Max Hussarek from Heinlein

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Max Hussarek (von) Heinlein , 1917 to 1919 Freiherr Hussarek von Heinlein (born May 3, 1865 in Pressburg , Hungary, now Slovakia , † March 6, 1935 in Vienna ) was a Christian social politician in the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary . In the final phase of the monarchy in 1918 he was (penultimate) Prime Minister of Emperor Charles I ( Ministry of Hussarek ) for three months .

Max Hussarek von Heinlein 1918

Life

Max Hussarek von Heinlein came from an old Austrian family of officers and civil servants. He was the son of Lieutenant Field Marshal Johann Ritter Hussarek von Heinlein (1819–1907). He attended schools in Lemberg and Hermannstadt and the Theresianum in Vienna. From 1883 he studied canon law at the University of Vienna and obtained his doctorate in 1889 sub auspiciis imperatoris as a doctor of law. In 1888 he became a concept intern at the kk  Finanzlandesdirektion for Lower Austria . From 1890 to 1892 he held canonical colloquia as a lawyer prefect at the Theresianum. At the same time he became the tutor of Prince Abbas Hilmi , the future Khedive of Egypt .

From 1892 he worked in the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Culture and Education , which was responsible for Cisleithanien , and became a private lecturer, and in 1895 an associate professor for canon law at the University of Vienna. There he introduced his own lectures on the history of law and thereby became the founder of the modern Viennese school of canon law. In 1897 he took over the management of the department for affairs of catholic cult in the ministry and in 1907 became head of the ministry's office of culture .

On May 24, 1898, Hussarek married Frieda Kühn (1877–1960), a daughter of the Vienna People's Kitchen President Josef von Kühn . The two sons Max and Friedrich were born in 1899 and 1900.

From 1911 to 1917 the Christian-Social Hussarek was Minister of Education of three Imperial and Royal governments ( Stürgkh , Koerber II and Clam-Martinic ). During his term of office, the professors of the Protestant theological faculty were recognized as university professors, the legal and political studies were reformed and Islam was recognized as a religious society according to the Hanafi rite.

In 1917 he was raised to the baron status by Emperor Karl I , which, like all titles of nobility for German-Austrians, ceased to exist on April 10, 1919 . From July 25 to October 27, 1918 Hussarek was the (penultimate) Imperial and Royal Prime Minister of Cisleithanien (see Hussarek Ministry ). The old Austrian nationalities announced their plans for independence after the war on May 30, 1917 when the Reichsrat was reconvened after a three-year adjournment by their representatives in parliament. Considerations cherished in 1918 on the restructuring of the state within the Austrian monarchy therefore had to fail as unrealistic.

The manifesto of October 16, 1918, for which Hussarek was responsible, but was supposedly largely written by the emperor himself, unofficially known as the People's Manifesto , was intended to give the impetus to transform the loyal Austrian peoples into a federal state with extensive independence for the individual nations. The intended peoples, however, no longer wanted to be loyal or Austrian , which should not have surprised Hussarek. He was ready to resign in mid-October 1918, before the manifesto was issued, but remained in office with no further influence on events with his ministers until the perplexed emperor appointed the Lammasch Ministry on October 27, 1918 , in the media even before his appointment as Liquidation Ministry designated and actually the last kk cabinet.

After the First World War , Hussarek, now a full professor at the University of Vienna, returned to canon law. He became the main representative of Austrian state church law . He was also a high functionary of the Austrian Red Cross .

Hussarek's grave of honor at the Vienna Central Cemetery

He is buried in an honorary grave in the Vienna Central Cemetery .

Politics as Prime Minister

At the Council of Ministers for Common Affairs on September 27, 1918, Hussarek declared his approval of Point 9 of Wilson's program , which wanted to regulate the Italian border according to clearly identifiable ethnic borders, but reinterpreted it in an unrealistic way: the clearly identifiable borders were already defined by the final demarcation established by 1866 . He also did not fear a plebiscite in Trentino . Hussarek planned to split the Bohemian state administration into two parts, which he did not expect much from, but it was demonstrated to the world that they did not ignore the need for reconstruction . According to Hussarek, the greatest dangers and difficulties lie with the Czechs , while the other attempts at autonomy can lead to a reconstruction, even to a regeneration, of Austria . On the other hand, on the Polish question, the application of Wilson's principles would lead to the smooth loss of Galicia .

In contrast to his Hungarian colleague Sándor Wekerle, Hussarek took into account the extremely difficult political conditions in his half of the empire due to the divergence of nationalities, albeit reluctantly, hesitantly and far inadequately. His aim was to secure a majority of the German MPs by resigning the Polish and Dalmatian MPs in the Reichsrat , or, as he once put it confidentially, to get the Czechs down by concessions to Poles and Southern Slavs - a completely unrealistic intention.

When Hussarek announced the implementation of the principle of national autonomy in the Reichsrat on October 1, 1918 in recognition of Wilson's principle of self-determination , he had no idea of ​​actually granting nationalities state rights. What he conceded was not political-territorial autonomy and federal restructuring of the state, but only autonomy in the area of ​​state administration, i.e. only in the second instance. All of this was only relevant to the Bohemian question; but the Czechs refused to remain under Austrian rule.

At the Council of Ministers on October 2, 1918, the modalities of solving the South Slav question were discussed again. Hussarek believed that the amalgamation of Croatia-Slavonia with Bosnia-Herzegovina and Dalmatia, in a sub-dualistic sense, would take full account of current needs , but this again would be unrealistic.

Together with Heinrich Lammasch, Hussarek was the originator of the so-called Manifesto of Nations, the federalist reforms in the Austrian half of the empire, vaguely announced by Emperor Charles I on October 16, 1918 . As can be seen from various preliminary drafts of the manifesto, the emperor and Hussarek from Cisleithanien planned to form four partial kingdoms: Bohemia, Illyria , Halycz and Inner Austria . The self-determination of the peoples of Austria, each in their own settlement area , meant the dismantling of Bohemia , which the Czechs rejected and the German nationalists strived for. In a catastrophic reversal of the original goals, the People's Manifesto was not an act of reform, but an affirmation of the national political course that was one of the main causes of the internal crisis .

On October 15, 1918, Hussarek submitted an application to the joint Council of Ministers for a federal reform of the monarchy through the formation of nation states, but failed mainly because of the Hungarian resistance.

At the Council of Ministers on October 22, 1918, when the federalization of Austria was the main topic, the monarchy was already in complete dissolution. Hussarek still wanted the South Slav question to be resolved within the framework of the monarchy, but with the simultaneous unification of all South Slavs, excluding Serbia and Montenegro, into a single, independent state structure .

Hungary's violent rejection of the Manifesto of Nations led to Hussarek's replacement as prime minister a few days later.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz:  Hussarek von Heinlein, Max Freiherr. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 2, Bautz, Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-032-8 , Sp. 1204-1205. As well as Hussarek by Heinlein Max Frh .. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 3, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1965, p. 16 f. (Direct links on p. 16 , p. 17 ).
  2. Hans Stratowa: Wiener Genealogical Paperback Volume 1, Vienna 1926, p 112
  3. Dr., Prof. Max Hussarek, politician, 1865–1935
  4. Miklós Komjáthy (Ed.): Protocols of the Joint Council of Ministers of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1914–1918) . Budapest 1966, p. 680ff.
  5. ^ A b c Helmut Rumpler: The Sixtus Action and the People's Manifesto of Emperor Charles. On the structural crisis of the Habsburg Empire in 1917/18 . In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Versailles - St.Germain - Trianon. Upheaval in Europe fifty years ago . Verlag Oldenbourg, Munich / Vienna 1971, ISBN 3-486-47321-2 , pp. 111-125, here: pp. 123f.
  6. ^ Fritz Fellner (Ed.): Fateful Years of Austria 1908-1919. Josef Redlich's political diary . Graz / Cologne 1953/1954, Volume 2, p. 292.
  7. Miklós Komjáthy (Ed.): Protocols of the Joint Council of Ministers of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1914–1918) . Budapest 1966, p. 692ff.
  8. Miklós Komjáthy (Ed.): Protocols of the Joint Council of Ministers of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1914–1918) . Budapest 1966, p. 696.
predecessor Office successor
Karl Stürgkh kk Minister for Culture and Education
November 3, 1911 - June 23, 1917
?
Ernst Seidler from Feuchtenegg Prime Minister of Cisleithania
July 25, 1918 - October 27, 1918
Heinrich Lammasch