Three-tooth orchid
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Tridentate orchid ( Neotinea tridentata ) |
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| Neotinea tridentata | ||||||||||||
| ( Scop. ) RM Bateman, Pridgeon & MW Chase |
The tridentate orchid ( Neotinea tridentata ) belongs to the genus Neotinea in the family of orchid plants (Orchidaceae). It is a species with a Mediterranean main distribution that populates two isolated sub-areas in central and eastern Germany. It used to be counted it to the genus of orchids ( Orchis ). According to recent molecular genetic research, the species belongs to the genus Neotinea .
Surname
The three-tooth orchid was described in 1772 by the botanist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli as Orchis tridentata and thus classified in the genus Orchis . The name is derived from the Greek όρχις orchis = testicles and tridentata , from the Latin tri- = three and dentatus = toothed. The German name Dreizähniges Knabenkraut is accordingly. The name refers to the serrated edges of the flower lip .
description
The tridentate orchid is a perennial , herbaceous plant that achieves an average plant height of 15 to 45 centimeters. This geophyte forms small, spherical to egg-shaped tubers as persistence organs. The three to six leaves are bluish green, unspotted and lanceolate and are rosettes at the base of the stem. They are about 4 to 12 inches long and about 1.1 to 2.1 inches wide. The upper leaves surround the stem in a sheathed manner .
The annual inflorescence carries about 20 to 50 flowers. At the beginning of flowering it is cone-shaped, then hemispherical, until it develops a spherical to ovoid shape when fully blooming. The bracts are membranous and about as long as the ovary . The petals and sepals form a 7 to 8 millimeter large, flame-like sprawling helmet. The distinct, dark pink veins of the sepals and petals are characteristic. The lip ( labellum ) is about 7 to 12 millimeters in size, slightly wider than long and deeply triple-lobed, with the middle lobe again split and a small tooth between the ends. The lip is white, sometimes tinged with pink, and dotted with dark pink. Plants with pure white flowers ( albinos ) are also rarely found . The spur is cylindrical, directed downwards, and about half the length of the ovary.
The flowering time of the species extends from March to May in the Mediterranean region, even longer on the southern edge of the Alps, and relatively uniformly through May in Central Europe.
Genetics, development
The trident orchid has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and 21 chromosomes each ( cytology : 2n = 42).
The seed of this orchid does not contain any nutrient tissue for the seedling . The germination therefore takes place only when infection by a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ). The time from germination to development of the flowering plant has not yet been adequately determined.
Ecology and sociology
The three-tooth orchid grows on dry and semi- arid grasslands as well as in poor meadows on relatively dry, basic soils, with an affinity to the Zechstein subsoil being unmistakable for the Central European occurrences . In contrast, it grows mainly on limestone in its main Mediterranean distribution area, but sometimes also on silicate soils in the southern Alps. The species is considered to be very heliophile and mostly occurs in fully sunlit locations with very high lighting intensities . It is found in Central Europe in plant communities of the following units
- subcontinental fescue fescue corridors (or: sand steppes on sands rich in bases) (order Festuco-Sedetalia),
- Lime dry grass (Mesobromion Association), especially in the Gentiano-Koelerietum.
(For a breakdown see: Plant sociological units according to Oberdorfer )
distribution
The three-tooth orchid ranges from Central and Southern Europe to the Caucasus and Jordan . In Europe, it extends from the oceanic area of the Mediterranean to the southern and eastern edge of the Alps. In addition, the species inhabits two sub-areas in Central Europe, one in Central Germany and a very small one on the Central Oder .
According to the orchid scholar Karl Peter Buttler , it is a floral element of the meridional, submeridional and temperate Florence zones.
In Germany , the three-tooth orchid is found mainly in northeast Hesse , Thuringia and southern Lower Saxony , and also on the edge of its subarea in eastern Westphalia and southwest Saxony-Anhalt and in eastern Brandenburg . Outside of these closed areas, finds in southern Hesse, Saxony , Lower Franconia and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania were known, but they were probably only of a temporary nature.
In Austria there are finds in Lower Austria , in Switzerland on the southern edge of the Alps Ticino , Valais , Graubünden .
Locations and distribution in Central Europe
The three-tooth orchid needs calcareous, humus-rich soil in areas with a warm climate; it especially loves dry and warm summers. It colonizes dry grassland and light shrubbery, less often warm dry forests. It occurs rarely in Central Europe, especially in the east (e.g. in Thuringia and Brandenburg). The three-tooth orchid penetrates the Alpine valleys, which are open to the south, even if only sporadically, and colonizes the valley flanks there, but hardly rises above 1000 m. Its main distribution is in the eastern Mediterranean region, in the Balkans in the Caucasus and the northern foreland of it and extends further to the Caspian Sea and the Turkish Black Sea coast including the offshore islands. It thrives here at altitudes between 0 and 2200 meters above sea level.
Conservation and endangerment
Like all orchid species found in Europe, the three-tooth orchid is under strict protection of European and national laws.
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Red lists :
- Red list Germany: 3
- Red list federal states: Baden-Württemberg : -, Bavaria : -, Berlin + Brandenburg : 1, Hamburg : -, Hesse : 4, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania : -, Lower Saxony + Bremen : 2, North Rhine-Westphalia : 2, Rhineland-Palatinate : -, Saarland : -, Saxony-Anhalt : 2, Saxony : 0, Schleswig-Holstein : -, Thuringia : 2
Accordingly, it is considered endangered in Germany as a whole. It is threatened in particular by fallow land and bush encroachment as well as by intensification of agriculture, locally but also by the designation of construction and commercial areas.
Systematics
Today, for genetic reasons (analysis of the relationship based on the comparison of homologous DNA sequences), the species is placed as Neotinea tridentata (Scop.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase 1997 in the genus Neotinea . In a revision of the orchid species by Bateman in 1997 on the basis of genetic characteristics, the three-tooth orchid was classified as Neotinea tridentata together with a few other species in the previously monotypical genus Neotinea . The first description name ( Basionym ) Orchis tridentata Scopoli 1772 is still recognized by some systematics.
Subspecies, varieties, hybrids
These subspecies have been established:
- Neotinea tridentata subsp. conica (Willd.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, France and the Balearic Islands. According to Baumann, Künkele and Lorenz, this clan belongs to Neotinea lactea .
- Neotinea tridentata subsp. tridentata (Syn .: Neotinea tridentata subsp. commutata (death) RM Bateman, Pridgeon & MW Chase ): It occurs from Central and Southern Europe to Western Asia. In the Mediterranean area it occurs in the west only to Sardinia and Corsica.
The former subspecies Orchis tridentata subsp. lactea (Poir.) Rouy 1912 is now considered a separate species: Milky-white orchid , Neotinea lactea (Poir.) RMBateman, Pridgeon & MWChase .
In the past, a distinction was made between the following varieties :
- Orchis tridentata var. Acuminata (Desf.) Maire & Weiller 1959
- Orchis tridentata var. Aetnensis (Tineo) Nyman 1882
- Orchis tridentata var. Gussonei (death.) Nyman 1882
- Orchis tridentata var. Hanrici (Hénon) Maire & Weiller 1959
- Orchis tridentata var. Parlatoris (Tineo) Nyman 1882
The following hybrids have been described:
- Neotinea × dietrichiana (Bogenh.) H. Kretzschmar, Eccarius & H. Dietr. ( Neotinea tridentata × Neotinea ustulata )
This hybrid occurs on common habitats of the two closely related species. However, the occurrences of the two species only rarely overlap.
For genetic reasons, the following hybrids are controversial (according to today's view intergeneric, i.e. between species of different genera):
- × Neotinorchis untchjii ( M. Schulze ) B.Bock ( Neotinea tridentata × Orchis mascula )
- × Neotinorchis canutii ( K. Richt .) B. Bock ( Neotinea tridentata × Orchis militaris )
- × Neotinorchis alfredo-fuchsii M.Schulze ( Neotinea tridentata × orchis purpurea )
- × Orchinea hermaniana (C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis) JMHShaw ( Neotinea tridentata × Orchis anatolica )
- × Orchinea genovae (Hautz.) JMHShaw ( Neotinea tridentata × Orchis patens )
- × Neotinacamptis huteri ( M. Schulze ) B. Bock ( Neotinea tridentata × Anacamptis morio )
Picture gallery
Neotinea tridentata
habitus
Neotinea tridentata
inflorescence
Neotinea tridentata
inflorescence
Neotinea tridentata
flowers
literature
Standard literature on orchids:
- H. Baumann, S. Künkele: The wild growing orchids of Europe. Franckh, 1982, ISBN 3-440-05068-8 .
- Karl Peter Buttler : Orchids, the wild species and subspecies of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa . Mosaik Verlag 1986, ISBN 3-570-04403-3 .
- Robert L. Dressler: The orchids - biology and systematics of the Orchidaceae . (1996) - good work on the subject of systematics [German]
- Hans Sundermann : European and Mediterranean orchids . Brücke-Verlag, 2nd edition: 1975, ISBN 3-87105-010-5 .
- JG Williams: Orchids of Europe with North Africa and Asia Minor . BLV Verlag, ISBN 3-405-11901-4 .
Special literature on the three-tooth orchid:
- RM Bateman, AM Pridgeon, & MW Chase (1997): Phylogenetics of subtribe Orchidinae (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences. 2. Infrageneric relationships and reclassification to achieve monophyly of Orchis sensu stricto , Lindleyana 12: 113-141
- RM Bateman, PM Hollingsworth, J. Preston, Y.-B. Luo, AM Pridgeon, & MW Chase (2003): Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected habenariinae (Orchidaceae) , Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 1-40, 2003.
- Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 5, ISBN 3-440-08048-X
Individual evidence
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 280 .
- ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Neotinea tridentata. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 4, 2016.
- ↑ a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele and Richard Lorenz: Orchids of Europe with adjacent areas . Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006. ISBN 978-3-8001-4162-3 . Pages 220 and 255.
Web links
Wikispecies: Three-tooth orchid ( Neotinea tridentata ) - Species directory- Neotinea tridentata. In: FloraWeb.de.
- J. Claessens, J. Kleynen: European orchids - 'Pollinators of Neotinea tridentata
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Distribution maps:
Regional links:
- The orchids of the Rhön: Three-tooth orchid Neotinea tridentata
- Orchids of southern Styria: Orchis tridentata three-tooth orchid
- AGEO (Switzerland): Orchis tridentata
- The orchids of Germany: Orchis tridentata
- orchis.de: Orchis × dietrichiana
See also:
Broad-leaved orchid (1989) | Pyramid Dogwort (1990) | Orchid (1991) | Large two-leaf (1992) | Orchid orchid (1993) | Swamp gloss herb (1994) | Bee-Ragwurz (1995) | Yellow Lady's Slipper (1996) | Bug Orchid (1997) | Marsh stendrums (1998) | Bocks strap tongue (1999) | Red Forest Bird (2000) | Herbst-Drehwurz (2001) | Vogel-Nestwurz (2002) | Fly Ragwort (2003) | Green hollow tongue (2004) | Brandy orchid (2005) | Broad-leaved stendola (2006) | Common Cabbage Rose (2007) | Overlooked Orchid (2008) | Male Orchid (2009) | Yellow Lady's Slipper (2010) | Two-leaved forest hyacinth (2011) | Pale Orchid (2012) | Purple Orchid (2013) | Leafless Rebeard (2014) | Flesh-colored orchid (2015) | Sommer-Drehwurz (2016) | White Forest Bird (2017) | Peat moss orchid (2018) | Tridenty orchid (2019) | Broad-leaved orchid (2020)