate is up to 20 to 50 l / min depending on the delivery head. The most common defect that leads to downtime is worn and damaged parts. Nevertheless, it can be seen that the wells were re-set by 10 meters - sometimes also because of buildings at the site - because the old filter clogged (silted up).

It should be noted that in other German cities there is also an emergency water supply with lever / piston pumps. In times since stable water networks were set up, they often only have a decorative function and are attractive street furniture . The reference and installation of the fountain bodies was not limited to Berlin. In Luckau in Brandenburg , for example, both the Lauchhammer and Krausebrunnen can be found in their original form. There are other types and designs of handle pumps, house and village pumps have remained in many places.

drinking fountain

Left alternative text Right alternative text
Kaiserbrunnen (bronze cast)
Berlin drinking fountain

Berlin is part of the "Blue Community", a worldwide initiative for "water-friendly" cities , thanks to the constantly bubbling drinking water fountains . The water company has been building drinking fountains since 1980, which were originally intended for mains flushing. and there were occasional drip fountains (drinking water dispensers) that were individually designed by artists. The House of Representatives approved the Berliner Wasserbetriebe (BWB) a total of one million euros from the 2018/2019 budget of the Berlin Senate, and another two million euros were made available for the second half of 2019. Operation and installation are carried out by the BWB, which is responsible for Berlin's water supply. Since this supply is connected to the water network, it is not available in an emergency (if the network fails). They are supposed to give the citizens and tourists refreshment and donate drinking water on hot days. The installation takes place at touristic and much-visited locations. The jet of drinking water bubbles around the clock, consuming around two cubic meters of water per day. The indirect goal is to use drinking fountains to reduce the amount of litter caused by plastic bottles. There are two types of drinking fountain: on the one hand, the royal blue “Kaiserbrunnen” made of cast iron or cast bronze with a relief “Treatment of groundwater to drinking water”. The other model is the silver “Berlin drinking fountain” made of cast aluminum, these 105 centimeter high aluminum columns were developed by the Berlin designer Marcus Botsch . A third model is planned so that wheelchair users can drive directly to the water. Berliner Wasserbetriebe is planning to increase these free water dispensers to around 150 centimeters by the end of 2019. The erection of a further 100 drinking fountains is planned by 2021. For the operation of a drinking fountain 12,000 to 15,000 euros are required, which are provided by the Senate, in some cases wells are sponsored by the water companies. Further costs arise from maintenance and laboratory tests. In winter they are turned off to avoid frost damage. Citizens can suggest desired locations, provided water and sewage pipes are available, so the real need should be determined. Public, easily visible and visited places with benches are preferred. At the location of some public ornamental fountains there are water dispensers, which should also serve to provide drinking water for passers-by. There are also drinking water dispensers in public administration buildings.

Others

"Data is the new groundwater!"
  • The hydrants , which are primarily used to supply the fire brigade with extinguishing water, arose from the valve wells supplied on the network . These are now available in the form of underground hydrants with a cover and the label. The red post hydrants with the two connections for the extinguishing water hoses are more noticeable. In new residential buildings, especially high-rise buildings, there are dry risers that are used by the fire brigade if necessary. These facilities are characterized by their connection to the public water network, which means that they are dependent on the intact network of water companies and the public water supply.
  • Ornamental fountains can be found in public places and sometimes in private properties and front gardens . Such more or less artistically designed fountains in Berlin (monument, jewelry object) are mostly connected to the water network, but they have a water supply in the basin. During air raids in World War II, such water points were found to be suitable for use in an emergency. Suitable rivers can also be used as emergency water sources.
  • The Berlin street “plumps”, especially those with the classic Lauchhammer housing, are characteristic of the capital. They are used by designers as a typical Berlin design element. There are examples of this in the set design of Berlin broadcasts and in local reporting at the SFB / RBB .
  • In addition to the public taps for groundwater with the help of street wells, there are also private deep wells that supply companies (such as breweries) and hospitals. The botanical garden also has deep wells for its water requirements for plant irrigation. The pumps are operated electrically and thus ensure the supply of the botanical garden.
  • In spite of the central drinking water supply by the Berliner Wasserbetriebe, domestic wells are becoming more popular with rising drinking water prices. Some property owners, especially in the outskirts of Berlin, have a house well set, but boundary conditions must be observed. Well water cannot simply be declared as drinking water. Although the authorization requirement has been lifted, the obligation to notify applies. The waterworks charge a fee for the use of groundwater according to the amount withdrawn. “In addition to the 700 wells from which the water companies get their supplies, there are now at least 5,000 private small wells for watering the garden […]. The real number is likely to be much higher because there is no longer any need for a permit for the construction of such wells, […]. ”These are usually electrically operated pumps that would no longer be operational in the event of a power failure and fail in an emergency. Which in turn leads to the use of the street wells.
  • A special case of a private “street” well as a public tap stands opposite the village church in Rahnsdorf . Due to the proximity to the crossing point ( rowing ferry BVG-F24 ), the property owner set the well at his own expense and maintains it. In the publicly accessible area of ​​the private property, it is not blocked as drinking water. Cyclists who take the ferry across the Müggelspree use the fountain, as do dogs and birds. Children use the pump as a play device. In an emergency, this well can be used for the surrounding properties.

  • A self-made by Wikimedia was set up for a "data groundwater pump" in Berlin. It is designed as a fountain stand on which a standard garden pump (hand lever pump) sits. However, there is no groundwater drilling, rather an automatic system that supplies the display with data on the box in front. The metaphor "Data can be changed like groundwater without ever being used" could be illustrated in this way . "Data from the free Wikidata knowledge database" is displayed on a display above the water in the pool when the handle is operated manually . The aim of the project is to convey a changed understanding of data. The question “How much money can be made with data?” Should be moved from the focus of a data policy. The public event was a conference in Berlin on network policy .
  • Use of street pumps

  • Cooling Off (1931)

  • Dog and owner at the well (1932)

  • 1945: The only source of clean water

  • Additional sign prohibiting car washing

  • Bilingual notice: "No drinking water"

  • Supply facilities on the public water network

  • Underground hydrant

  • Opened underground hydrant

  • Post hydrant

  • Extinguishing water supply

See also

literature

  • Hans-Werner Klünner (ed.): Berlin places. Photographs by Max Missmann . Nicolai, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-87584-610-9 .
  • Hans-Werner Klünner, Gerhard Ullmann, Reinhold Crämer: Street furniture in Berlin . Book accompanying the exhibition Street Furniture in Berlin (organizer of the Senator for Building and Housing), ENKA-Druck, Berlin 1983.
  • Carl Ludwig Scabell: Report on the water level in various street wells in Berlin and the movement of the groundwater . Berlin 1869.
  • Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin: [the history of water supply] . Verl. Für Bauwesen, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-345-00633-2 , p. 150-153 .

Web links

Commons : Collection of pictures about water pumps in Berlin  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The fountain is in front of the “Konditorei + Café Gerber”, Berlin SW 59 - head building Hasenheide 39 (Fichtestrasse 18 / 19a, Graefestrasse 43). Confectionery and Café Gerber . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1920, III, p. 347. "39 go. Zu Fichtestrasse 19 and Graefestrasse 43" (also 1920/3686-p. 227 and 1920/3767-p. 308> Cafetier Philipp Busse (part I, 1920/365, p. 361 // Willy Gerber is no longer listed in the residents' section in 1920 (Part I, 1920/745, p. 741). The assignment of the address of the coffee house to Willy Gerber: Willy Gerber . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1914, IV., P. 79 (1914/4398-p. 313: Cafetier W. Gerber, Graefestrasse 43, lives in Fichtestrasse 19 (1914/4311-p.226) / Part I, 1914/857, p 835: Gerber, Willy, Konditorei u. Café, p. 59, Fichtestraße 19 u, p. 59 Hasenheide 39.) In the picture to the right is Happoldt's brewery with the corner house and a turret corner house Graefestraße / Hasenheide was: location
  2. ↑ Legal text and updates: WasSG - Water Security Act Act on the security of services in the field of water management for defense purposes; 24 August 1965
  3. ↑ § 4  Special requirements for emergency drinking water wells (1) New wells to be built which are intended for the supply of drinking water must generally be built as drilled wells. They must consist of the following parts: sump pipe with bottom, filter pipe, attachment pipe, well head, delivery line and well shaft with surface water-tight manhole cover. [...] (2) Wells to be converted that are intended for the supply of drinking water must have at least one surface water-tight cover and a conveyor system § 3 Paragraph 3 have.
  4. ↑ Assuming a fountain for 1500 inhabitants, the following requirements result from the population: Middle: 245 ** Friedrichshaun-Kreuzberg: 187 ** Pankow: 263 ** Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf: 222 ** Spandau: 158 ** Steglitz-Zehlendorf: 201 ** Tempelhof-Schöneberg: 230 ** Neukölln: 218 ** Treptow-Köpenick: 171 ** Marzahn-Hellerdorf: 174 ** Lichtenberg: 187 ** Reinickendorf: 173
  5. ↑ The supply requirement results from the delivery rate in m³ / h and the First Water Safety Ordinance (dated March 31, 1970, Federal Law Gazette I p. 357) in § 2: “To cover the vital need for drinking water, 15 l are generally required To be based on person and day. The money for the maintenance comes from the tight district budget for road maintenance or from the federal government as the owner. The use for the front gardens or the watering of the tree grates, for cooling off in summer or for animals is welcome, as the water flow from the spring is constant. "
  6. ↑ A computer inside the pump accesses the database via WLAN.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The fountain stood on the corner of Petri and Ritterstrasse in 1945 (? 1947) between the rubble
  2. ↑ The "Greiner I" type extinguishing water well was in front of the Alt-Berlin inn , Petristraße 22 at the corner of Rittergasse. / SW 19 Petristraße . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1925, IV., P. 741. “← Friedrichsgracht → ← Rittergasse → 22: E: Schradersche heirs, V: bar host Karl Riedel, residents: A. Liebig and W. Wischnewski, pension recipients”.
  3. ↑ Further pictures: Petristraße : “[…] the submerged Petristraße in Alt-Cölln. The street, which was originally called Lappstraße, ran (between Grünstraße and Roßstraße) from Friedrichsgracht to Gertraudenstraße and was characterized by a curvy course. ”++ Post-colored view of the… tavern ++ Otto Nagel Öl / Lw Petristraße , National Gallery Berlin ++ on bpk picture archive number 40012245: Franz Kräft: houses in Petristraße 22–26 from 1927 ++ photo 1942 of the corner of Friedrichsgracht with fountain ++ LKB 1024 F (1942) and other pictures from 1943: LKB 1755F> picture file No. mi03895c06
  4. ↑ The current, around 2000 Berlin street fountains are used to provide the population with an emergency supply of drinking and extinguishing water that is independent of the mains. They are operated on the one hand by the Federal Office for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief and on the other hand by the Berlin district offices. Well construction companies are usually commissioned by the road and green area authorities. Many of the wells supply water of drinking water quality, and the health authorities regularly take samples. In the case of chemical or microbiological contamination, the draw-off points are marked accordingly or completely blocked. Since the water is pumped from the near-surface groundwater, contamination such as those caused by washing cars must be avoided. The drinking water quality is regularly examined by the locally responsible health authorities.
  5. ↑ a b c d Latest entry House of Representatives: Printed matter 18/21 334
    Printed matter 18/21 334 / Written question 18th electoral term
    Written question from MP Daniel Buchholz (SPD) of October 22, 2019 (received by the House of Representatives on October 22, 2019) on Topic:
    Critical drinking water infrastructure (II): What are the administrations doing about too few street wells for emergencies, non-functional pumps and poor water quality? and answer of November 7, 2019 (received by the House of Representatives on November 13, 2019): Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection
  6. ↑ (1)Badstrasse; public street fountain, after 1892 by Otto Stahn Buttmannstrasse
      (2)Bristolstrasse, public street fountain after 1921, erected around 1930 Oxford Street
      (3)Malplaquetstrasse, public street fountain, after 1892 by Otto Stahn Utrecht Strasse
      (4)Malplaquetstraße, public street fountain, after 1892 by Otto Stahn Liebenwalder Straße
      (5)Putbusser Straße (before No. 5), public street fountain, by Otto Stahn after 1892
      (6)Humboldthain, public street fountain, after 1892 by Stahn, erected in 1978
      (7) Existing pipe fountain :In front of the house at Wöhlertstrasse 18 there is a pipe well, as it was set up between 1875 and 1892. It served the population to supply fresh water and the fire brigade as a tapping point.
      (8) Friedrichshain:Frankfurter Allee 100; Street
      fountain     from the Krause company : "The late classical water pump located further east on the sidewalk in front of the property at Frankfurter Allee 100 is also reminiscent of the historic streetscape of the arterial road." (9) Friedrichshagen BrNr26:Scharnweberstrasse 13, corner of Müggelstrasse; Street fountain from Krause : “An originally identical and now simplified water pump is located at Scharnweberstrasse 13, at the corner of Müggelstrasse. Both water pumps document the appearance of street furniture that was mass-produced around the turn of the century. "
     (10) Middle:Water pump Chausseestrasse 24 Zinnowitzer Strasse “The water pump in Zinnowitzer Strasse is on the edge of the sidewalk in front of Chausseestrasse 24. It is one of the few surviving cast iron pumps that played an essential role in Berlin streets before the houses were built in the last third of the 19th century were gradually connected to the general water supply. The pump, designed in the form of a column, with its structure and historicizing ornamentation, gives the form of this street furniture from around 1890. This model was designed by the government master builder Otto Stahn. "
  7. ↑ Landesdenkmalamt Berlin: Monument database. Hydrant & pipe well in Wöhlertstrasse. "It was set up between 1875 and 1892 and served the population to supply fresh water and the fire brigade as a tapping point."
  8. ↑ Sketch of the principle of a drinking water emergency well
  9. ↑ In order to be independent of the power supply, hand-operated handle pumps are used.
  10. ↑ Category: Water pumps in Berlin ( Commons )
  11. ↑ Green Plumpen: “The mostly dark green painted hand pumps on Berlin's streets are supposed to supply Berliners with drinking water in an emergency. But currently there are too few street fountains in the city ... “For example: Berlin-missing-street fountains-for-emergencies . In: Berliner Morgenpost from February 27, 2017.
  12. ↑ clumsy
  13. ↑ Well 1.
  14. ↑ Well 2. / Another meaning of the word well stands for the water of the spring , this use of the word is meaningless for this article.
  15. ↑ a b c Berlin has too few pumps for emergencies . In: Berliner Morgenpost , February 27, 2017.
  16. ↑ a b c d House of Representatives: Printed matter 18/10 377 : Written question from MP Daniel Buchholz (SPD) of February 2, 2017 and answer.
  17. ↑ Financing of public drinking water wells . LKartA opinion of December 19, 2019. "Street wells are also referred to as emergency water wells". (They are used for the water supply in the event of a disaster and for civil protection and should therefore - as can also be seen from Section 2 (1) No. 2, Section 1 (1) No. 1 WasSiG (Water Safety Act) and the associated administrative regulation - regardless of the availability of the The fact that street wells within the meaning of Section 12 (1) A / KAE means facilities for use in the event of a disaster also results from Section 12 (1) A / KAE, which provides a further exception for fire extinguishing purposes.> In contrast: > "Ornamental fountains are artistically designed fountains including a collecting basin. The evaporation of the collected water should improve the microclimate.")
  18. ↑ JGA Ludwig Helling (ed.): Historical-statistical-topographical pocket book of Berlin and its immediate surroundings . HAW Logier, Berlin 1830. Online in the Google book search
  19. ^ Eduard Fidicin: Berlin city book . Bey A. W. Heyn, Berlin 1837, online in the Google book search. Appendix: Clergy, church, school, taxes and public city affairs : 1449 - Dyt register is vornyet alse hirneden is vorekent Anno dom. etc. XVIX: Registrum dergenen dy tu denwyntborne horen. /// same page: According to the handwriting around the same time : "Notes on the public fountains"
  20. ↑ Isidor Albu: The public health care in Berlin: For authorities, builders and doctors , online in the Google book search with locations of street and courtyard fountains in Berlin and analysis results from 1868
  21. ^ Fr. Tietz: E. Litfaß industrial and private effectiveness . Berlin 1871
  22. ↑ Ban on doing the laundry at the street fountains . Piece 53. / December 31, 1841. P. 354, (Berlin) No. 76.
  23. ↑ Use of groundwater - drinking water and much more (PDF), also in Die Berliner Wasserwerke (in Wikisource)
  24. ↑ a b Water protection: Berlin street fountain
  25. ↑ The creation of the Berlin waterworks and the aqueduct - a cultural-historical sketch by Dr. Ing. (Harry) Rutz
  26. ^ Templates for the city council of the city of Berlin - edition 1882 . Minutes of the accounting committee, concerning the final closing of the city main treasury on April 1st, 1881/82.
  27. ^ Report on the municipal administration of the city of Berlin - edition 1889 / 1895.3 under The public health care
  28. ↑ The “Kuratorium der Wasserwerke” was ordered to examine the Spree water at the Stralau works on a daily basis and to publish the results of the examination quickly. [...] the municipality set up open fountains at many landing sites in connection with the municipal water supply, as well as a boat closet at the port square. However, the use of such necessities failed mainly because of the comfort and indolence of the sailors [...].
  29. ↑ In the picture a Lauchhammer fountain of type I (fish head) and easy to see the impregnation stone in the curb.
  30. ↑ Original caption: ADN-ZB / Archive: “Counterrevolutionary Kapp Putsch from March 13–17, 1920 in Berlin: The putsch begins with the march of the Ehrhardt Marine Brigade on March 13 in Berlin. In response, the KPD, USPD, SPD and trade unions are calling for a general strike, in which around 12 million have participated across Germany. The government formed by the putschists under Wolfgang Kapp and General von Lüttwitz must therefore resign on March 17th. During the general strike, Berliners fetch water from a public pump. "
  31. ^ Lauchhammerbrunnen Type I, Brunnenstrasse 36 (N4, center); Brunnenstrasse 36 . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1943, VI., P. 115. “Owner: A.-G. for home and real estate (Leipzig) / tenants: August Lenz, upholstered furniture; W (old) judge, furniture; August Wittler, bread (August Wittler, bread factory Maxstrasse 2/5)
    Max Strassenburg, master watchmaker lived in house 35 (* 1943/3366 * manufacturer August Wittler, apartment: Niederschönhausen, Kronprinzenstrasse 19).
  32. ↑ See also: Berlin emergency water supply, May 1945
  33. ↑ Compare the propaganda sign (Soviet sector) on the right in the picture.
  34. ^ Photo from the collection of the Imperial War Museum , Creator: N. S. Clark, Flight Lieutenant, Royal Air Force official photographer / original caption: "Germany Under Allied Occupation: German civilians queue at a streetside water pump in Berlin. Such pumps provided the only source of clean water in the German capital due to the destruction of much of the mains system. "
  35. ↑ In the picture, on the western side of the street in front of the ruins of the building at Alte Leipziger Straße 4 - in the middle of the rubble edge poured from the roadway - there is a Lauchhammer fountain type II with the cone at the top ( location ). In the background of the picture the open house passage belongs to the ruins of the Reichsbank (Kurstraße 36), there was a connection to the Jungfernbrücke (Kupfergraben, Spreekanal).
  36. ↑ For comparison: Image 239 from 1888 Alte Leipziger Strasse with Jungfernbrücke 1888 Article 780 + Alte Leipziger Strasse . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1889, II.T., p. 258. “(Left picture page to N ° 5) ← Unterwasserstraße → 1 ← Naules Hof → 1a – 4 ← Kurstraße → 5–11 // Niederwallstraße // (right picture side ) 12, 12a – 15 ← Kurstrasse → 16–22 ← Oberwallstrasse → “(>> N ° 1a: Kommiss.Gesch. Wiesenthal + N ° 21: Garnhandl. Gebr. Bach).
  37. ↑ In the picture by Otto Donath (1898–1971) you can see the conversion of a pipe well to Greiner (type II) that was burst by frost. Original caption: "ADN-ZB / Donath / Berlin, March 1947: After the severe winter of 1946/47, the frozen pumps are being repaired."
  38. ↑ As a picture by Willy Pragher from December 1929 shows: the water station , the street wells (here probably an iron pipe well) were protected from frost damage with cordage.
  39. ↑ Berliner Zeitung , No. 19, June 8, 1945.
  40. ↑ Tony Le Tissier: The fight for Berlin 1945 . Bechtermünz Verlag, Augsburg 1997, p. 82 f .: “[Also due to Hitler's birthday] Anglo-American Bomber Salut flew a so-called 1000 bomber attack against Berlin that lasted two hours. The attack level of these units was chosen so that intervention by the German flak was impossible. [...] The bombers left Berlin numb, silent and destroyed. [...] "
  41. ^ The 'sole rule' of the Soviets
  42. ↑ Tony Le Tissier: The fight for Berlin 1945 . Bechtermünz Verlag, Augsburg 1997, p. 82 f.
  43. ↑ The Russians in Berlin 1945 . In: Der Spiegel , May 5, 1965.
  44. ^ Andreas Conrad: May 8, 1945 in Berlin - The war ended, but not the suffering . In: Der Tagesspiegel , May 8, 2015: "But wherever it was: not a single drop came out of the taps."
  45. ^ In: Berliner Zeitung , No. 19, June 8, 1945
  46. ↑ Ingrid Schievelbein: I still dream of the bunker today
  47. ↑ Herbert Grun: Your son did not understand the meaning of National Socialism
  48. ↑ Ursula Kohlmeier: I don't even know how we got through it all
  49. ↑ These quotes come from: Bombers flickered like silver fish in the sky. Edition Berliner Unterwelten 2004.
  50. ↑ Berlin in July 1945 : Pumping water at the Lauchhammerbrunnen: 2: 50–3: 00.
  51. ↑ Berlin 1945–1947 : Most of the water pipes were destroyed in the post-war days. Then it was called fetching water from the water pumps in the streets. (Source: Friedrich Ebert Foundation). The location in Berlin is not specified.
  52. ↑ a b c d e f Herbert Liman: Berlin road construction from 1945 to 2000 . Part 1 in road and bridge construction in Berlin 1945 to 2000 . Published by the Research Association for Roads and Transport, GSV Verlag, Cologne 2008, ISBN 978-3-939715-65-8
  53. ↑ “These emergency drinking water supply measures are operated in all federal states, including Berlin, although the Water Safety Act was not valid in Berlin. An administrative agreement has been expressly concluded for this purpose between the responsible Federal Ministry and the Berlin Senate. "
  54. ↑ Horst Röber: Emergency drinking water supply in the Federal Office for Civil Protection . In: Civil Defense - Research / Technology / Organization / Law , No. 1, 1st quarter 1976, p. 55 ff.
  55. ^ Edition of October 16, 1969 (ND archive) : The Berlin pumps
  56. ↑ Old handle pumps in Berlin (Max Meyer)
  57. ↑ Preparing drinking water for emergencies - how does it work? on Geigerzähler.de
  58. ^ Umweltbundesamt.de : Prepare drinking water. Surface water must always be treated.
  59. ↑ Distance to the corridor of the groundwater 2009 differentiated (environmental atlas)
  60. ↑ Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection
  61. ↑ Various signs are visible on some fountains, others have already been painted over. The samples are documented at the health department. But the likelihood that the water quality of the well will improve is rather small.
  62. ↑ The broadcast of the evening show of the RBB on June 29, 2019 was about the readiness of the street wells, for example to pump groundwater for street trees on hot days. As an example, the audience request related to the Pankower Strassebrunnen 40 in the Gürtelstrasse, while the one renewed in 2018 in the Kuglerstrasse gave water. The head of the Pankow Road and Green Area Office, Mr. Jung, named in the broadcast for a repair of the pumping station of this "Pump 40" a necessary sum of an average of 4600 euros for a road pump.
  63. ↑ Bernd Wähner: Wells have silted up . In: Berliner Woche , October 25, 2019
  64. ↑ Caspar Schwietering: neighborhood talk . In: Tagesspiegel , October 17, 2019
  65. ↑ Berlin street fountain
  66. ↑ Small inquiry KA-0621 / VIII : Fulfilling tasks for disaster control - emergency water supply for Pankow
  67. ^ From the response of the environmental administration to a request from the SPD, quoted in Berlin is missing more than 1000 wells for emergencies
  68. ↑ Overview from issue 22 of the “Archive for the History of Roads and Transports” of the Research Association for Roads and Transports. The number and the number of inhabitants per well are broken down according to old districts. Image 35 from Herbert Liman, Eckhard Thiemann, Dieter Desczyk, Horstpeter Metzing: Road and bridge construction in Berlin 1945 to 2000 . Editor Wolfgang Wirth, Cologne 2008, Research Association for Transport and Road Engineering, ISBN 978-3-939715-65-8 , p. 66.
  69. ^ Jörg Niendorf: Emergency supply in the Bauhaus style . In: Berliner Zeitung , April 26, 2019, p. 6.
  70. ↑ Data source: Geoportal Berlin / road inspection 2014
  71. ↑ Thomas Schubert: Disaster control - Far too few wells: Pankow threatens massive water shortage . In: Berliner Morgenpost , February 7, 2020.
  72. ^ Marion Langenbach, Peter Fischer: Drinking water emergency well in Germany . In: bbr specialist magazine for wells and pipeline construction ( special print from 11/2008 )
  73. ↑ If the water is bacterially contaminated, disinfection is possible. The test for chemical contamination is carried out in accordance with the criteria of the Drinking Water Ordinance; these wells are not disinfected. The wells are marked with "No drinking water", in some districts there are markings suitable for emergency water, and in some cases use is blocked by chains on the handle.
  74. ↑ The information on the number differs slightly depending on the source between 803 for 2009 and 901 for 2019.
  75. ↑ a b Ulrich Zawatka-Gerlach: Restoration backlog in all districts: Every third Berlin fountain is defective . In: Tagesspiegel , June 27, 2020
  76. ↑ Senate Department for Environment, Transport and Climate Protection Berlin, May 19, 2020-II D 3: Investment needs for state wells.
  77. ↑ Call for watering : Berlin's 433,000 street trees need water In: rbb24 , April 24, 2020
  78. ↑ Investment requirement for state wells
  79. ↑ color sample
  80. ↑ Online in the Google book search - Peter Zenker: Explorations in Neurath
  81. ↑ a b c The Berliner Wasserbetrieb give an overview of the locations of the drinking fountains on their website: Trinkbrunnen in Berlin
  82. ↑ The consumption is 2 m³ per day and well: Water companies donate three drinking fountains to the district . In: Berliner Woche, Ralf Drescher from Lichtenberg, May 8, 2015
  83. ↑ In Vienna there are 900 drinking water fountains, in Rome there are around 2500 drinking fountains, which have been installed in public places since 1873.
  84. ↑ Berlin becomes a blue community
  85. ↑ Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection
  86. ↑ Information about cast iron: The defective drinking fountain in Zingster Straße should soon be bubbling again . In: Berliner Woche , Paul Stein from Pankow, September 2, 2018 // Bronze casting information: Steglitz-Zehlendorf will receive three new water dispensers by the end of this year . In: Berliner Woche , Ulrike Martin from Zehlendorf, August 9, 2019
  87. ↑ Against thirst . In: Berliner Zeitung , August 2, 2018, p. 13 (print edition).
  88. ↑ For fountains made of aluminum, the unit price for the actual fountain is quoted as 4,000 to 5,000 euros. Further costs arise because the wells are checked and cleaned every two weeks. Water samples are taken once a month and analyzed in the BWB laboratory. Wells that only gave water at the push of a button were too prone to failure and were not planned.
  89. ↑ For the fountain season from May to October, around 3,500 euros are due per fountain.
  90. ↑ New drinking fountain under construction . In: Berliner Woche , August 9, 2019, Ulrike Martin.
  91. ↑ For example: According to archive information from the RBB editorial team in the program “Auf ins Metropol” SFB 1 of September 7, 1968 as
  92. ↑ Healthy drinking water from our own wells and springs . Published by the Federal Environment Agency Dessau-Roßlau, January 2013, accessed May 8, 2020.
  93. ↑ Section 37 of the Berlin Water Act (BWG), according to the Senate Department for the Environment, Transport and Climate Protection: Leaflet: Wells for garden irrigation
  94. ↑ Waterworks in your own garden . In: Der Tagesspiegel , May 19, 2012
  95. ↑ According to the owner, the water is checked - as necessary - by the health department.
  96. ↑ Traffic data 2014: Rahnsdorf
  97. ↑ Wikimedia: Data is the new groundwater . In: Ludwigsburger Kreiszeitung , September 14, 2018
  98. ↑ Berlin, cooling off at the water pump. Everything seeks cooling. The heavy heat of the last few days has greatly increased the need to cool down everywhere. Every street fountain has to be used to cool off. The officials of the transport companies refresh themselves at the terminal stops. June 21, 1931. Location not carried out.
  99. ↑ Scherl: In the fight against the heat. The four-legged housemate receives a refreshment at the fountain. 1932