Shapes Berlin street fountain

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The forms of Berlin street fountains (well stands, well bodies) have changed several times since the beginning due to advances in technologies for pumping groundwater for water supply and since the 20th century for supply in emergencies. The designs were partially adapted to the requirements of use.

This article is part of the article Street fountain in Berlin and the corresponding lists of the 12 Berlin districts in which the individual fountains are described. This article is intended to explain the types of fountain stands listed there in more detail and to substantiate the technical facts.

Beginnings

Boiler well

Around 1390, the “Berliner Bilderbuch” reported on wells for the supply of drinking and extinguishing water on public roads. Sources were walled up to make draw wells and watercourses dammed in basins. The first water art with pierced tree trunks as wooden pipes for the water network and a tower on the castle extension was completed in 1572, but it soon fell into disrepair. The water art was probably still in operation in 1604. However, the wooden pipes laid flat and not impregnated quickly rotten. In 1607 an official fountain directory for Cölln named 16 “alley fountains” and Berlin had 36 of them for public use. During the Thirty Years War almost half of the houses fell into disrepair and the number of wells had not increased during this time. Around 1660 Berlin and Cölln had 9,000 inhabitants and around 50 public taps were counted.

“Until the end of the seventeenth century, the fountains in Berlin consisted of so-called drawing wells […], from which the water was drawn out by buckets hanging on chains or rods. […] The council was responsible for the supervision of the wells. This was a long time coming. The Great Elector took up this subject again in 1660 when he established the order for Berlin and Cölln that should be observed when using and maintaining the public street fountains. At that time there were thirty-six such fountains in Berlin and twelve in Cölln. Almost all of them were only in the main streets, […] Almost all the wells were still in their old form; only in the Breitenstrasse were there two better furnishings and more pleasant looks. One stood near the Schlossplatz, had been renovated under Joachim II and surrounded by a slate-roofed building. In the roof of it rollers and chains were fastened, by means of which the water was drawn up with buckets. The second fountain, near the fish market, was completely renovated in 1656, surrounded by a red building […]. There was also a fountain in Roßstrasse, near the town hall, which also had to be renewed in 1659, with a tin-covered, decorated roof and chains. This and two so-called tube fountains [...] one in the Königsstrasse in front of the house of the Colonel-Sergeant von Rochow (now the Royal Post Office), the other one on the whey market, made an exception to the usual shape at the time. […] Without the public street fountains, there were two hundred and thirty-eight [= 238] in Berlin and one hundred and forty-one [= 141] in Cölln private wells on the farms, the preservation of which is estimated at 10 thalers by the owners. Punishment was ordered. "

- Ernst Fidicin

“According to the fountain and alley order of 1660, the house owners had to sweep up the dirt in front of their houses, then it was cleared away by the grooms on the designated days [...]. At that time there were over 400 wells in both cities, including only two pipe wells. All the rest were draw wells, usually so poorly covered that they were exposed to dust, rain, snow and some other pollution. ”( Paul Goldschmidt : Berlin in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1910, page 49, online in Google - book search)

In addition to the supply of drinking water, the supply of extinguishing water was also necessary in the event of fires. After some fires in the 17th century, the number of wells was increased to 193 (1727). By 1709, the public draw wells had probably all been converted into pipe wells with a pumping station and wooden casing. The pumping station was surrounded by wooden boxes, the handle and the water outlet protruded, the top they were mostly covered against weather. In affluent neighborhoods, the fountains were more elaborately designed, and from 1810 to 1830 more attractive models were set up in the city center at selected locations , including the street fountains designed by Schinkel and clad with cast zinc housings.

Drawings of the well housing on Kesselbrunnen (old wells with handle)
Dörbeck, Franz Burchard.jpg
Skarbina-Hauptspass.jpg
Heinrich Zille Hof in the Scheunenviertel.jpg
Ex libris of Adolf Heilborn. Lithograph by Heinrich Zille.jpg
Nante at the fountain (1831)
"A main pass" (around 1900)
Court fountain (1919)
Street fountain (Ex Libris 1920)
Courtyard fountain and alley fountain with wooden box or zinc cast housing (with Schinkel design)
Hofbrunnen in the courtyard of Jägerstrasse 49-50 on a photo by Albert Schwartz 1890.jpg
Wooden courtyard fountain in Hamburger Strasse 29.jpg
Fluted courtyard fountain with metal housing in the Märkisches Provinzialmuseum (former Köllnisches Rathaus) .jpg
Box fountain at the house in front of the Nikolaikirche Index - Nr169263 InvNr VII 59-806 x.jpg
Street fountain with cast zinc housing at the Nikolaikirchhof Knoblauchhaus.jpg
Courtyard fountain with metal housing and splash plate (courtyard at Jägerstrasse 49/50, 1890)
Wooden courtyard fountain in the "Zum Hamburger Wappen" inn (1878)
Fluted courtyard fountain (in the courtyard of the Märkisches Provincial Museum, 1899)
Pump mechanism in a wooden box filled with straw (Propststraße near Nikolaikirche, 1827)
Street fountain with cast zinc housing (Poststrasse, Knoblauchhaus, 1889)

In 1660 (after the Thirty Years' War ) there were 379 private and 51 public fountains for 1260 houses in Berlin and Cölln. They were uncovered, but lined round boiler wells 1.5 m in diameter and 5 m deep. The water was raised with a rope and a water tub, three wells in Cölln and one in the old market were covered, and there were iron chains to pull up the buckets. A hundred years later, Berlin had 7241 houses (with two or three floors) for 176,837 inhabitants (1709: 55,000) and in 1806 the directory lists 7,314 houses, 133 streets, 91 alleys, 18 squares and markets and 5588 fountains (560 of which are public). In 1845 there were 7,994 front buildings and 7,317 rear buildings and side wings. Court fountains existed for these houses (sometimes for two) . Courtyard fountains on the land outside the public street space were partially up until the 1930s. In the public street space for general use 817 street wells were available in 1845 and 20 years later (1865) 937 street wells. The public wells were (with increasing renovation of the draw wells) with wooden housings surrounded by pumps with a roof and filled with straw (to prevent freezing in winter). A board under the grommet protected the case from water. The pumps were pierced wooden trunks made of pine (Kiene) with a wooden handle. The pull rod and piston were made of oak with a leather seal, and the seal was made with hemp and beef suet . Connecting parts were made of wrought iron . Sometimes there were lead connectors and copper for pipes, initially cast-iron grommets. The proportion of wrought iron parts increased in the 19th century and with the expansion of the iron casting industry, cast iron was used. The first completely cast-iron pumps ("Californian design") were installed in 1861, and the city council has had the wooden pumps replaced since then.

With the commissioning of the central Berlin water pipeline in 1856, the 957 existing public fountains (50 of them with decorative zinc cast housings ) in the (then) Berlin urban area came to the administration of the Royal Police Headquarters, they were mainly used for fire extinguishing. After negotiations, the 836 well boilers with 1286 posts and 46 pipe wells were taken into the city's possession in 1880. Back then, pumps sucked water from masonry well boilers in which groundwater collected. These pumps were mostly enclosed for a better view, primarily to protect against frost damage in winter. For example, tall boxes with a pipe stood on the streets, but they became increasingly dirty.

“In 1800 Berlin had around 560 public and 5028 private wells and pumps (text panel from the 2000 exhibition:“ Water in the City ”, Alt-Stralau 63/67, 10245 Berlin.). Draw wells were still widespread, lifting the water in the scoop on a chain or pull rope out of the well shaft, sometimes with a swing arm. The city's favorable location in the Spreemulde and the relatively short distance from the groundwater to the corridor have ensured that the population is supplied with water in sufficient quantities through courtyard and street wells. There was no water shortage. "

- Hubert Olbrich : Berlin in front of its sewer system . In: Mitteilungen des Verein für die Geschichte Berlins, 102nd year January 2006, p. 296
  • Old boiler wells, the pumping station of which is covered with well boxes

  • Convent and Stralauer Strasse corner (1780)

  • Two fountains: Spittelmarkt (1868)

  • Friedrich- / Jägerstrasse (1860)

  • (old) Charlottenstrasse 59 (1890)

  • Gendarmenmarkt (Jäger- / Markgrafenstrasse) (1883)

  • Gendarmenmarkt (French Street) (1883)

  • Handle pumps on boiler wells

  • Alte Leipziger, NE corner of Kurstrasse (1860)

  • Women at the Well (1883)

  • Court fountain (1927)

  • Bischofstrasse 1 (1885)

  • Cast zinc housing, Hausvogtei (1875–1894)

  • Box fountain with exit to the street and sloping board in Jägerstraße (1886)

Iron pipe well

  • to form

  • Otto Greiner Type-I

  • Otto Greiner Type II

  • Otto Greiner Type III

  • Louis Lohde Type-I

  • Louis Lohde Type II

  • Louis Lohde Type III

In the 1870s , the engineer Otto Greiner developed an iron pipe well based on a modified pump principle, which could suck in water from deeper layers of the ground. Depending on the quality and amount of the accessible groundwater, the (initially only) shallow wells near the surface were converted into deep wells (boreholes up to 40 meters below the road surface). The well shafts were still bricked, for these there was a cover next to the well foot for inspections. There were three versions of the Greiner fountain, including I and II with a separate connection for the fire brigade. The well builder Louis Lohde (company since 1807) created his pipe wells, also designed in three housing types, according to the Greiner principle. Instead of the handle for the sucker rod, all six versions had a handle for pulling up and down. The erection of the iron pipe wells began after a test location in 1877 and replaced the pump boxes with handles on boiler wells. By 1892, 450 copies of the new street fountain had been installed. Of these, there were still 118 copies in existence in 1937. The last pipe well is still in Berlin-Mitte in 2020 and has been added to the list of monuments. The design of the housing of Greiner's fountain was carried out by the architect Eduard Jacobsthal . The six types can be distinguished by the shape of the well cover. The decorative elements at Greiner pull down from the ring at the outlet level. A work by Jacobsthal also suggests the similarity of the flower patterns that are drawn up on the case. Opposite the water outlet, the Lohde fountains bear a company coat of arms.

At the end of the 19th century, soaking stones appeared, granite slabs in the beltline with an integrated hollow in which the draining well water collected. In order to pump water into vats on horse-drawn carts, two nozzles were sometimes attached to the body of the fountain, which also had to be longer due to the lever length required for the handle. The lower outlet was blocked if there was not already a tap.

To ensure the water quality, shallow wells were replaced by deep wells in order to reach potable groundwater in deeper layers, which was possible with the new tubular wells. When the magistrate took over the public wells in 1880, 836 shallow wells and 42 tubular (deep) wells are noted; for 1884 then 727 shallow wells and 215 tubular wells. 15 years later (Greinersche, Lohdesche and Lauchhammerbrunnen), 816 pipe wells and 269 shallow wells were recorded in 1899. Boreholes for public road wells (pipe wells) sunk between 1867 and 1871 were used for subsoil investigations for the first building site map of Berlin.

“A great idea for the earlier time was to set up a water pipe in Berlin, which had already come about according to the finance bill of 1572. […] At the request of the elector, the magistrate had to cut down the wood required for all the pipes in the urban heaths and give it away free of charge, […] Already in 1759 this work had stalled. […] In addition, the number of those who had previously taken a share in the pipeline and paid contributions decreased […] The decline of the municipal treasury was in fact justified. The forests were unduly attacked and could not provide the necessary cane wood. […] The Elector Johann Sigismund came back to this in 1618; [...] whereupon he offered his hand himself. [...] The unrest that followed during the Thirty Years' War alone was not favorable to the company. "

- Ernst Fidicin

Lauchhammer

Government building officer R. Kuntze designed water dispensers with a simplified pumping system by inserting the valves and levers into the pump housing. In the spring of 1890 the Berlin Architects' Association announced a competition to obtain decorative housing designs. 14 drafts were submitted. Otto Schmalz received the first prize, worth 300 marks , and the second prize (worth 100 marks) was awarded to Otto Stahn . The designs by Otto Rieth and Franz Husband received recognition . The city building deputation, however, considered the first-place design unsuitable because of its abundant decoration and decided to have the neo-baroque plumps produced according to the design by Otto Stahn. The pump body made of cast iron in the Lauchhammer art foundry was given the common name of "Lauchhammer pumps" after the production location. Between 1894 and 1897 these stand shapes were manufactured in three designs, which can be differentiated according to the thematic decorative elements. 320 such specimens were probably put up in Berlin. Some of the " Old Berlin " fountains made in Lauchhammer had the bear crown ( wall crown ), known as Type III , on their heads . At the same time, the coat of arms of Berlin was recorded on the four sides of the lower case, the round part with the water outlet on it is adorned with acanthus and from there straps lead to the ribbons between the coats of arms. It should be noted here that Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf and Schöneberg had their own designs made in the Lauchhammer iron foundry.

The heavily decorated, also listed building type with a broad, compact shape is typical. Above all, the foot, the water outlet in the middle part (fish, dragon or pelican head, the latter for the Wilmersdorf shape) and the capital of the pump are decorated with striking decorative elements. The base is wider and more square, while the Wilmersdorf fountain body is round. The three types of the Berlin fountain shape typically differed in the head attachment.

A type III with a wall crown on Belle-Alliance-Platz (around 1900)
  • Type I has a flat hemispherical attachment with pine cones and the spout is a fish head as a gargoyle . Between the mirrors on the head sits a frog opposite the handle hook.
  • Type II has a higher cone with attached scales of a dragon and a ghost face and a cone at the top, the spout is formed as a dragon's head.
  • Type III bears the Berlin coat of arms on all four sides in the base area. The outlet is designed as a water-spouting mythical creature. Recognizable by the attachment on the fountain head with a wall crown (similar to that of the Berlin bear) and reliefs with "Berlin bears" on all four surfaces of the base.

The installation of Kuntze pumps with Lauchhammer housings ended in (old) Berlin around 1897, as the water quality deteriorated at a depth that could be reached and the productivity decreased. In addition, water pipes were already leading to all parts of the city and the need for drinking water wells decreased. The minimum distance of 300 meters was no longer necessary. In contrast, in 1901 the number of public water points on the network began to increase. By 1911, 495 valve wells had been added in Berlin, which were fed from the pipeline of the water network. With these the water flow was released by pulling up the lever. The underground and above-ground hydrants and fire extinguishing wells (suction wells in two versions, in 1911 there were 249 of them) were added for the fire brigade . From 1925 the fire brigade wells from the Lauchhammer foundry were used in Greater Berlin, which had the connecting piece for the fire hose under a cover with a bear's head. Wilmersdorf and Charlottenburg also obtained fountain housings from Lauchhammer (also suburbs ).

  • Designs of the well housing from Lauchhammer

  • Fish head> "Type I"

  • Essay on "Type I"

  • Dragon head> "Type II"

  • Dragon head> "Type II"

  • Essay on "Type II"

Pumps in the suburbs and cities

With the final replacement of the boiler wells in Berlin in the 1880s with pipe wells based on the Greiner pump principle and the subsequent installation of the Lauchhammer housing with the Kuntze pump principle, similar developments occurred in the Berlin area. Between 1902 and 1911, taps and water sticks ( valve wells ) were still connected to the pipeline network. The Berlin pipe wells found their distribution in the neighboring towns of the Barnim and Teltow districts. There, boiler wells that are "close to the ground" have also been replaced by deeper pipe wells.

  • In the city of Charlottenburg (170,000 inhabitants lived in 1900) there were 17 old kettle wells that were clad with slate-covered wooden housings. From 1890 pipe wells of the Lohde I model replaced the outdated boiler wells with the box housing. From 1900, Lauchhammer I fountain housings were added for Charlottenburg. The exterior of the fountain bodies in Charlottenburg corresponds to the Berlin type I Lauchhammer . They carry frogs on their heads between the mirrors and are disguised with the fish on the outlet pipe, shells decorate the outlet between the base and the fluted shaft. They differ by the Charlottenburg coat of arms on the base opposite the water outlet. The city ​​coat of arms was awarded in 1705 when Charlottenburg received city rights. The coat of arms shows a floating tinned castle gate with raised black portcullis in the passage of the central building. The towers have (here) conical roofs. The central building with a hipped roof is provided with two flags waving outwards. As in the city arms, the arms of the city's founders are shown on the towers on the fountain housing: the Prussian eagle for Friedrich I and the jumping steed for his wife Sophie Charlotte , the namesake of the city and palace.
  • The city of Deutsch-Wilmersdorf (population in 1901: 22,400) adopted the Kuntze principle of the pipe fountain as in the Stahn fountain and had its housing frame made in Lauchhammer. Instead of fluting, the case had animal reliefs created by the Wilmersdorf sculptor August Gaul as decoration . In the film Emil and the Detectives , such a street fountain can be seen in a film scene in 1953. This fountain stood in front of the station building at Halensee train station as early as 1905 (Seesener Strasse entrance).
  • The town charter was issued for Schöneberg in 1899. In 1900, 89,143 residents lived in the Schöneberg district . On August 7, 1899, the city arms were approved. Between 1901 and 1906, 25 street pumps with Type I Lauchhammer housings were installed. In 2018/2019 there are still 15 Lauchhammer fountains in the Schöneberg district and seven in Friedenau, but in all cases “Reko fountain bodies” (Winkelhoff, Schoening) from 1978. These have “bear plates” opposite the exit.
  • The former municipality Pankow presented "attractive" fountain with the coat of arms GP (probably for G emeinde P ankow) on. They have a fluted well shaft and, as a distinguishing feature, the flame bowl as the upper end. The octagonal base is also fluted. The Pankow model was set up in the rural community of Pankow between 1900 and 1910. Pankow had 21,000 inhabitants in 1900 and 40,366 in 1910, but no town charter and striving for this, the community had the town hall built from 1901 to 1903 .
  • In suburbs such as Lichtenberg, Zehlendorf, Groß-Lichterfelde, Steglitz and Spandau, local street wells were also added as public taps to supply the population with groundwater before the First World War .

With the establishment of public water networks , the need for street wells decreased. Schöneberg started with valve wells in 1905 and in Charlottenburg some pipe wells from Lohde have been converted into valve wells on the water network since 1909 . In 1920, with the formation of Greater Berlin , all public groundwater extraction points came under the responsibility of the magistrate. The valve wells were connected to the water network. Instead of long handles for the leverage for pumping from greater depths, short levers were now sufficient to open the valve so that water flowed. After all, ornate housings were created for these hydrants. At Klünner, around 100 Lauchhammer fountains are given for the beginning of the 1980s. In addition, the "Krausepumpen" came in a historicizing form in the 1920s.

According to the number of copies determined in 2018/2019, there were still 125 Kraus pumps, 119 fountain housings from Stahn (97 type I in the middle) and in Charlottenburg, 22 type II and one type III (with bear crown) as well as six fountain bodies cast in Lauchhammer for Wilmersdorf Animal motif. In addition, there were 27 Pankower fountains (coat of arms GP), two of them in the districts of Charlottenburg and three in Friedrichshain and two in the Treptow-Köpenick district. This distribution refers to the exchange within Greater Berlin. What is disregarded here is the extent to which the reconstructions of 1978 for pedestrian zones and other work-ups were carried out, for example in preparation for the 750th anniversary celebration.

Extinguishing water well of the fire brigade

Extinguishing water supply 1900s Extinguishing water supply in the 1910s
Valve wells from 1902
Valve wells from 1911

As long as the water requirement for domestic purposes as well as in case of fire was obtained from the municipal wells, a distinction was not necessary. The need for drinking water wells had declined around 1900: the water network brought better drinking water to all parts of the city in pipes. The 300 meter distance between the wells has been abandoned. After negotiations between all parties involved, it was agreed in 1902 that drinking water in Berlin and its neighborhoods would primarily come from the mains instead of the existing wells. Special pipe wells should be provided for the fire brigade: tap wells, water sticks and special valve wells . Between 1902 and 1911 495 valve wells with a connection to the water network were installed. The flow of water was started by pulling up the lever, children should be kept away and the operation was a little more difficult. From 1911, 249 copies with a simplified decoration from the iron foundry Lauchhammer followed (picture opposite). They had a hemispherical cover, under the cover with the bear's head was the connector for the connection hose to the fire pump. The unadorned above-ground hydrants that had been set up since the 1930s were completely unadorned and use-oriented. In addition, underground hydrants are becoming increasingly common. In the case of the latter, the barrier on the sidewalk is below level and they can be recognized by the oval covers that are flush with the floor. These facilities are still available in the public street space for the supply from the water network. To connect underground hydrants, standpipes with shut-off devices are required.

Pankow model

Pankow model

In the north-east of Berlin, especially in the area of ​​the (then) municipality of Pankow , well bodies with an octagonal base and fluted well shaft were installed. Is the engraved coat of arms with the intricate "GP" (short for one and a half meters at the column G emeinde P ankow). In the northeast of Berlin (around the Pankow district) such well bodies are still widespread. The octagonal base is also fluted. The lining of the water outlet is the body of a fish (dolphin), which rests with its tail on the shaft and with its mouth surrounds the outflow pipe. In the area of ​​the fish's body, the pipe section between the shaft and the lower part is decorated with waves and wave crests . The handle attaches the hook on the rod to a goblet-like head decorated with acanthus. The handle reaches out at the head and leads a straight rod to the curved handle. A hard rubber buffer is attached to the rod side and the counterpart to the upper attachment of the lower part of the well, which weakens the impacts when pumping. On the crown, four spiral elements carry a flame bowl as the upper end . One of these carrier elements guides the pivot pin of the handle, which grips the piston rod inside with the handle hook. This Pankow model was set up in the rural community of Pankow between 1900 and 1910. After all, Pankow already had 40,366 inhabitants in 1910, it had no town charter and belonged to the Niederbarnim district until the formation of Greater Berlin in 1920 . Like all suburbs around Berlin, recognition as a city was sought, so Pankow had its representative town hall built from 1901 to 1903.

Krause / new salt

The fountain body is a somewhat slimmer, fluted column on an octagonal, thicker base. The pointed finish is striking. The suspension of the wrist arm and the area below the "crown" are particularly decorated with flower-like ornaments. With the formation of Greater Berlin , responsibility for an emergency water supply and responsibility for the existing suburban wells passed to the new township, under the administration of the Berlin magistrate . After 1925, the city of Berlin installed public water pumps that were cast in the ironworks and enamelling factory "Wilhelm von Krause" in Neusalz (Silesia). The Krausewerk went back to the ironworks of the "Aktienverein Eisenhütte Neusalz", which went into operation in 1827 (1816 is also specified), in which the Berlin banker Wilhelm von Krause (1802–1877) acquired the majority of shares in 1850. The smelter processed the lawn iron ore found near Neusalz (Nowa Sól). In addition to the iron foundry, the company also specialized in the manufacture of pumps and water cranes for supplying water to steam locomotives.

The Krause pumps are slimmer than the 30 years older models from Lauchhammer. However, a classicist basic form was retained. A columnar fluted shaft rests on the eight-sided substructure. A pictorial decoration was dispensed with. The Krause pump on the edge of the Schillerpark settlement was installed around 1930, and another (renovated) pump of this type is located on Vinetaplatz. After 1925, the Berlin city council commissioned additional public water pumps. These were created according to new artistic designs in the ironworks and enamelling factory Wilhelm von Krause in Neusalz (Silesia) . -> The water dispensers now called Krausepumpen from the late 1920s are slimmer than the older models from Lauchhammer. They have a classical basic shape, a columnar fluted shaft rests on the eight-sided substructure . Pictorial decor has been reduced. In the 1930s, unadorned valve wells were used, which have been preserved as (above-ground) hydrants until 1990. In Berlin there are both original wells that were set around 1930 as well as supplemented and renovated ones at new locations. The latter have a "27" on the base and the infusion "Berlin" and thus differ from the originals.

The era of the “shapely” street fountain has been replaced (for the time being) by the “ column housings ” of various well builders or rather from different foundries.

Schliephacke or Rümmler

When the situation in West Berlin became confusing after the construction of the Wall in 1961 during the Cold War , street wells for emergency water supply moved into the focus of the Senate authorities. In 1969, Senate Building Director Hans C. Müller commissioned the freelance architect and designer Fridtjof Schliephacke to design a new pump housing. In line with contemporary tastes and based on his friendship with Mies van der Rohe, he designed the fountain housing for the piston rod as an angular form in the Bauhaus style . A steel cylinder with a continuous circumference is placed on the base tube with eight screws flush with the floor. The handle with a functional handle on the flat steel strip is attached with the pivot point in a right-angled holding piece on the cylindrical end of the pump tube. The water outlet was placed on the cylinder as a square steel plate, and the outlet pipe opens into it. The water outlet is shaped like a hook like a "J" and is suitable for hanging in e.g. B. buckets. This form was adopted for use in the "front city" and implemented with the three modular parts (drill pipe, outlet, handle). The technical approval fell to the building director Rainer G. Rümmler , appointed in 1968 , his responsibilities were drafts of building construction and monument preservation measures, of building construction measures for the traffic, the construction management of traffic building construction and traffic expansion measures as well as the technical engineering. Both the designer “Schliephacke pump” and the person responsible for technology, after whom this design is called the (Schwengel) “Rümmler pump”, gave its name to the pump type. The first pumps of this type were blue-green in the typical Bauhaus color scheme and were gradually installed in the Tempelhof , Schöneberg , Charlottenburg , Spandau and Zehlendorf districts . The dimensions of the wells were: total height 2.08 m, water outlet: 0.81 m above ground, column diameter 159 mm. Several hundred of this type of well survived at the end of the 2010s. Since the 2010s, their age of use has increasingly necessitated replacement with Borsig housings, FSH-L or Wolf cylinders. The groundwater wells from the 1970s do not seem to be the reason for the replacement, as the new stands are mostly relocated at the same location. Template: future / in 5 years

  • GP-Wappen, Krause and Schliephack pumps

  • Escutcheon GP (model Pankow )

  • Heraldic shield GP on Pa28

  • Heraldic shield

  • Frill pump

  • Handle attachment on the frill pump

  • Attachment part of a frilled pump

  • Schliephacke or Rümmler pump in Spandau

  • Schliephacke or rumbler pump in Charlottenburg

Wolf and columnar shapes

Fountain column Französische Straße 9 ("vs. 62"), photo from July 3, 1945
Photo location (October 30, 2018)

In addition to the molded bodies from Lauchhammer and Krause and the pumping equipment from Lohde and Greiner, cylindrical fountain bodies with outlet pipes and handle attachments have also been installed since the 1930s . In the post-war years, these pipes or columns with attached water outlets and attached handles were the choice as above-ground well bodies. After the frosty winter of 1947 and to repair war damage, inexpensive solutions were necessary. Functional (often one-piece) pillars can be found in the Berlin cityscape. Its well body is a continuous pipe that is covered at the top with an arched cover with or without a dome. The entire above-ground piston rod of the lifting mechanism is housed in this cylindrical tube. Two pump elements are required as a supplement:

  1. the hand lever with the lever bolt over which the piston rod is attached,
  2. the pipe for the water outlet with or without suspension.

The embodiments differ in these two elements. The "pump type Wolf" goes back to the machine factory Buckau R. Wolf AG (short: Buckau-Wolf). Pumps of this Wolf type were also manufactured by "MAW" (Magdeburger Armaturenwerke), an East German successor to the Polte-Werke . This was a mechanical engineering company based in Magdeburg-Buckau , as the successor to BWS Technologie GmbH in Grevenbroich . Wolf pumps were set up from 1953, "Wolf 2" from 1970. The pivot point of the pivot is inserted in a triangular extension piece at the upper end of the column. The water outlet is screwed directly to the well stand and a bucket hook is attached to the bend of the outlet pipe. Variants of these pillars are the "Wolfs 2", which has been further developed with some improvements. In the eastern part of Berlin, the installation of similar well stands with the designation "BK 03-81" began. In detail, there are further columns that have been individually derived from the basic shape of the pump type, such as with a varying outlet pipe. The illustrations in the well lists for the districts show such differences. The types differ from the basic type, for example, in the closed cladding of the lever fork on the piston rod, which has a cantilevered triangular shape . There are differences to the basic body in the design of the handle, the connection of the handle fork pin, the type and shape of the handle counterweights.

These fountain bodies are mainly made from hot-dip galvanized steel , then primed and painted. Externally visible on the fountain body are the handle and the water outlet that sit on the stand. The handle with the handle at waist height lifts the piston rod by means of the pivot point in the upper attachment piece in which the bolt is located. In contrast to garden pumps, the pull arm is not openly visible on the handle. The cylindrical tube (circumference is 15 cm) with a round base plate is mounted on a round plate above the steel base tube (DIN 400). In the Berlin districts there are different versions of the pipe used as a well body around the piston and valve mechanics. Further differences emerge in the approaches: 1) Swivel axle fastening 2) Pipe for the water outlet. The forms are entered in the lists according to their appearance, with distinguishing features being explained in the descriptive text. The model names were assigned if information from the district office is available.

Different statements in the districts are (probably) based on the purchase of pump companies or the contracts with the well builders.

There are one-piece pump cylinders with the same circumference of 20 inches throughout, closed at the top with round covers, usually with a small ball. The water outlet is located in the middle at "lifting height". V2A steel is named as the material for the piston rod ( DN 15 ) inside the body . Because of the mechanics, pipe extensions with the extension piece for screwing on the water outlet pipe are available on the middle part, which are on the one hand in a shape about 15 cm high and on the other hand in a shape of 60 cm. Another design (primarily in Reinickendorf) consists of four parts welded or pressed together. Its lower part is screwed to the round base plate on the stainless steel base pipe, there is a second pipe part for the outlet pipe and a pipe cylinder above that compensates for the distance. On the upper half-meter-long cylinder part is the triangular or arched attachment for the handle pin of the handle with its connection to the piston.

  • Tubular cylinder as a well body

  • One-piece well stand, screwed outlet

  • Column with three screwed tubes, long extension

  • Column with three screwed tubes, short extension

  • Welded four-part column with exit part

  • Neue Krause model : thick column with down and top tube

  • Two-part column (like Tempelhof)

  • Column with attachment (Freyer & Sohn)

  • Freyer column in Tegel

New frill

According to the shape, this type is composed of a thick tube with the water outlet and a somewhat weaker upper cylinder with the attachment for the handle. These pumps were used in Berlin from 1960. The upper cylinder with the piston rod and the neck of the hand lever has a circumference of 34 1 ⁄ 2  -35 inches. The lower part of the pump on the well head is thicker and encloses the lifting mechanism and has a square extension piece for the water outlet pipe. The connection to the well head is made with a screwed-on round base plate and a circumference of 40.5 inches. On the one hand, there are well bases continuously with this circumference, on the other hand, some cylinders are tapered to 28 inches in the span height. The upper end is a flat conical roof with a knob at the top. The lower tube corresponds to the fountain stand of the Krausepumpe, which in turn also resembled street lamps. The upper pipe with a narrower diameter with water outlet and handle attachment, on the other hand, corresponds to the upper part of the frill housing.

FSH-L

Depending on the internal rods or (probably) because of the mechanism that was used during (re) building, there are three-part screwed fountain bodies.

The (probably) most common triple shape consisting of a fountain stand, water outlet and handle unit is the "Model FSH". Since the working cylinder is installed in the depth, it is possible to pump water from depths of up to 45 m. The hand pump made of cast iron, as a deep well pump, has an output of up to 30 l / min. The FSH-L hand lever pump for deep wells with a 1 1 ⁄ 4  ″ connection is 215 cm high and weighs 75 kg. A connecting tube 1 1 ⁄ 4  ″ × 2000 mm made of stainless steel as a connection between the pump and the working cylinder, which must have the required length, belongs to the handle and outlet part . The inner rod made of stainless steel M 12 is fastened with hexagon nuts and internal counter screws M 6. The working cylinder is made of either stainless steel or brass.

Other models

  • Allweiler headboard

  • Allweiler stand (Lankwitz)

  • Freyer Fountain (Gartenstrasse)

  • Company information

  • Fountain 10 in Tegel

  • Garvens fountain (entry at the foot)

  • Sampling at Garvens

  • Fountain 23 (Grunewald)

Freyer

A fountain body with a thicker diameter comes from Freyer & Sohn and is cylindrical in terms of its outer shape with an outlet pipe fixed at the usable height. A cylindrical element with an end cap is fitted for the handle and its pulling mechanism. This handle part has a connecting ring on the lower edge. The connection is attached to the counterpart of the lower cylinder with screws. The usual triangular plate with the bolt on the pivot axis of the pivot is present on this “well head”. This type of pump comes from the Berlin company “Freyer & Sohn”, whose company name is molded onto the surface of the handle attachment. The weight on the handle is a cylinder piece that sits between the handle and the rod. The shape repeats the end on the pivot pin of the handle. Freyer fountains are mainly painted gray in the Gesundbrunnen district, for example with the number 297 in Swinemünder Straße, others can be found in Wedding and Tegel, where they are painted green.

Garvens

In Grunewald (numbers 18, 23) there are two street fountains with a stand, an outlet pipe and an upside-down pivot bolt and bracket from the Garvens works, outwardly designed as a three-part column. The inscription "Garvens" is poured onto the foot of the fountain stand. This inscription refers to the pump manufacturer Emil Garvens . The Garvens works in Hanover can be verified as a manufacturer of pumps. A branch existed in Berlin in the 1920s / 1930s. The 94S sprue is somewhat difficult to see below the company name on the stand base . On the head part (handle attachment) there is the cast sign "94 K" , on the middle part with the outlet pipe corresponding to "94 RL". A digitized source exists for the descriptions of Garvens pumps including prices.

Allweiler

In the districts of Steglitz there are well stands of the Allweiler type. The Allweiler company from Radolf manufactured deep wells for manual operation with handle pumps. The production of hand pumps began in 1874. The Allweiler fountain stand consists of a green cylinder 10 cm in diameter with a blue painted water outlet. The handle is attached to the blue round head part with three screw connections via the handle bolt. The approach of the lever, which engages with the lever fork on the piston, is covered and thus protected from unintentional attack.

Borsig

Prismatic fountain column (model Borsig )

Well designed well housings have been in use again since the 2010s (“Borsig” model). These have six-sided prisms (tubes) with smooth recesses in the length of the shaft as a design element. Most of these prismatic column sections are marked with the district coat of arms above the water outlet. This pump element was installed since 1998 at the earliest. The coats of arms issued after the district reform in 2001 are attached throughout . A few Borsig columns do not have a coat of arms. The coat of arms plate is bent over two of the six sides of the prism and fastened with special screws. The column is made up of four flanged parts , which are easy to repair . A unit with the water outlet is inserted between the (lower) well stand and an (upper) extension part, at the height of which the groundwater pumping ends. The area for receiving the coat of arms is located on the "extension" flanged on it. An attachment is available for the pivot and the connection of the handle to the reciprocating piston (handle hook), which in turn is flanged on. A very pointed hexagonal pyramid (height to the base side about 1: 6) is usually placed as a head, which surrounds the top. There are also well bodies with a truncated cone at the end.

Children's playground

Street fountain 2 of type A 11 in Friedrichshain

Occasionally, the spring boreholes for emergency water supply were used as water dispensers for mud playgrounds. These forms of a handle pump can be found on the matching fountain stand in playgrounds in Berlin. One example is the A 11 model set up behind the south-east row of houses at United Nations Square on the southern children's playground, which belongs to the Friedrichshain district and bears the number 2. There is also a hand pump operated as an emergency water well in the playground on Dresdner Strasse in Kreuzberg.

Fountain body accessories

Reconstructions

Some of the fountain bodies have (probably) been reassembled from different origins. In particular, the column well bodies are sometimes composed of different elements. In the early post-war years, new combinations were also created from dismantled wells. Parts lost to vandalism must also be replaced. For this purpose, new plates and parts are cast and existing spare parts are used. The importance of the historical fountain body as a Berlin original and the attractiveness of the shape led to the reproduction of parts in the late 1970s at the beginning of the 1980s, and in the sense of street furniture, they were set up for the design of city squares or tourist spots.

Winkelhoff Iron Foundry, Kopenhagener Strasse

In preparation for the 750th anniversary of Berlin , some Lauchhammer pumps were refurbished in East Berlin and (in the necessary parts) rebuilt. The reconstruction and repairs in the city center and in the Pankow district were carried out by Beyte Modellbau and VEB Kunstschmiede Berlin , as noted on the plate opposite the outlet. The years 1894 and 1987 have been cast as raised letters. In 1978 in West Berlin (preferably) repaired and retrofitted Lauchhammer fountains were set up in renovated old building areas. The iron foundry performing the work has been immortalized on the sign at the top of the column (of type I fish head spout) between the frog and the pivot axis. There are two versions of the inscription: On the one hand the year and company "1978" above with the symbol ".S" in a triangle and on the sign opposite the name of the steel casting company Schoening , which carried out the restoration of the parts to be replaced.

The other version on the cast housing head (with the handle approach) is on the decorative plate facing the street with the cast words Winkelhoff Berlin and on the opposite plate the year 1978 and an A symbol in a triangle. This information provided information for the post-processing on the respective pump housing.

On some Krausebrunnen the lower octagonal part of the fountain on the side under the water outlet pipe also has the year 1978 cast on it. Next to the entry 1978 Berlin there is also a small c (as in copyright : ©) combined with an S on a triangle on the base . There are also Krausebrunnen where the number "27" is visible on the base, the meaning of which has not yet been clarified.

  • Lauchhammer fountain with replaced cast parts

  • Nollendorfstrasse 112

  • Year on the mirror
    (to the right of the handle)

  • Company entry on the mirror
    (left of the handle)

  • Silesian Gate seating area

  • Ornament in the front yard

Berlin pump in Wuppertal

In 1987 (“750 Years of Berlin”) in Wuppertal , such a “Type I”, restored by Schoening, was placed on Berliner Platz as a city ornament; Wuppertal has been a twin town of Berlin-Schöneberg since 1964 . The well in Wuppertal actively pumps groundwater from a depth of 30 meters. Under the outlet there is an elevated drinking stone with a drainage channel.

Water leakage

For use, the pumped water flows through the outlet from the well. There are different variants for this. The outlet pipe has a diameter of five to seven centimeters and is bent with the opening down. The pipe can in turn be welded in the straight or in the bent part. In addition to simple outlet pipes with the bend at the end, there are also those in which a reinforcement supports the pipe from above and is welded to the well body as it becomes wider. Depending on the type of outlet pipe or its cladding, there are differently shaped hanging hooks for the water bucket. With the Lauchhammer fountain (fish, kite, bird) this suspension was designed into the pipe cladding. A small symbol (a nose) is attached to the bend of the Krausebrunnen, which creates a suspension. On the J-shaped outlet plate of a Schliephackebrunnen there is the bulge for this purpose, under which the outlet pipe ends concealed.

In general, the visible height of the street well is two meters, the piston rod inside is up to ten meters long. The water outlets, however, are usually at user-friendly waist height. Sometimes the water outlet and the handle are not opposite, but are arranged at right angles to each other. This means that the handle can be used parallel to the sidewalk, although the exit points towards the roadway and the cutting channel.

  • Water leakage

  • Pankow model

  • Krausebrunnen

  • Closing hoe shape

  • Wolf pillar

  • supported (continuous, Wedding)

  • supported (welded, Wedding)

  • New frill

  • FSH fountain (long sleeve)

  • four-part (Reinickendorf)

  • Boring column

Handle

The handle counterweight is located at the lower end of the handle for a better force effect. Steel balls with a diameter of 15 cm are attached to the handle or opposite to the handle bar. This counterweight is sometimes a diamond-shaped weight body on the handle. In addition to spherical heavy bodies, there are also (roughly forged) non-circular polyhedra. In addition to housings made of one or more tubes with a circumference of 20 inches, there are thicker columns, (probably) due to the piston rod. These are screwed or joined together from two parts. The down tube (87.5 cm circumference) is screwed or welded to the base plate on the source pipe and carries the attachment piece of the water outlet, on the upper tube (70 cm circumference) sits the triangular reinforcement for the bolt of the pivot. The handle has the handle fork at the upper end, fastened with the handle fork pin, this engages in the piston rod. The piston rod then raises and lowers the suction chamber, which is surrounded by a sleeve.

  • Handle and outlet pipe

  • (Wolf) pillar

  • Damage from collision with vehicles

  • Impact protection with bollards

  • Painted (not) drinking water

  • Inspection opening (two-pillar)

  • Handle approach (wolf column)

  • Handle approach (FSH-L)

  • Handle approach (two-pillar)

  • Handle approach (Wolf2 pillar)

  • Water outlet (screwed to column)

  • Extension of the column

  • Column insert for outlet pipe

Drinking stones

For the overflowing pump water there are remaining drinking stones of various shapes (preferably at older locations): with oval or rectangular trough (trough plate), with and without drainage channel. They are made of granite and originally served primarily as horse troughs. The street inlet of new pump installations is usually a round, half-open cover grate (street inlet) with the well water draining into the street drainage. There are (fully) open round or square (square) drain grids that cover the caissons of the street channel ("square top"). Sometimes the water seeps into the ground or flows without an inlet over the curb into the street channel or between paving mosaics in the ground. In the case of wells on lawns and in parks, in particular, the “overflow” gets back into the groundwater. For Charlottenburg, the Charlottenburger Platte is striking , a smooth granite slab under the exit. In the 2000s, the regulations for water treatment changed and in the case of newly installed emergency wells, the street inlet is increasingly being built in for the overflow, a round grate that collects the groundwater separately, often leading to street drainage.

The water remains in the drinking stone and its variants (oval hollow in the curb, plates with oval or rectangular hollow). This is how birds, sometimes dogs (previously the pull dogs), can take in the water. With square covers and especially the round street inlets, the water drains off. Attentive residents put bowls or other containers on the remains of the covering. The use of the tapping points for tree irrigation by residents should also be noted at this point. In the Steglitz-Zehlendorf district, for example, artificial stones exist as troughs for the drain, which lead away the water about five centimeters high on three sides to the open side. In older drains that are in lawns or fallow areas, the water seeps away near the lower part of the stand.

Overflowing pump water has been drained into its own “street inlet” since the 2010s. The round, half-open grates that lead to the underground street drainage are common. Such separate inlets were (probably) carried out on the basis of new regulations since the beginning of the 2010s, when the corresponding work on the emergency water wells was carried out. They also represent the point in time of the last repair work or the construction during the restoration. According to the list of investment requirements from 2020, the financial requirement for a street entrance is between 600 and 650 euros, depending on the district. However, this work is primarily associated with functional defects such as repairs to the pumping station, frost valve and stator body. Such work is also named with repair frost cock, road inlet, paving, so that the total financial need for the repair and adaptation is calculated at 5000 to 8000 euros (as of 2020).

Frostcock

Handle pumps are not frost-proof, since there should be water right up to the outlet when operated correctly. For example, garden pumps must be dismantled or ventilated before the first frost. In severe frost, water remaining in the upper sucker rod could cause material damage. Especially on the Wolf system (the one-piece, unadorned pump columns) and the well columns, there is a screw connection on the stand base plate, the floor flange at ground level, for locking and draining at a depth of 1.20 meters . This frost protection sits on the base pipe. When inspected, these frost taps are closed at the beginning of winter, so that use in the winter half-year - due to the risk of frost damage - would not be possible. The second of the annual inspections takes place in spring when the taps are opened. The usability for pumping groundwater cannot be continuously guaranteed due to various types of damage. All pumps are installed above ground on the street wells. For constant water extraction - even in frosty times - the working cylinder is stationed in the frost-proof area of ​​the well and the piston of the pump is guided by an extension in the frost-proof working cylinder.

Housing from Lauchhammer elsewhere

Księcia Mściwoja location Plac Tobrucki location
Księcia Mściwoja location
Plac Tobrucki location

Housings for the Lauchhammer fountain can also be found in other cities that previously belonged to Prussia . The shape of the Type III case from the iron foundry Lauchhammer is available several times in Szczecin , but unlike the Berlin range it is decorated there with the Szczecin coat of arms , the "eagle head". The Szczecin street fountains are painted in light blue, the crown of the wall on the head is yellow, like the coat of arms with the red eagle. Further Lauchhammer fountains can be found in Polish cities that belonged to Prussia around 1900. A blue fountain of the type of the municipality of Pankow, with the coat of arms GP on the fluted shaft, is also in Stettin. It should be noted that there is only one type III Lauchhammer fountain in Berlin, several were previously installed.

In the city of Lauchhammer itself there is also a fountain made in the local iron foundry with the design by Stahn commissioned by Berlin. Type II well housings are in Magdeburg .

See also

Remarks

  1. ↑ On the situation in Berlin in the middle of the 17th century according to Goldschmidt: The watercourses within the city were regulated and bridged by the Dutch builder Smids. The government ensured that the paving was improved and vigorously demanded that it be kept clean. The pigsties should be removed from the street sides of the houses and animals should be prevented from running around on the streets. In 1680 - with the second fountain and alley order - the fattening of cattle was banned entirely within the city.
  2. ↑ August 14, 2010 - 350 years ago: Fountain and alley regulations for Berlin and Cölln : “What a nasty smell the uncleanliness in the city and on public alleys causes! And what form of such foetore often infects the Lufft, and thereby the general city could be drawn to some sticking disease! ”Complains Friedrich Wilhelm in 1660. His royal seat has almost 9,000 inhabitants. He wants to get their excretions, vapors and rubbish under control and on August 14, 1660, he issues a well and alley order.
  3. ↑ The numbers stand for 1802. This year, after 15 years of construction, the four meter high and 17 kilometer long customs and excise wall that surrounded Berlin was completed. There were 14 gates and the wall enclosed 13.5 km² of the city.
  4. ↑ The original water supply in Berlin - as elsewhere - consisted of springs walled into drawing wells or watercourses dammed up in basins. “Wooden obelisks with traction and drainage pipe were built over the fountains. In 1660 Berlin had 51 such models within the city wall. Anyone who did not maintain their pump had 10 thalers [approx. 150 euros] fine. ”From Berlin - by connoisseurs for connoisseurs - drinking prohibited! In: taz archive, February 17, 2004.
  5. ↑ The well stands in which the pump train was located were named as posts.
  6. ↑ Causes of the pollution were latrines in the courtyard near the well boiler. Because of the narrowness of the urban space, the sand in the courtyard was used for the mortar during construction. So rubble, garbage and garbage were stored next to the well boiler. (Isidor Albu: The public health care in Berlin: For authorities, builders and doctors using all official material . Berlin 1877, Verlag von EH Schroeder; online in the Google book search)
  7. ^ Inhabitants> Kuntze, R., Kgl. Government Builder . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1892, I, p. 721.
  8. ↑ The Greiner and Lohdeschen Brunnen showed some weaknesses in operation. The elaborately bricked pump shafts were an obstacle to the introduction of any other pipes.
  9. ^ There is a type III fountain in Steglitz, Gritznerstrasse . However, the head end is no longer the original with a wall crown, but the round end with a button underneath. This fountain body at the location in the front garden is just ornament without a pump function.
  10. ^ Flower bush . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1943, IV., P. 237. “Französische Straße 62, s. a. Kanonierstrasse 16: E (owner): v.Dircksen Foundation: tenant G. Busch & Sohn and six others ← Kanonierstrasse → 63–68: Deutsche Bank >> on the south side: 7: E (owner): Deutsche Bank ← Kanonierstrasse → 8 s. a. Kanonierstraße 14/15: E (owner): Hypothekenbank i. Hamburg, 9–12: E (owner) Deutsche Reichspost: Post Office W8 “(Kanonierstraße under # 4865, part IV. P. 404 // 1951 the Kanonierstraße was renamed Glinkastraße and numbered alternately.).
  11. ↑ The fountain column consists of three screwed tubes. The stand has an octagonal base with a cylindrical attachment. The pattern on the fountain stand is repeated five times as a grid structure . The fountain stand is attached to the base tube with eight screws at ground level. The forme cylinder with the piston mechanism has three patterns along its length. The water outlet is attached to the lower pattern of the central cylinder with four screws. The tube is designed in the shape of an "eagle" -like head . Its beak is shaped as a hanging hook. The well head with the handle attachment is slightly thicker in diameter. Four screws connect to the middle part. The head is closed by a lid with a tooth pattern and an acorn symbol. The lever arm engages in an open slot on the other side in front of the pivot pin, actually covered with sheet metal . About the Schwengelbolzen are on both sides oiler placed. The swing arm goes down from a flat steel into a round bar, which leads back as a curved handle. A heavy body in the form of two “half eggs” placed on top of each other hits a damping plate made of hard rubber at about the level of the outlet pipe.
  12. ↑ Type I is indicated on the reconstructed and supplemented pumps; according to the 1983 exhibition catalog, these pumps with the higher cone are designated as Lauchhammer pump II.
  13. ↑ Stettin: Fountain body type III with eagle head in the coat of arms or water pump in Stettin, Poland at 53 ° 25 ′ 27.85 ″ N 14 ° 33 ′ 35.27 ″ E by © Ojos de Agua

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 21
  2. ^ Historical and diplomatic contributions to the history of the city of Berlin . Volume 5, Issue 1, Berlin 1842, online in the Google book search. Also under the Prussian Ministry of the Interior: Ministerial-Blatt for the entire internal administration in the Royal Prussian States. First year 1840, p. 298, number 529. Online in the Google book search
  3. ^ Hans-Werner Klünner: Street furniture in Berlin . Exhibition catalog, Berlin 1983, p. 6.
  4. ↑ recording no. 1,034,584 © Photo archive Photo Marburg / Photo: unknown; Photo collection: Archive Dr. Franz Stoedtner, manufacturer: Karl Friedrich Schinkel, genre: fountain sculpture
  5. ↑ bpk picture agency - picture no. 70347153: Max Panckow: Water pump in Wilhelmstrasse (with cast zinc housing ), date of photo: 1870–1875
  6. ^ "Dess all pumps would be full of caraway seeds", lithograph (around 1830) after a drawing by Franz Burchard Dörbeck
  7. ↑ You can see the board on the exit side to protect the wooden housing from splashing moisture, the impregnation stone below the outlet facing the street, the handle facing the sidewalk. Source: The Gazebo , No. 1, 1904, p. 24, after a watercolor by Franz Skarbina
  8. ^ Heinrich Zille: Court in the Scheunenviertel . Lithograph 1919, 28th sheet of the series Casual Stories and Pictures
  9. ^ Heinrich Zille: Ex libris for Adolf Heilborn . Color lithograph, around 1920, source: Alte Drucke
  10. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 23: "A map of the fountain of Berlin / Cölln for the year 1660".
  11. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 23: For the middle of the 18th century, some boiler wells had been converted into pipe wells (pump stands made of wooden pipes with check valve). The number of fountains around 1740 names 242 fountains: 59 for Berlin, 29 for Cölln, 14 for Friedrichwerder, 73 for Friedrichstadt, 31 for Berlin suburbs, 13 for Cölln suburbs; In 1785 there were 517 wells. The castle received its own supply in 1719/1720.
  12. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 33 ff.
  13. ↑ Images: Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 23
  14. ↑ Picture of a courtyard fountain in Stralauer Straße: bpk-Picture-No .: 50132425 - Willy Römer: A courtyard in Stralauerstraße, a typical Berlin courtyard with a carpet rod and clumsiness. Date of photo: 1910, inventory no .: WR_02746_01 // also image no .: 50132425 - Willy Römer: "Kleinholz-dealer calls out on the farm." 1932.
  15. ↑ image no. 40000809 - Friedrich Seidenstücker: Backyard with stables in Berliner Strasse in Wilmersdorf , 1932 © bpk
  16. ↑ Bild-Nr .: 70268874 Willy Römer: Hof Kleine Kurstraße, built-in fountain. Photo Date: 1904
  17. ↑ View of the courtyard with the handle pump (left) Gasthof zur Stadt Ruppin, Spandauer Strasse No. 79, photo by F. Albert Schwartz, source: bpk, there information 1880
  18. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 36
  19. ^ Hans-Werner Klünner: Street furniture in Berlin . ENKA-Druck, Berlin 1983, p. 9 - picture 6.
  20. ↑ One example is a picture from Friedrichstrasse and the corner of Jägerstrasse from 1860/1865 on stadtbild-deutschland.org
  21. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 42: Figure "Water pump and toilet close to each other".
  22. ^ House Friedrichstrasse 175 at the corner of Jägerstrasse 62A
  23. ↑ The fountain with the handle pump is in front of the Gertraudenkirche . A section of the painting by Eduard Gaertner from 1883, on an engraving by Rosenberg from 1783 a fountain is still missing at this point.
  24. ^ Inhabitants> O (tto) Greiner, civil engineer, SW Großbeerenstraße 27a . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1880, I, p. 288.
  25. ↑ The illustration of a construction drawing of Greiner's pipe fountain can be found in Hans-Werner Klünner: Street furniture in Berlin , ENKA-Druck, Berlin 1983, p. 11.
  26. ↑ Kerstin Sittner-Hinz: At every corner: Berlin street furniture . District Office Mitte von Berlin Kulturamt (Ed.), Museum Mitte von Berlin, Berlin 2009.
  27. ^ Inhabitants> L. Lohde . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1890, I, p. 738. “L. Lohde, master well builder, specialty pipe well systems for large amounts of water and deep drilling with steam engine operation. Factory of iron pumps and wind motors for water transport and machine operations, SW Belle-Alliancestr. 86 ".
    See also Louis Lohde water supply - drinking water emergency well : “In 1807, today's well construction company was founded in the old center of Berlin. As a result of innovations and technical developments, cased brine wells were drilled to depths of 328 m as early as 1888/1889. ”According to the website: Louis Lohde GmbH with company location Mehringdamm 47.
  28. ↑ Street furniture in Berlin (1983): "[... draining well water] a place to drink for the birds, especially the dogs that were used to pull small carts."
  29. ^ Hilmar Bärthel: Water for Berlin . P. 152, after: C. Kühne: Takeover of the water supply Schöneberg and Steglitz duech by the Berliner Städtische Wasserwerke AG. In: Official Journal of the City of Berlin, 1928, p. 555 ff.
  30. ↑ Frank Eberhardt: Karl August Lossen, "the wild man" . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 7, 2000, ISSN  0944-5560 ( luise-berlin.de ).
  31. ^ Historical and diplomatic contributions to the history of the city of Berlin . Volume 5, Issue 1, Berlin 1842, online in the Google book search
  32. ↑ Otto Schmalz (1861–1906): Street pump, Berlin. Monthly competition April 1890 in the Berlin Architecture Museum
  33. ↑ Otto Rieth (1858-1911): Street pump, Berlin. Monthly competition April 1890 in the Berlin Architecture Museum
  34. ^ Franz Husband (1847-1919): Street pump, Berlin. Monthly competition April 1890 in the Berlin Architecture Museum
  35. ^ In: Centralblatt der Bauverwaltung , 10th year, N1r. 19 (May 10, 1890), p. 188.
  36. ↑ The water pump is the only surviving example of the Lauchhammer No. 3 type in the former Wedding district.
  37. ↑ Landesarchiv-Berlin-Bilddatenbank.de : Waldemar Titzenthaler: Children at the pump , around 1898.
  38. ↑ Hans-Werner Klünner: Street furniture in Berlin (1983) p. 13, image 17.
  39. ↑ Street furniture in Berlin (1983) p. 13, image 18.
  40. ↑ Street furniture in Berlin (1983) p. 16, image 20.
  41. ↑ There is a fountain in front of the Karl Schrader House on Liebenwalderstrasse / Malplaquetstrasse town square. The website Snugu.de contains an image for Willibald-Alexis-Straße (Kreuzberg). The picture “Children at the pump” in the Berlin State Archives shows a type III fountain, although the end of the case is not shown. The latter was recorded by Waldemar Titzenthaler around 1898. Also in the book Klünner: Street Furniture in Berlin . Page 12, picture 16.
  42. ↑ bpk-picture agency 40000743 - Friedrich Seidenstücker: Street pump in the Großgörschenstrasse in Schöneberg
  43. ↑ Such a fire brigade well on the water network is on the back of the "Kaufhaus Wertheim" at Vossstrasse 24–32 .
  44. ^ Karl-Heinz Klünner: Street furniture in Berlin . Berlin 1983, p. 16: Fig. 24: Fire fountain from 1925; Fig. 25: Valve well 1930.
  45. ↑ 3. Charlottenburg with Westend (urban district of Charlottenburg) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 327.
  46. ↑ The Stahn fountain design chosen in 1893 was cast in Lauchhammer for Berlin and erected here from 1894 to 1897.
  47. ↑ 28. Wilmersdorf with Halensee (Teltow district) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 274., Stadtkreis Dt. Wilmersdorf 1908: Population 77,722
  48. ↑ Wilmersdorfer Blätter , XI. Year, No. 3 [June 1908], p. 91: “In the last two months two new street fountains [of the Lauchhammer type] have been erected. One of them is in Johann Georgstrasse near Kurfürstendamm, the other in the churchyard in Berlinerstrasse. With reference to the pictorial representation on the right, it should be mentioned on this occasion that the figurative ornamentation of the local fountain housings, all of which are made according to the same model, comes from the hand of a Wilmersdorf citizen, the sculptor Professor Gaul, who is particularly famous for his animal sculptures. "
  49. ↑ The location of the fountain erected in 1908 on Johann-Georg-Straße is still there after the fountain housing was replaced by a Type II Lauchhammer at the end of the 2010s. At the Wilmersdorf cemetery on Berliner Straße there was no longer a fountain around 2000 - probably also around 1985.
  50. ↑ Jutta Sy :… from the film - Emil and the detectives […] © Berolina-Film, Berlin / mdr
  51. ↑ Kurfürstendamm 116–118, Henriettenplatz, 1905
  52. ↑ 19. Schöneberg . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 198. “Population: 89143 including the military”.
  53. ↑ 14. Pankow (Niederbarnim district) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 142.
  54. ↑ a b Pankow (Niederbarnim district) . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1910, V., p. 327.
  55. ↑ 9. Lichtenberg, Friedrichsberg, Wilhelmsberg (Niederbarnim district) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 107. “Population: 43,000”.
  56. ↑ 29. Zehlendorf with Schlachtensee (Teltow district) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 107. “Population: 8,994”.
  57. ↑ 10. Groß-Lichterfelde (Teltow district) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 1198. “Population: 22,485”.
  58. ↑ 20. Steglitz (Teltow district) . In: Address book for Berlin and its suburbs , 1901, V., p. 228. “Population: 21,450”.
  59. ↑ Of a total of 20 Pankow well bodies in the Pankow district with the GP coat of arms, eleven are in the Pankow district, three in Niederschönhausen, two in Rosenthal and one each in Wilhelmsruh, Prenzlauer Berg, French Buchholz and Buch. These were (for sure) original in the rural community of Pankow and in Niederschönhausen
  60. ↑ Ventilbrunnen 1914 on Dönhoffplatz
  61. ^ A fire brigade well from Lauchhammer for 1925 stood in front of the entrance: New Theater on Schiffbauerdamm
  62. ↑ Road inspection 2014 : Overview of existing hydrants in Berlin (marked as blue rhombus), mid-2010s.
  63. ↑ StrBr 13, Am Schloßpark at the corner of Ossietzkystraße
  64. ↑ As a rural community, Pankow did not have a coat of arms, which in Prussia was only given to municipalities.
  65. ↑ Street fountain with impregnation stone "There is a public street fountain on Bristolstrasse, which borders Schillerpark."
  66. ↑ Historical address books: Address book for the districts of Grünberg, Silesia and Freystadt, Lower Silesia 1933 : Krausewerk GmbH, ironworks and enamel works and pump construction company Neusalz (Oder), Berliner Straße 56.
    Märkische country seats of the Berlin bourgeoisie : Wilhelm (von) Krause, born 7. December 1802 in Liebenwalde, died November 13, 1877 Berlin, banker and entrepreneur for the ironworks and enamelling works in Neusalz, Wilhelmstrasse 66 (company address 1875). Country seat: Manor Alt-Gaul (Kr. Oberbarnim [Wriezen, MOL]) and Manor Buchwald near Gramenz in Pomerania.
  67. ↑ compare thisText on Krause pumps
  68. ^ Hans-Werner Klünner: Street furniture in Berlin. Exhibition catalog, Erika-Druck, Berlin 1983.
  69. ↑ The variety of housings or column shapes, with different finishes, handle shapes, handles and outlet pipes can be found in the lists of the districts in the street fountains that still existed in 2018/2019.
  70. ↑ Horst Röber: Emergency drinking water supply in the Federal Office for Civil Protection . In: Civil Defense - Research / Technology / Organization / Law , No. 1, 1st quarter 1976, p. 55 ff.
  71. ^ Jörg Niendorf: Emergency supply in the Bauhaus style . In: Berliner Zeitung , April 26, 2019, p. 6.
  72. ^ In terms of shape, it was a Loewe pump from the Salzwedler company.
  73. ↑ Source: No 5 Army Film & Photographic Unit, Wilkes A (Sergeant): German women doing their washing at a water hydrant in a Berlin street, near the wreck of a German light armored car, 3 July 1945. “ German women doing their washing at a cold water hydrant in a Berlin street, a knocked out German scout car stands beside them. ”('German women wash their laundry at a public water tap with cold water, a destroyed reconnaissance tank is standing next to it.')
  74. ↑ NS 52 ° 30 ′ 52.31 EW 13 ° 23 ′ 11.09 ″ 320 °, corridor distance of the groundwater 2009: Französische Straße 9: 2.5-3.0 m , map of Berlin 1: 5000: Französische Straße 63 Building damage 1945: Französische / Glinkastraße in addition : Histomapberlin.de : Map 4233 from 1939 and e.g. 1950
  75. ↑ Sketch of the principle of a drinking water emergency well
  76. ^ For example, Maschinenfabrik Buckau R. Wolf AG In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1943, I., S. 1874.
  77. ↑ Companies with road covers
  78. ↑ Deep well hand pump FSH-L
  79. ↑ hand pumps
  80. ↑ At Brunnen 297: Swinemünder Straße opposite house 62 in Gesundbrunnen
  81. ↑ Ernst Freyer & Sohn Metalltechnik GmbH Breitenbachstrasse 11–12 13509 Berlin-Borsigwalde (since 1877): "We have been building street furniture for over 135 years"
  82. ↑ See also: Carl Wilhelm Runde , Carl Wilh. Runde , Wilhelm Garvens (industrialist)
  83. ↑ 1501 Commandit-Gesellschaft für Pumpen- u. Maschinenfabrikation W. Garvens, Pumps, Waagen, Mintropstrasse 1, Hanover-Wülfel >> Special list January 1st, 1911: Free-standing high-speed piston pump with spring-loaded bronze plate valves. 4-page large format brochure
  84. ^ Pump: Garvenswerke . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1915, IV., P. 347. “Commandit-Gesellschaft für Pumpen- u. Maschinenfabrikation W. Garvens, Berlin branch, SW68, Kochstrasse 67; Largest warehouse in pumps of all kinds. ”, As well as the branch section: Pumps . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1931, II., P. 487 (entry of the branch at the same address).
  85. ↑ Friedrich König (Ed.): The pumps. A representation of their construction and mode of operation . Publishing house bookstore by Hermann Costenoble, Berlin 1902, p. 129, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  86. ↑ Examples of mud playgrounds with water pumps
  87. ↑ a b Compare this: Hans-Werner Klünner, Gerhard Ullmann, Reinhold Crämer: Strassenmöbel in Berlin , page 9, Fig. 27: Storage place for disused fountain housings , 1978. The indication “Tiergarten” means that this “fountain cemetery” is at the Invalidenstraße between Sandkrugbrücke and Alt-Moabit , a more precise location is missing in the caption. Former Cell Prison Moabit Historical Park, Berlin. Between 1957/1958 and the 1980s, the site served as a storage area for the Tiergarten civil engineering department. Former Cell Prison Moabit History Park and German Landscape Architecture Prize 2007
  88. ↑ For example: broadcast “Auf ins Metropol”, SFB 1 from September 7, 1968
  89. ↑ Iron foundries . In: Berlin address book , 1978. "Carl Schoening GmbH, iron foundry, Berlin 51 (Reinickendorf), Kopenhagener Strasse 60/68".
  90. ^ Eisengießerei Winkelhoff GmbH, Kopenhagener Strasse 60/68, 13407 Berlin, Albert Winkelhoff; Iron monument preservation, also bronze foundry. - Note: The absolutely identical address of both companies suggests that in the meantime a takeover or a change of company owner has taken place.
  91. ↑ Berliner Pump : December 17, 2013 by Jan Niko Kirschbaum on Denkmal-Wuppertal.de
  92. ↑ At the former Heumarkt . November 15, 2010 by "onnola" (©)
  93. ↑ Cab ride through Stettin - Szczecin . Axel Hoppe, recorded on June 24, 2013
  94. ↑ Hegelstrasse Magdeburg / Germany March 14, 2017 Dirk Wandel: The dragon inside the water pump , March 14, 2017.
  95. ↑ water pump Magdeburg Helmut44, taken on July 16, 2013