List of Roman provinces up to Diocletian
The list of the Roman provinces up to Diocletian provides the essential information on the development of the Roman regional structure up to the administrative reform of Diocletian . This reform and the development up to the division of the empire in 395 , when the division into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire took place, is described in the List of the Roman provinces set out from Diocletian . The three oriental provinces that Emperor Trajan established in 115/16 are not listed , as they had to be given up again in 117.
The governors of most of the provinces came from the senatorial class , from the ranks of the former praetors or consuls . Their title was in the imperial era from Augustus legatus Augusti pro praetore ( imperial province ) or proconsul (public (wrongly "senatorial" ) province). Lieutenants, who were called procurator or praefectus , came from the knighthood .
An alphabetical list of all Roman provinces regardless of the time of their existence can be found under List of Provinces of the Roman Empire .
| province | set up |
"Senatorial" or imperial |
Governor in the 1st – 3rd century |
main place | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achaea | 27 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | Col. Laus Iulia Corinthiensis ( Corinth , Greece ) | 146-27 BC Part of Macedonia 15–44 AD with Moesia and Macedonia imperial province |
|
Aegyptus ( Egypt ) |
30 BC Chr. | imperial | prefect | Alexandria (Egypt) | |
|
Africa from 27 BC "Africa proconsularis" |
146 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of consular rank | Carthage ( Tunisia ) | |
|
Alpes Cottiae ( Cottian Alps ) |
63 AD | imperial | procurator | Segusio ( Susa , Italy ) | initially a client state , after the death of King Cottius, grandson of Marcus Iulius Cottius , Province |
| Alpes Graiae ( Graian Alps ) ; in the 3rd century "Alpes Atrectionae" | 41/54 AD | imperial | procurator | Forum Claudii Ceutronum ( Aime-en-Tarentaise , France ) | often managed together with Alpes Poeninae |
| Alpes Maritimae | 8/7 BC Chr. | imperial | procurator | Eburodunum ( Embrun , France ) ; Cemenelum ( Cimiez , France) |
|
| Alpes Poeninae | 8/7 BC Chr. | imperial | procurator | Forum Claudii Vallensium ( Martigny , Switzerland ) | see also: History of the Valais |
|
Arabia Petraea later just Arabia |
106 ad | imperial | Legatus Augusti of Praetorian Rank | Bostra ( Syria ) | |
| Armenia | 114 AD | imperial | procurator | Artaxarta ( Artaschat , Armenia ) | initially administered together with Cappadocia, later then client kingdom, temporarily under the rule of the Parthians |
| Asia | 129 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of consular rank | Ephesus ( Turkey ) | |
| Bithynia et Pontus | 64 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank |
Nikomedia ( İzmit , Turkey ) Nikaia ( İznik , Turkey) |
|
|
Britannia (Britain) |
43 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Londinium ( London , United Kingdom ) | 212/213 divided into Britannia superior and Britannia inferior |
| Britannia inferior | AD 212/213 | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Eboracum ( York , United Kingdom ) | originated in the division of Britannias |
| Britannia superior | AD 212/213 | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Londinium ( London , United Kingdom ) | originated in the division of Britannias |
|
Cappadocia (Cappadocia) |
18 AD | imperial | procurator | Caesarea ( Kayseri , Turkey ) | about 69–98 AD united with Galatia |
|
Cilicia (Cilicia) |
80/79 BC Chr. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Tarsus ( Turkey ) | |
|
Creta et Cyrene ( Crete and Cyrene ) |
67 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | Gortyn ( Greece ) | |
| Cyprus ( Cyprus ) | 58 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | ||
|
Cyrenaica ( Cyrenaica ) |
74 BC Chr. | Cyrene ( Cyrene , Libya ) | 66 BC Divided between Africa and Creta et Cyrene | ||
|
Dacia (Dakia) |
106 ad | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa ( Romania ) | Divided into Dacia superior and Dacia inferior in AD 119 |
| Dacia inferior | 119 A.D. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Combined to Tres Daciae in AD 167 | |
| Dacia superior | 119 A.D. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Combined to Tres Daciae in AD 167 | |
| Tres Daciae | 167 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Abandoned in 271 AD | |
| Dacia mediterranea | 271 AD | Serdica ( Sofia , Bulgaria ) | originated in the division of Moesia superior | ||
| Dacia ripensis | 271 AD | Ratiaria ( Bulgaria ) | originated in the division of Moesia superior | ||
| Epirus | 67 ad | imperial | procurator |
Arta ( Greece ) ; Nikopolis ( Preveza , Greece ) |
|
|
Galatia (Galatia) |
25 BC Chr. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Sebaste Tectosagum ( Ankara , Turkey ) | about 69–98 AD united with Cappadocia |
|
Gallia (Gaul) or "Gallia comata", "Tres Galliae" |
51 BC Chr. | Divided into Gallia Belgica, Lugdunensis and Aquitania in 17 AD | |||
|
Gallia Aquitania ( Aquitaine ) later only "Aquitania" |
17 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Burdigala ( Bordeaux , France ) | originated with the division of Gallia |
| Gallia Belgica | 17 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Durocortorum ( Reims , France ) | originated with the division of Gallia |
|
Gallia cisalpina or "Gallia citerior" |
203 BC Chr. | 41 BC To Italy | |||
|
Gallia Lugdunensis later only "Lugdunensis" |
17 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Lugdunum ( Lyon , France ) | originated with the division of Gallia |
|
Gallia transalpina later Gallia Narbonensis |
121 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | Narbo ( Narbonne , France ) | |
| Germania inferior | AD 82/90 | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Col. Claudia Ara Agrippinensium ( Cologne , Germany ) | previously military district under imperial legatus consular rank |
| Germania superior | AD 82/90 | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Mogontiacum ( Mainz , Germany ) | previously military district under imperial legatus consular rank. Was expanded to include the Agri decumates under Emperor Domitian (81–96) , which was finally lost after 282. |
|
Hispania Baetica later only "Baetica" |
14 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | originated in the division of Hispania ulterior | |
|
Hispania citerior from 27 BC Chr. Hispania Tarraconensis |
197 BC Chr. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Tarraco ( Tarragona , Spain ) | |
| Hispania ulterior | 197 BC Chr. | 27 BC Divided into Baetica and Lusitania | |||
|
Illyricum (Illyria) |
168 BC Chr. | Sirmium ( Sremska Mitrovica , Serbia ) | 8 v. Divided into Illyricum superius and inferius | ||
|
Illyricum inferius from the middle of the 1st century. Pannonia (Pannonia) |
8 v. Chr. | Carnuntum ( Austria ) | around 103 AD divided into pannonia superior and inferior | ||
|
Illyricum superius from the middle of the 1st century. Dalmatia ( Dalmatia ) |
8 v. Chr. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Salona ( Solin , Croatia ) | |
|
Iudaea (Judea) from 135 " Syria Palaestina " |
44 BC Chr. | imperial | procurator | Hierosolyma / Aelia Capitolina ( Jerusalem , Israel ) ; Caesarea Maritima ( Israel ) |
since Vespasian with a praetorier, since 135 with a consular |
| Lusitania | around 13 BC Chr. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Emerita Augusta ( Mérida , Spain ) | originated in the division of Hispania ulterior |
|
Lycia (Lycia) from 74 Lycia et Pamphylia |
43 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Patara ( Gelemiş , Turkey ) | Senatorial province from 165 AD |
|
Macedonia ( Macedonia ) |
148 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | Thessaloniki ( Greece ) | 15–44 AD with Moesia and Achaia imperial province |
| Mauretania Caesariensis | 40 AD | imperial | procurator | Caesarea ( Algeria ) | |
| Mauretania Tingitana | 40 AD | imperial | procurator | Tingis ( Tangier , Morocco ) | |
|
Mesopotamia ( Mesopotamia ) |
C 195-198 | ||||
| Moesia | 15 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | 15–44 AD with Macedonia and Achaia imperial province around 85 AD divided into Moesia inferior and superior |
|
| Moesia inferior | around 85 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Oescus ( Bulgaria ) | |
| Moesia superior | around 85 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank |
Viminatium ( Kostolac , Serbia ) ; Singidunum ( Belgrade , Serbia ) |
Divided into Dacia ripiensis and Dacia mediterranea in AD 271 |
| Noricum | 37/54 AD | imperial | procurator | Virunum ( Zollfeld , Austria ) | with a praetorier since around 175 AD |
|
Numidia (Numidia) |
198/199 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Cirta ( Constantine , Algeria ) | |
| Pannonia inferior | around 103 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | Aquincum ( Budapest , Hungary ) | in the division of Pannonia emerged from 213 AD with a consular |
| Pannonia superior | around 103 AD | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Carnuntum ( Austria ) | originated in the division of Pannonia |
| Raetia | 8/7 BC Chr. | imperial | procurator |
Cambodunum ( Kempten , Germany ) ; Augusta Vindelicorum ( Augsburg , Dtl. ) |
with a praetorier since around AD 166 |
|
Sardinia et Corsica ( Sardinia and Corsica ) |
227 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank |
Aléria ( France ) ; Calares ( Cagliari , Italy ) |
|
|
Sicilia (Sicily) |
241 BC Chr. | senatorial | Proconsul of praetorical rank | Syracusae ( Syracuse , Italy ) | Rome's oldest province |
| Syria | 63 BC Chr. | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Emesa ( Homs , Syria ) | 193/194 AD divided into Syria Coele and Syria Phoenice |
| Syria Coele | AD 193/194 | imperial | Legatus Augusti of consular rank | Emesa ( Homs , Syria ) | |
| Syria Phoenice | AD 193/194 | imperial | Legatus Augusti of the praetorical rank | ||
|
Thracia (Thrace) |
44 AD | imperial | procurator | Philippopolis ( Plovdiv , Bulgaria ) | since Trajan with a praetorier |
literature
- Theodor Mommsen: Countries and People from Caesar to Diocletian. In: Theodor Mommsen: Roman history. Volume 5, Book 8, Berlin 1927.
- Tilmann Bechert : The provinces of the Roman Empire. Introduction and overview. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2399-9 .