Mathias Metternich

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Mathias Metternich (undated oil painting by Johann Kaspar Schneider )

Mathias Metternich (born May 8, 1747 in Steinefrenz , Electorate Trier ; † October 28, 1825 in Mainz , Grand Duchy of Hesse ) was a mathematician, revolutionary politician and publicist.

Metternich was a professor of mathematics and physics at the Electoral University of Mainz . His studies, in which he received his doctorate in philosophy, he carried out at the Electoral University in Mainz and later at the University of Göttingen , where he was a student with Abraham Gotthelf Kästner and Georg Christoph Lichtenberg , among others .

From 1789 at the latest he sympathized with the ideas of the French Revolution and in the following decade was primarily active as a revolutionary politician and publicist in Mainz and southwest Germany. In October 1792 he co-founded the nationally influential Mainz Jacobin Club and one of the most important clubists of the Mainz Republic 1792/93. In 1793 Metternich was briefly Vice President of the Rhine-German National Convention , the parliament of the Mainz Republic.

Despite Metternich's numerous published works as a mathematician and physicist, the reception of his life's work primarily recognizes his role as a revolutionary politician and publicist during the 1780s and 1790s.

Life

Origin and education

Mathias Metternich was in near Montabaur in the Westerwald lying kurtrierischen Steinefrenz born. The Metternich family, who were not related to the noble family von Metternich from the Rhineland of the same name , lived there as a peasant family who had been resident since the 17th century and held the office of mayor for several generations and thus belonged to the petty-bourgeois-peasant milieu. The young Metternich was sponsored by a noble patron, a member of the Count von Walderdorff family from the Electorate of Trier , who was also a bailiff in Montabaur. It was probably Carl Anton von Walderdorff, who was the chief bailiff in Montabaur. This enabled Metternich to attend the Jesuit high school in Hadamar . At the beginning of the 1770s he came to Mainz penniless, but with a letter of recommendation from his noble patron. Its initially simple rural appearance became the subject of a political campaign directed against Metternich after 1793. The chronicler Anton Joseph Hoffmann ridiculed Metternich as a “peasant-plebeian rascal” and continued: “... when he arrived in Mainz his shoes were tied with cord and his feet were wrapped in old ragged linen robes and the upper part of his body with an extremely miserable peasant dewlap (covered) ”. Despite this, Metternich was a candidate for elementary school teacher in 1771/1772 for the “Normalinistitut” ( normal school ), the institution in the electoral city of Mainz, which was responsible for teacher training. In 1773/1774, after successfully completing his training, he was an elementary school teacher at the parish school of St. Emmeran and St. Quintin . In 1774 the reform-loving and liberal Elector Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim died and the “anti-reform campaign” began in Mainz under his successor, Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal . The normal school was briefly closed by the electoral authorities, and previous reforms were partially postponed. Like some other teachers, Metternich lost his job as a teacher. Evidence suggests that Metternich was already politically active at the time and that his dismissal was related to his commitment. From 1780 Metternich, however, again taught mathematics at the normal school.

After 1775, possibly not until 1780, Metternich also studied mathematics at the University of Mainz . From 1784 he continued his mathematics and physics studies at the University of Göttingen . There he was a pupil of Abraham Gotthelf Kästner and Georg Christoph Lichtenberg , who at that time were considered both as experts in the fields of mathematics and physics and as progressive enlighteners within the framework of the Göttingen Kant school. For the year 1786 a doctorate on the subject of friction at the Electoral Mainz University in Erfurt is known. Metternich received his doctorate philosophiae .

After completing his doctorate, he was appointed to Rudolf Eickemeyer as associate professor for mathematics and physics at the Electoral University of Mainz in 1786 , where he belonged to the philosophy faculty. From 1786 Metternich was also a member of the Erfurt Academy of Non-Profit Science and dealt with scientific studies as part of his membership.

Activity as a university professor

Little is known about his first years as a university professor. Metternich joined the Mainz Illuminati group and was also a member of the Scholars Reading Society , an institution typical of the Enlightenment period . There was already an intensive exchange of ideas with other members of the reading society, such as Felix Anton Blau or Anton Joseph Dorsch , who later also made a career as Jacobins. He also got to know Rudolf Eickemeyer at these meetings. At the beginning of his activity as a university professor and later, after his retirement from public life, he devoted himself to the publication of specialist books on mathematical topics. With the treatise On the Resistance of Friction , he won the Societas Jablonoviana Prize in 1789 . His first works before 1792 are still dedicated to the Elector of Mainz, his "... most revered Prince and Lord ...".

As early as 1789, Metternich sympathized with the thoughts and goals of the French Revolution . He met regularly with like-minded opponents in another circle. In the learned reading society, too, he now openly identified himself as a follower of the revolution. When this split in 1791 due to differences in the content of its members on issues of the French Revolution, Metternich and his colleague Andreas Joseph Hofmann were in charge of dividing the reading society into an aristocratic and a democratic reading society .

At this time Metternich was openly spreading revolutionary ideas among his students, as were the university professors Hofmann and Georg von Wedekind . Despite denunciation and indictment with the electoral authorities, this had no consequences for Metternich.

Political activities 1792/1793

Assembly of the Mainz Jacobin Club

Days before the French army entered the country on October 21, 1792, Metternich displayed his convictions in public by putting on a blue, red and white cockade . Together with his colleague Wedekind and the court judge Hartmann, he led a procession of like-minded people through Mainz on November 3, 1792 and erected a tree of freedom . With the elector's flight to Aschaffenburg and the arrival of French troops, Metternich increasingly came to the fore as a politician before and during the short-lived Mainz Republic .

Metternich was one of the leading Jacobins in Mainz and thus belonged to the group of supporters of the revolution inside and outside France who named themselves after the Saint-Jacques monastery in Paris . He tried to reach the public with a variety of speeches, pamphlets and his own newspaper, the Bürgerfreund . The citizen friend appeared twice a week; it was supposed to bring the goals and thoughts of the revolution closer to people in a language that was easy to understand and at the same time was a platform for agitation against the ancien régime . The first edition of the newspaper appeared on October 26, 1792, shortly after the French troops marched in. The last edition came out on April 16, 1793.

Inspired by an initiative of the Worms theologian, canon lawyer and former university professor Georg Wilhelm Böhmer , he founded the Mainz Jacobin Club together with Wedekind, the merchant Patocki, Hofmann and around 15 other people present, mainly from the Mainz university environment, the Mainz Jacobin Club, whose president he was from February to April 1793 was. In March 1793 he represented Georg Forster as Vice-President of the Rhine-German National Convention , the Parliament of the Republic of Mainz. He was also a member of the Mainz municipality (December 1792) and the second administration in the French-occupied " Mayence " (March 1793). Metternich was also not too shy to seek contact with the common people. As a leading member of the Jacobin Club and "Voting Commissioner", at the end of December 1792, together with other well-known Jacobins such as the doctor Jacob Fidelis Ackermann, he visited places around Mainz. There he campaigned for the ideas of the French Revolution and, more specifically, for the establishment of a republic based on the Paris model and the adoption of the Frankish constitution . The mood in many of the Mainz suburbs, which in late autumn 1792 had mostly celebrated “revolutionary parish festivals” with trees of freedom, had changed due to everyday political life. By the decree of the Paris Convention of 15./22. December 1792, self-determination was replaced by compulsion to freedom . Metternich felt this during his visits at the end of 1792 and beginning of 1793. In many places, such as in the villages of Bodenheim , Finthen and the neighboring Gonsenheim , villagers refused to swear before him and the other commissioners to accept the new Franconian order and against the Ancien Règime, and reprisals against the population ensued.

Metternich's life and work after the reconquest of Mainz in 1793

Parade of freedom on November 3, 1792

The reconquest of Mainz by Prussian troops and the associated dissolution of the Mainz Republic were a turning point in Metternich's life. Metternich was arrested on July 23, 1793 after a failed attempt to escape. He was mistreated, charged with high treason and taken to the Ehrenbreitstein Fortress for imprisonment . During the French advance in February 1794, he was temporarily imprisoned at the Petersberg Fortress in Erfurt for security reasons . When he was released in February 1795, he was deported to France. There he tried - probably in vain - for a pension of 300 livres as a political refugee, which he would have been entitled to due to his political activities in Mainz 1792/1793. However, through the protection of directorate member Jean François Reubell , whom he had known personally since his stay in Mayence at the beginning of 1793, he got a job as an official in the administration of the mercury mines in the occupied area on the left bank of the Rhine at the end of March 1795. During this time Metternich kept in close contact with other German exiles in Paris and with Jacobins in the cities of Cologne and Bonn .

He continued to be politically active with the publication of revolutionary-friendly publications and newspapers. The newspaper Rheinische Zeitung , published in Strasbourg on January 21, 1796, was a joint project by Metternich and Christoph Friedrich Cotta , also an emigrant from Mainz. The newspaper was discontinued on June 30, 1796, because both Metternich and Cotta left Strasbourg to take part in preparations for an uprising in southwest Germany. This was supposed to support the French party as part of the "South German Campaign" that took place during the fighting of the First Coalition . It is possible that Metternich was also working conspiratorially for the French on Reich territory at this time and, as the French sub-commissioner, had contact with Rudolf Eickemeyer , who was personally known to him and who was with Jean-Victor Moreau's army at the time. When he fell into the hands of an Austrian cavalry patrol of the Imperial troops near Frankenthal in October 1796 , he was arrested immediately. After he had been put on public display in Mainz on October 12, 1796, he remained in custody as a hostage until April 1797, relatively unmolested. His release was carried out in accordance with Article 9 of the Leoben Prelimaries concluded on April 18, which regulated the release of prisoners from both sides. They led to the Peace of Campo Formio in October of that year . Metternich was again politically active when he supported the Cisrhenan movement in Bingen in 1797/1798 with appeals and the publication of various newspapers such as the Political Entertainments on the left bank of the Rhine . Metternich, along with Joseph Görres in Koblenz , Michael Venedey in Aachen and Franz Gall in Bonn, was one of the most prominent and committed supporters of the cisrhenan movement. In an anonymous leaflet attributed to Metternich as early as the middle of the 19th century and widely distributed in the Rhineland, he addressed the residents of the left bank of the Rhine :

“For three years we have been bleeding from the sad consequences of a devastating war into which the stupidity and predatory addiction of larger people, the adventurous lust for glory of smaller princes and the greed of bad ministers and maitresses have plunged us. Right at the beginning of the French Revolution, the princes feared losing their sole rule. The nobility of all countries, the aristocracy at courts and in their castles, I say, who reveled in your sweat, who declared themselves free of taxes and duties everywhere, feared the loss of their well-being and of their so-called high privileges. The clergy who fatten themselves from your tens, from your goods, which they stole from your ancestors, and who intend to fatten themselves to the end of the world; shouted to you that they wanted to take your God, your religion. With this deception these people tried to keep you in their submission; Under this pretext the princes also took your sons as soldiers, robbed old parents of their last support, and shamefully used them to oppress you, to keep you under their yoke and under the yoke of the nobility and the clergy, took this pretext they gave you your money, reveled in it, and waged wars against yourself. "

- Mathias Metternich : To the residents of the left bank of the Rhine , July 29, 1797.

This writing is considered the most important document from the constitutional phase of the Cisrhenan movement of this time.

When Mayence became French for the fourth time on December 30, 1797, Metternich returned in January 1798. As early as February of that year he took up a professorship for mathematics at the Mainz Central School, which he helped to plan, the successor to the Electoral University, where he taught mathematics and experimental physics . Metternich immediately became involved in administration alongside his teaching activities. From February 1798 he became a member and archivist of the newly created central administration in Mainz. In 1799 he took over the office of police chief and from June 1799 was together with the French d'Aigrefeuille head of the denunciation office of the French administration. Until March 1800 he was also a member of the departmental administration of the Département du Mont-Tonnerre .

Together with the other Jacobins from Mainz, Friedrich Lehne , Abraham Lembert and Joseph Schlemmer, he was co-editor and editor of the newspaper Der Beobachter vom Donnersberg , one of the leading newspapers in the newly created Département du Mont-Tonnerre. It appeared from May 20, 1798 to December 20, 1801. After his resignation from the departmental administration in the spring of 1800 and with the beginning of Napoleon's rule, Metternich withdrew from public political life. He devoted himself primarily to teaching at the central school (from 1803 Lyceum ), which he practiced at least until 1809. According to his biographer Keller, he carried this out “into old age”. In his works on linking Metternich's political and academic activities, however, Schubring states that Metternich no longer held any teaching post under the French administration after 1809. He again wrote textbooks on mathematical and physical subjects. Until the end of his life, however, he kept in contact with other former Jacobins, especially Georg von Wedekind.

Gravesite of the Metternich family

Private life

Metternich got married late. In 1808 he married Sophie Friederike Treffz (1773–1846), with whom he had two sons and two daughters. His first son, Germain Metternich , was born in 1811. Like his father, he was politically active from the later pre-March period . Germain Metternich was active as a revolutionary in the 1830s and 1840s and took part in the Hambach Festival as well as in various battles of the German Revolution in 1848 and 1849 . His second son, Ludwig Metternich, was born in 1817. His godfather was Ludwig I , Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt . He was Metternich's lodge brother after he had entered the Darmstadt Masonic lodge Johannes the Evangelist for Eintracht through the mediation of Georg von Wedekind .

Mathias Metternich died on October 28, 1825 in Mainz and is buried in the main cemetery in Mainz , where the family grave still exists.

Political opinions

Metternich's political attitudes from the late 1780s onwards were shaped by several different factors. Due to his own social origins from the small peasant milieu, he was well aware of the living conditions and needs of the common people in the ancien régime of the late 18th century. In addition, there was his social experience at the beginning of his studies in Mainz. Metternich, a social outsider in the circle of the Mainz electoral education society, was likely to have been exposed to the ridicule and contempt of the higher-ranking nobles and citizens.

His membership in the Mainz Illuminati and his studies in the Enlightenment-oriented Göttingen were also responsible for a further development and refinement of his political and social attitude in the sense of the Enlightenment. Keller sees his contact with Lichtenberg and Kästner, the representatives of the Göttingen Kant School, influencing Metternich and expanding his horizons for political and philosophical topics.

Ultimately, this led to a high and consistent acceptance of the basic ideas of the French Revolution, which were manifested in the declaration of human and civil rights . At the height of his political activities (1792 to 1800) Metternich represented these basic goals of the revolution wherever he could. In his newspaper Der Bürgerfreund , for example, from November 2, 1792 to January 30, 1793, he presented all 17 articles of the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights as a continuation series. After initially criticizing his dry erudition, he chose the dialogue form as the form of communication for a clearer presentation and also worked with name metaphors as well as fictional discussion groups and people from the common people. He used an argument that followed the peasant way of thinking, but also insisted on elements of natural law and (early) Christian ethics. Metternich also took a clear position on many individual political points. On the question of equality , one of the key words of the revolution (egalité) , he wrote, for example, in Bürgerfreund:

“If you are hardworking and thrifty you have two major civic virtues, and these virtues usually make you rich; and if one wanted to take away the goods and money that virtue acquired, that would offend virtue, and therefore a vice. The consequence would also be that no one would work and save any more; that would be a hideous society in the world, where one had to starve or steal. "

- Mathias Metternich : The citizen friend

Like many other German Jacobins, Metternich was far from demanding equality of property. Rather, it showed his liberal understanding of the term. His goal was to create a political framework through which people can enjoy their political freedom and develop best according to their natural talents.

He last expressed his deeply rooted original Jacobin convictions in his speech on the 10th anniversary of the revolution in 1799 in front of a larger audience. On June 18, 1799, the unpopular and corrupt government in Paris was overthrown ( Revolution of the 30th Prairial ). The republican opposition ("Neo-Jacobinism"), to which Metternich could also be counted, gained the upper hand again in Mayence. With Joseph Lakanal , a political comrade became Metternich's general commissioner in Mayence. During the festivities on the market square, Metternich gave his speech on the feast of the fourteenth Julius in Mainz . In the meantime the political situation had changed permanently since the beginning of the revolution. In the place of the interests of the common people, the bearers of the 1789 revolution, which Metternich had also tirelessly represented, those of the upper classes and merchants had for some years now taken their place. Metternich reminded his audience of the events of the last ten years since the storming of the Bastille with a chronological outline of the history of the revolution , once again invoked the ideals and goals of the original revolutionary movement and sharply denounced the current grievances. In doing so, he used many patterns of criticism that he had previously used against the Ancien Régime, and now attacked the emerging upper middle class. The coup d'état of 18th Brumaire VIII and the subsequent political development made it clear to Metternich that the Jacobin era was finally over. In the spring of 1800 he ended his political career.

The mathematician Metternich

Metternich was next to Johann Georg Tralles , with whom he possibly studied together in Göttingen, the only politically active mathematician during the French Revolution. On the French side, on the other hand, were numerous well-known mathematicians such as Pierre-Simon Laplace , Lazare Carnot or Gaspard Monge , who, as the naval minister of the republic, passed the death sentence on King Louis XVI. enforced.

As Metternich's biographer Keller explains, Metternich's political views were based on his own experiences as the son of a peasant family in the feudal system of the 18th century. In the course of his teaching activities, first in an elementary school and later as a university professor, he brought his pupils and students closer to mathematics and physics as well as his political views. His work as a mathematician remained relatively unaffected. Metternich probably acquired the basic knowledge of mathematics and physics by himself. The appointment as associate professor at the University of Mainz was therefore probably more due to the elector's temporary Enlightenment policy than to his scientific abilities at the time. After his studies in Göttingen, however, Metternich's qualifications as a scientist deepened and he began to deal with fundamental problems in mathematics. In 1787, his now well-founded commitment as a scientist and professor was rewarded with a full professorship at the University of Mainz. By this time Metternich had already published several textbooks; However, his work as a scientific author came to a standstill until shortly after 1800 due to his political activities. With the German translation of the French textbook Élements d'algèbre by Sylvestre Lacroix , Metternich turned back to scientific journalism. However, since he disagreed with Lacroix's stance on negative numbers , he commented on the translation with his own critical footnotes and later even added his own, Lacroix contradicting chapters that were supposed to explain his scientific view. According to his academic biographer, Schubring, however, this apparent disregard for official French doctrine had consequences. After 1809, Metternich was no longer a lecturer at the Imperial Lycée Mayence and thus in the French school service. An application as a professor at the planned Université Mayence was apparently not considered. Metternich then found no more employment as a lecturer.

Metternich achieved a certain degree of popularity after 1815 when he completed his work Complete Theory of Parallel Lines. His work, which was still completely rooted in Euclidean geometry , was discussed extensively and critically by Carl Friedrich Gauß and Friedrich Ludwig Wachter . This led to a lengthy revision of the work by Metternich, which appeared in a completely revised second edition in 1822. The later work of Gauß, János Bolyai and Nikolai Iwanowitsch Lobatschewski , however, led to the establishment of non-Euclidean geometry and Metternich's work, which now proved to be no longer scientifically up-to-date, was forgotten.

reception

Metternich's speech, given before the Rhine-German National Convention

Mathias Metternich's political role in the end of the electoral era and during and after the Mainz Republic is generally considered to be very important. Together with his close friend Georg von Wedekind, he is regarded as the “Jacobin of the first hour” in Mainz. Due to his simple background and his ascent to the upper class of the educated middle class as a scientist and intellectual, he was given an important role in imparting revolutionary knowledge to the common people. Mario Keller, Metternich's main biographer, assigns him an important role in the “emancipation of the peasant-plebeian classes” that began at the end of the 18th century. Metternich's actions did not take place spontaneously under the impression of the revolutionary events, but according to a concept that had already arisen beforehand. Keller sees the origin of Metternich's social actions as being based on his origins. Due to the high social position of his father in the village community, he developed a corresponding awareness of the concerns of the common people at an early stage. Through his education, which he later acquired, Metternich felt obliged to “impart autonomous political ability to act” to this segment of the population, whereby the educational ideal was in the foreground.

A large number of Metternich's own speeches, as well as those of other important Jacobins, were printed immediately after they were held, for example in front of the Jacobin Club. Some of them were sold as leaflets, some were passed on free of charge or read to the public in inns. This means that over 100 leaflets and pamphlets circulated efficiently among the people in 1792/93 alone, who also had the choice between up to seven different revolutionary newspapers. The Bürgerfreund published by Metternich was one of these newspapers. Above all, it is certified that it provided information about important aspects of the French Revolution with "popular language design" among the common people, for example in its first edition about the human rights articles. Metternich often worked with the stylistic device of fictitious dialogues, which he thought were most suitable for simply presenting complex political issues such as his idea of ​​the principle of equality.

Publications by Mathias Metternich (selection)

  • Thorough arithmetic instruction for beginners in public schools. New, completely remodeled edition. 1783 (Mainz & Frankfurt)
  • Mathias Metternich explains the theory of the ratio of the circle to the diameter. 1786 (Andreä, Frankfurt am Main)
  • From the resistance of friction 1789
  • Beginnings of Geometry and Trigonometry: For use by beginners in teaching 1789
  • Editor of the magazine Der Bürgerfreund 1792–1793 (Mainz)
  • Investigation of the question: How can the Rhenish-German Free State obtain permanent security in its free constitution? spoken in the German National Convention in Mainz. 1793 (Mainz)
  • Something about the something of Dr. Thank God Teutsch to the author of the Mainz citizen friend on the Mainz constitution. - from a citizen in the country. 1792 (presumed author Metternich)
  • The aristocrat in a tight spot: a comedy in two acts, freely adapted from the French. 1792 (Mainz)
  • Something about the clubs and club lists in Germany, and what is right about it. 1793.
  • The aristocrat caught on shallowness and lies: a refutation of the writing under the title: About the constitution of Mainz or comparison of the old and new Mainz. 1793
  • Thorough arithmetic in decimal fractions and other numbers: for excellent use with the new measures and weights 1808
  • The pure and applied theory of numbers for teachers and students. 1813 (Neue Scholars bookstore, Coblenz & Hadamar)
  • Complete theory of parallel lines. In addition to an appendix in which the first principle on the technique of straight lines is given. 1815 (Mainz, self-published, Kupferberg on commission)
  • Foundations of Algebra. From the French, after the 7th edition, translated and translated with Erl. Comments and additions made by Matthias Metternich. In addition to an appendix. 2nd edition 1820 (Mainz, Kupferberg) - translation of Sylvestre Francois Lacroix's work: Élements d'algèbre.
  • Geometric treatises on the division of the triangle, by three lines in definite directions, which intersect at a single point; and about various transformations of the squares. Purely synthetic, then also analytically, and vice versa, developed. With 2 figure boards. 1821 (Mainz, Kupferberg)
  • Complete theory of parallel lines, or: geometric proof of the eleventh Euclidean principle. 2nd, revised edition 1822 (Mainz, Kupferberg in commission)

literature

  • Anne Cottebrune: “German Freedom Friends ” versus “German Jacobins”. To demythize the research area “German Jacobinism” (= History discussion group. Volume 46). Historical research center of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-89892-093-3 ( online version at the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung ).
  • Anne Cottebrune, Susanne Lachenicht : "German Jacobins" in French exile. Paris and Strasbourg - Paths between radical acceptance and rejection of the revolution. In: Francia 31/2 (2004), pp. 95–119 ( digitized version )
  • Franz Dumont : Mayence. The French Mainz (1792 / 98-1814). In: Franz Dumont, Ferdinand Scherf, Friedrich Schütz (Hrsg.): Mainz - The history of the city. 2nd Edition. von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-8053-2000-0 . Pp. 319-374.
  • Mario Keller: All about the tree of freedom - The movement from below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799) (= moral economy. Volume 4). Materialis-Verlag, Frankfurt 1988, ISBN 3-88535-118-8 .
  • Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800). Oldenbourg, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-486-56816-7 .
  • Gert Schubring : Conflicts Between Generalization, Rigor, and Intuition: Number Concepts Underlying the Development of Analysis in 17th-19th Century France and Germany. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Springer, New York, 2005, ISBN 978-1-4419-1987-8
  • Gert Schubring: Differences in the Involvement of Mathematicians in the Political Life in France and in Germany. Bollettino di Storia delle Scienze Mathematiche. La Nuova Italia, Bologna / Firenze 1995, Volume 15, 1995. pp. 61-83, ISSN  0392-4432
  • Jörg Schweigard: Enlightenment and enthusiasm for revolution: The Catholic universities in Mainz, Heidelberg and Würzburg in the age of the French Revolution (1789–1792 / 93–1803). (= Series of publications by the International Research Center for Democratic Movements in Central Europe 1770–1850. Volume 29). Lang, Frankfurt am Main a. a. 2000, ISBN 3-631-37645-6 (also: Stuttgart, Universität, Dissertation, 2000).
  • Jörg Schweigard: The love of freedom calls us to the Rhine. Enlightenment, reform and revolution in Mainz. Katz, Gernsbach 2005, ISBN 3-925825-89-4 .
  • Moritz Cantor :  Metternich, Matthias . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1885, p. 527.

Web links

Wikisource: Mathias Metternich  - Sources and full texts

Remarks

  1. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 478.
  2. ↑ See Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 478; Mario Keller: All about the freedom tree - the movement from below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 78 ff.
  3. ↑ After Anton Hoffmann: Representations of the Mainz Revolution or the history of the city of Mainz and the surrounding area, from the emergence of the French Revolutionary War to after the reconquest of this city, the club and the Rhenish-German national convention opened in the city. P. 94.
  4. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 81.
  5. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 576.
  6. ↑ General Scientific Library Erfurt. Manuscript Department: Archive of the former University of Erfurt, CE 2 ° 108a, 24.1786
  7. ↑ Dissertatio inavgvralis physico-mathematica de frictione: qvam svb avspiciis divinis consentiente amplissimo philosophorvm ordine in alma et perantiqva vniversitate Erfvrtensi, pro svmmis in philosophia honoribvs rite capessendis die XXIV.Apriln. 1787?
  8. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 577.
  9. ↑ Dedication of the book Beginnings of Geometry and Trigonometry 1789
  10. ^ Karl Klein : History of Mainz during the first French occupation in 1792–93 , with files, Mainz 1861, p. 112.
  11. ^ Jörg Schweigard: Enlightenment and enthusiasm for revolution: The Catholic universities in Mainz, Heidelberg and Würzburg in the age of the French Revolution (1789–1792 / 93–1803). Munich / Ravensburg 2007, p. 127.
  12. ↑ The following article gives a comprehensive insight into Metternich's journalistic activities and the Mainz press 1792/1793: Jürgen Wilke, Frank Förster: Journalism between absolutism and republic. The Mainz press 1792/93. In: Horst Reber (Ed.): Goethe: "The Siege of Mainz". Causes and effects. Accompanying volume to the exhibition of the same name in the Landesmuseum Mainz 1993, Verlag Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 1993, ISBN 3-87439-291-0 .
  13. ^ A b Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 582.
  14. ^ Franz Dumont: The Mainzer Republic of 1792/93 , p. 639
  15. ^ Franz Dumont: The Mainzer Republic of 1792/93 , pp. 351, 645.
  16. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 479.
  17. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 85.
  18. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, pp. 115, 480.
  19. ^ A b Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 271.
  20. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 480.
  21. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 116.
  22. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 480. FX Remling was the first to identify Metternich as the author of the leaflet in 1866; compare also Joseph Hansen : Sources for the history of the Rhineland in the age of the French Revolution 1780–1801. Volume 3: 1794-1797 (1935), p. 847.
  23. ↑ landeshauptarchiv.de - Leaflet by Metternich of July 29, 1797: To the residents of the left bank of the Rhine
  24. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 35.
  25. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, pp. 116 and 481.
  26. ^ A b Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 384.
  27. ↑ This year Metternich was listed as a lecturer in the Almanach impérial for the last time .
  28. ↑ Lodge Johannes der Evangelist zur Eintracht in Darmstadt
  29. ^ Susanne Lachenicht: Information and Propaganda. The press of German Jacobins in Alsace (1791–1800) . Munich 2004, p. 482.
  30. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, pp. 28, 79 ff.
  31. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 84.
  32. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 195.
  33. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 15.
  34. ^ Microfilm edition of the writings of the German Jacobins, Der Bürgerfreund, p. 60.
  35. ↑ Anne Cottebrune, Susanne Lachenicht: "German Jacobins" in exile in France. Paris and Strasbourg - Paths between radical acceptance and rejection of the revolution. Francia 31/2, 2004, p. 109.
  36. ↑ Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Pp. 35, 36, 375 ff.
  37. ^ Gert Schubring: Differences in the Involvment of Mathematicians in the Political Life in France and in Germany. P. 67.
  38. ^ Gert Schubring: Differences in the Involvment of Mathematicians in the Political Life in France and in Germany. P. 68.
  39. ^ Gert Schubring: Differences in the Involvment of Mathematicians in the Political Life in France and in Germany. P. 72 ff.
  40. ^ Franz Dumont: Mayence. The French Mainz (1792 / 98-1814). In: Franz Dumont, Ferdinand Scherf, Friedrich Schütz (Hrsg.): Mainz - The history of the city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1999, pp. 319-374, here: p. 327.
  41. ^ A b Mario Keller: Around the Tree of Freedom - The Movement from Below and its spokesman Mathias Metternich in the time of the Mainz Republic (1789–1799). Frankfurt 1988, p. 191.
  42. ↑ Harro Segeberg, quoted in Keller.
  43. ^ Franz Dumont: Mayence. The French Mainz (1792 / 98-1814). In: Franz Dumont, Ferdinand Scherf, Friedrich Schütz (Hrsg.): Mainz - The history of the city. 2nd Edition. Mainz 1999, pp. 319-374, here: p. 325.
  44. ↑ Anne Cottebrune: "German Freedom Friends " versus "German Jacobins". To demythize the research area “German Jacobinism”. Bonn 2002, p. 19.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on July 8, 2011 in this version .
personal data
SURNAME Metternich, Mathias
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Jakobiner from Mainz, mathematician, university professor, politician, publicist
DATE OF BIRTH May 8, 1747
PLACE OF BIRTH Stone frenzy
DATE OF DEATH October 28, 1825
Place of death Mainz