Private forest school Kaliski

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Berlin memorial plaque for the private Jewish forest school Kaliski Im Dol 2–6

The private forest school Kaliski ("PriWaKi") was a non-denominational, reform-pedagogically oriented, private day boarding school ( all-day school ) for girls and boys in the sense of the then still modern co-education , which was founded on April 7, 1932 in Berlin in Eichkamp . It moved to Grunewald in 1933 and was relocated to Dahlem in 1936 . It got its name after its founder and operator Lotte Kaliski .

history

“Get out of the city - learn in the great outdoors, with lots of exercise and sport.” That was a reform pedagogical approach of the early 20th century, which set the course for many private schools in particular. They consequently called themselves “Forest School” to make this clear. This approach offered the founder, the young Wroclaw math and physics teacher Lotte Kaliski, a professional perspective. Because of her walking disability caused by polio at the time, she would most likely not have found a job in public (state) schools.

Outdoor lessons, small class sizes for individual care, physical activity including gardening and the location near the forest appeared to many pupils and parents as an attractive alternative to a state school in the sea of ​​houses in the capital. In connection with some of the formative teachers at PriWaKi, Werner Fölling also refers to art and culture as special focus areas of the school. In fact, Jacob, whose educational philosophy can easily be reconciled with the ideas of the New Education, and the music teacher Jospe were the ones who inspired art (theater, music) and community life in the PriWaKi in a very special way and with it gave the school its unmistakable identity. Add to this - especially for elementary school children - Ruth Ehrmann. In the medium of art, these teachers found a pedagogically successful approach to Judaism that was less cramped and constructed in terms of methods, whereby Palestine and Eastern Judaism were not left out. "

Westend, Eichkamp (SCC)

The Kaliski private forest school, which was started on a small scale with 26 students in the Weimar Republic , was founded at the last minute. In the following year this would no longer have been possible. Lotte Kaliski's idiosyncrasy and courage made this possible, but also the assertiveness and negotiating skills of her partner Heinrich Selver with the authorities and their many departments. Paul Jacob, in turn, together with some of his colleagues, was the social and emotional anchor of the school team and, not least because of this, was considered the most popular of all teachers by the students.

The still small school was not allowed to teach for long in the rented rooms of the Charlottenburg Sports Club in the grandstands of the Mommsen Stadium . The SCC, which had taken over financially with the stadium construction in times of the global economic crisis , had meanwhile handed over the stadium to the city of Berlin. In 1933, she quit the Kaliski forest school in order to use the rooms she used for the Mommsen grammar school .

Grunewald, Bismarckallee 35/37

The school, called “PriWaKi” by the students, relocated to Bismarckallee 35/37 in Berlin-Grunewald at short notice due to the termination of its previous domicile, to the villa of the Jewish merchant family Hartog Frank, who had emigrated in 1931, directly opposite the Grunewald Church . From the outset, the villa and property were tightly dimensioned for school purposes, the villa only had 270 square meters of living space. Compared to the conditions in Eichkamp, ​​this resulted in considerable restrictions on their previously great freedom.

At that time the student body consisted of about fifty percent children of Jewish parents, about twenty-five percent of children with one Jewish parent (in Nazi diction, the child in these cases was a "Jewish first degree mixed race") and another twenty-five Percent from children with non-Jewish parents.

The 1st ordinance on the law against overcrowding in German schools and universities of April 25, 1933 limited the number of new admissions of Jewish students to public secondary schools (and universities). Jewish pupils and teachers were generally marginalized in the state schools, which particularly affected school beginners and younger pupils, because they were not yet able to counter what was inconceivable to them. Parents therefore tried to protect their children from such traumatic experiences by sending them to Jewish schools, of which there were initially not enough or their capacity was initially insufficient.

The pupils classified as “ Aryan ” by the National Socialists had to leave school by Easter 1934 by order of the school authorities and enroll in state schools. Due to the fact that it was run by Jews, the school had to be renamed as the Private Jewish Forest School Kaliski and was therefore only allowed to accept or employ students and teachers of Jewish origin. At the end of 1934 around 100 pupils were being taught at the Kaliski Forest School.

The content of the lessons changed in order to be able to counter the hostility from outside, to which the students were exposed every day, with an element of identity. The German students of Jewish origin, mostly from secular families or families who had converted to Christianity , were now supposed to deal with Judaism and Jewish festivals. The surviving schedule of an Obertertia (grade 9) of the Kaliski Forest School from 1938 shows a very busy week of lessons for around 14 to 15 year old students from 8:15 in the morning to 6 in the evening, with lunch and coffee breaks. Only Saturday afternoon and Sunday were free.

Against the background of a possible emigration of the students and their families, the subject of Palestine studies was introduced later. Language acquisition gained in importance, English and Hebrew were now the focus, but also the acquisition of practical everyday skills related to housekeeping.

Dahlem, Im Dol 2–6

In 1936 the Kaliski forest school moved again to Berlin-Dahlem, to street Im Dol 2-6. The trigger for this last move was the increasingly active resistance of “Aryan” property neighbors against the “Jewish school” from 1934 onwards. The bourgeois villa Im Dol 2–6, which was newly rented for this reason and because of the much larger usable area, was currently vacant. Its Jewish owners, a married couple, Valentin, had already emigrated abroad. During the Third Reich, the forest school developed into a shelter in an environment that was perceived as increasingly hostile. The relatively shielded ambience helped: tall trees and thick bushes characterized the spacious garden, and there was even a swimming pool in it. In 1938 more than 400 students attended the Kaliski Forest School.

Lotte Kaliski managed to emigrate to the United States in the late summer of 1938 . She never visited Germany until her death. Her father Max Kaliski was deported by the Nazis and died on September 1, 1942 in the Theresienstadt ghetto .

During the pogrom night of November 9, 1938, the school was spared from Nazi attacks.

According to a circular issued by the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education, Bernhard Rust , on November 15, 1938, all Jewish students were expelled from state schools as a result of the pogrom. As a result, the number of pupils at the private Jewish forest school in Kaliski rose again, to up to 600 pupils.

In March 1939, the school had to close by order of the National Socialists. Immediately afterwards, the Foreign Office took over the school premises.

Between 1939 and 1945 , the Foreign Office under Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop set up its message center with transmitting and receiving stations as well as new buildings for "special tasks", including an encryption and decryption station, on the former school grounds at Im Dol 2-6 .

Sometime after the Second World War , the Steglitz Clinic of the Free University of Berlin moved in with its speech therapy branch and knew about the Nazi intelligence past of the site, the traces of which are still visible today. Only at this point in time nothing was recognizable from the forest school.

Today the address is the seat of the Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute . As a federal agency, its chief employer is the Foreign Office. The property is owned by the Federal Agency for Real Estate Affairs (BIMA), succeeding the Oberfinanzdirektion Berlin , which was dissolved on January 1, 2005 .

On the former school grounds at Bismarckallee 35/37 there is now a new building complex for a care facility for the elderly.

memories

On April 18, 2001, a privately initiated and financed memorial plaque was unveiled on the property at Im Dol 2-6 in Berlin-Dahlem in the presence of former students. Her text reads: “From 1936 to 1939 the private Jewish forest school Kaliski was located on this property. Excluded from public schools, many Jewish students and teachers found here one last opportunity to learn and teach. In March 1939 the school was forced to close. Students and teachers fled to all parts of the world. 39 students were victims of the Shoah . "

The private forest school Kaliski is also remembered in the permanent exhibition of the Jewish Museum Berlin . In addition to the picture of the former Dahlem school building shown above, there is also a timetable from 1938 designed by a student.

Known students

Werner Fölling has published a list of 542 names which, with a few exceptions, contains all students who have attended PriWaKi for a year or more (source as of November 1991). In addition to surnames, first names and (in most cases) date of birth, the list also contains information on who was a victim of the Holocaust and who was able to emigrate. Fölling assumes 39 Holocaust victims; 211 people were certain that they could emigrate, but Fölling suspects that their number is at least twice as high. In view of this large number of PriWaKi students, it is only possible in a few cases to deal with individual fates. The following links therefore only refer to people who have achieved a certain level of awareness in their later life.

  • Werner Michael Blumenthal , US Treasury Secretary, Director Jewish Museum Berlin
  • Herbert Samuel (later: Shmuel) Kneller (born June 24, 1925), director of the Hebrew University High School in Jerusalem
  • Peter T. Landsberg , physicist and mathematician
  • Gunther S. Stent , molecular biologist, neuroscientist and philosopher of science
  • Kurt Löb (born January 11, 1926; † 2015) visited PriWaKi before the family fled to Amsterdam in 1939. Kurt Löb was a famous book illustrator.

Teaching staff

Hertha Luise Busemann dedicated a detailed portrait to the school's founder, Lotte Kaliski, in the island of security .

principal

  • 1932 - June 1938 Heinrich Selver (born as Hersch Laib Zelwer in 1901 in Błaszki ; † September 1957 in Paris)
  • July 1938 - March 1939 Paul Abraham Jacob (born July 10, 1893 in Berlin, † 1965 in Israel)
    Paul Abraham Jacob came from an assimilated Jewish family; his father was a businessman, on his mother's side there was an estate and a seed wholesaler in Quedlinburg .
    Paul Jacob attended the French Gymnasium in Berlin and received his school-leaving certificate there on March 18, 1912. From the summer semester of 1912 he studied German, French and philosophy in Berlin. His studies were interrupted by his military service. As a “one-year-old volunteer”, he served from October 1, 1913 to August 1, 1914 in Erlangen for the “10. Bavarian Field Artillery Regiment ", in order to then take part in campaigns and front-line operations. At the end of 1918, he was demobilized as a lieutenant in the reserve, with several military awards.
    After his military service Paul Jacob continued his studies in Berlin and graduated with distinction in 1921 . Besides, he was on 13 August 1921, a dissertation on the topic The novelistic insert in German prose novel and its foreign role models for "Dr. phil. ”. From January 1, 1922, he taught at the "Oberrealabteilung" of the Hohenzollern School, today's Gustav Langenscheidt School in Berlin-Schöneberg . On February 1, 1922, he was sworn in to the Prussian constitution and on March 15, 1922 to the Reich constitution. His permanent position in the higher education service in Prussia and associated with it his employment as a teacher at the Dorotheen-Lyzeum , today's Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium in Berlin-Koepenick , took place on October 1, 1926. The files noted the November 2, 1926 Birth of a child. Then there was only one entry, and it was at the top of the first page: “1. 10. 33 Retirement BBG ”. In plain English: the note about his dismissal from civil service on the basis of the law on the restoration of the civil service .
    What is not noted in the file is that Paul Jacob first went to Paris as an exchange teacher in 1929 and then as a lecturer at the University of Lille . Here in France he must have received news of his dismissal, but he returned to Germany in April 1934 and from then on worked at the PriWaKi. In 1934 he married a former student.
    In July 1938, Paul Jacob succeeded Heinrich Selver as head of the PriWaKi school. He built up a Palestine group at the school that emigrated to the     Ben Shemen children's and youth village founded by Siegfried Lehmann in 1939 . In September 1939 Paul and Franziska Jacob also emigrated. He learned first-intensive Hebrew and then took over the school management in the children's and youth village Meir Shefayah (also Meir Shfeya) between Haifa and the more southerly Hadera . Jacob pursued a distinctive and recognized artistic-pedagogical concept that relied on art and theater in social therapeutic work. He died in 1965.

Teachers

The following list is based on the biographical sketches by Werner Fölling.

The non-Jewish teaching staff

"We know very little about the non-Jewish teachers, as they had already left PriWaKi in 1934 and contact was finally broken off after a few years at the latest."

  • Anneliese Herrmann was a young art and handicraft teacher in the founding phase at PriWaKi. The personal card for teachers in the BBF archive contains only a few details about them: Born on April 30, 1912, Protestant, second teacher examination presumably ("temporarily") on April 1, 1938 and since April 1, 1937 at a school in Zeitz .
  • Mr. Kunze also worked briefly at PriWaKi in the start-up phase. He was arrested and perished in a concentration camp, but there is no reliable information on this.
  • Max Rackwitz was active as a sports and gymnastics teacher from 1933 to 1934; He is said to have been a sports and exercise therapist who was discharged from a university and who later worked as a private teacher. The BBF archive knows a Dr. Max Rackwitz, but he does not match the information given by Fölling, neither in terms of his age (born May 19, 1858) nor of his subjects (history, Latin, Greek). A sports teacher Max Rackwitz in Joachim-Friedrich-Str. 4 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf is noted in the Berlin address book from 1933.

The Jewish teaching staff

  • Frieda Alt. Her personal card for teachers contains only a few entries: Born on February 19, 1908, Jewish, first teacher examination on May 5, 1929 at the Pedagogical Academy in Frankfurt am Main , since Easter 1930 employed at an elementary school in Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin and presumably released on August 29, 1933.
  • Alfred Cohn (born June 25, 1897 in Breslau - 1976 in Israel). According to the Personalblatt A for (senior) -studien-directors, (senior) -studienrat, student assistant professors and student trainees , he was born in Breslau, where he passed his Abitur on March 17, 1915. With an interruption due to a year and a half military service, he also studied here and, again in Wroclaw, passed the 1 scientific examination for teaching in Latin, Greek and philosophy with the grade "Good". At the Johannesgymnasium Breslau , where he had spent his school days, he also completed his preparatory service, which he completed on March 5, 1923 with the title “passed with distinction”. On April 1, 1923 he was hired by the State of Prussia as a teacher. Again at his old school, he initially worked as a graduate student before he was able to work there from April 1, 1930 to March 20, 1934 as a teacher.
    Fölling characterizes him as an ambivalent character: “Although he had been a member of the KJV (Jewish-Zionist student union) since 1910 , he remained more of a theoretical Zionist . He was a distinctly aesthetic person who, although left-wing, had a very bourgeois mentality and way of life. ”
    After his release from the state school service, Cohn taught at a newly founded Jewish grammar school for three years before he went to Berlin in 1937 and became a teacher at the PriWaKi. He retired in 1939 and was from April onwards for half a year head of Hachshara -Zentrums Schniebinchen .
    With an immigration certificate issued very late in the year 1940, Cohn was able to emigrate to Palestine via England. He used the next two years for further training and, above all, for learning the Hebrew language. From 1943/1944 he worked in a children's home with Pardes Hanna before he went to Tel Aviv to teach at a high school. He came into contact with the left-Zionist kibbutz association ha-Kibbutz ha-Arzi ( State     Kibbutz Association ) and switched to their teachers' academy in Oranim near Haifa , where he ended his professional career.
  • Ruth Ehrmann, married in 1940 to the German-born Chilean sculptor Tótila Albert, (* May 21, 1909, † June 7, 1984 in Santiago de Chile ), is assigned to the PriWaKi "Inner Circle" by Fölling, who is responsible for the primary school children was incumbent. In addition, she taught English and sports in middle school. Further information about her is inaccurate or missing from Fölling, which is why her biographical data published by the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science (MPIWG) should be used here: She was born in 1933 at the English seminar of the University of Basel with the George dissertation, which was published in 1937 Bernard Shaw and Victorian Socialism PhD. In a letter dated September 19, 1938 to her colleague Lewinski, who had already emigrated (see below), Käthe Fränkel writes (see following section) that “Miss. Ehrmann [..] yesterday received the affidavit for America ”. It is not known why she did not make immediate use of it. Rather, it did not come to Great Britain until 1939 with a “domestic permit”, an entry permit for domestic help. Ruth Ehrmann found work at a boarding school for girls in Bristol and in 1940 married her Tótila Albert, who had also left Berlin in 1939. In the same year the two moved to Tótila Albert's homeland, Chile ; Ruth became a teacher at an English school in Santiago de Chile.
  • Käthe Fraenkel only appears on Werner Fölling's "Questionnaire for Higher Schools" from 1938, in which she is listed as a "high school teacher". In the archive database of the library for research on the history of education there is a "personal card for teachers" according to which a Käte Fränkel, born on May 22, 1895, passed the first teacher examination on February 4, 1914 and the second on March 11, 1915 both at the Oberlyzeum in Berlin-Lichterfelde . Since December 1924 she taught at the 15th community school in Berlin-Neukölln and on August 8, 1927, she was finally hired as a teacher in the primary school. Her dismissal according to § 3 BBG took place on January 1, 1934.
    Due to the matching date of birth, the entry in the list of stumbling blocks in Berlin-Friedenau fits this Käthe Fränkel : “On May 22, 1895, Käthe Fränkel was transferred to a Jewish place in Landsberg / Warthe Family born. She married the lawyer Otto Ewarth, who became the first public prosecutor in Berlin. He was retired in 1935. Otto and Käthe Ewarth moved to Stierstrasse 19 on February 1, 1940. On January 29, 1943, she and her husband were deported to Auschwitz, where they were murdered at an unknown time. ”In Werner Fölling's investigations she comes apart from that The questionnaire already mentioned, only with a letter dated September 19, 1938 to her colleague Lewinski (see below), who had already emigrated, in which she reported on the situation of the PriWaKi.
  • Julius Goldberg is listed on the "Questionnaire for Higher Schools" printed by Werner Fölling as a music teacher with 12 hours of teaching, who is permanently employed at the Theodor Herzl School . Reliable information about him is rare. There was a music teacher Julius Goldberg at the Jawne in Cologne. and from the mid-1930s there are several articles in the Jüdisches Gemeindeblatt für Rheinland und Westfalen that report on events that Julius Goldberg accompanied musically. In the July 1, 1938 edition of the Gemeindeblatt there is also the announcement of Julius Goldberg's marriage to Fanny Sperling; a Berlin address is given (Cuxhavener Str. 13) and the date of July 3, 1938. This suggests the assumption that Julius Goldberg had moved from Cologne to Berlin in order to work as a music teacher here, as on the Jawne to work.
    It is uncertain whether Julius and Fanny Goldberg survived the Nazi era. In the memorial book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933-1945 there are four entries on the name Julius Goldberg. The entry for Julius Goldberg, who was born in Berlin on February 24, 1896 and lives in     Berlin-Wilmersdorf, could be most appropriate . He was recorded in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp until December 13, 1938, which could be an indication of the wave of arrests following the November pogroms in 1938 . After his release he managed to escape to Belgium in May 1939, where he was surprised by the German invasion of the troops in 1940. It followed on 10/15. May 1940 deportation to the internment camp Saint-Cyprien (Pyrénées-Orientales) and from there on August 10, 1942 the transport to Auschwitz via the Drancy assembly camp.
  • Frieda Gossmann had the status of a “retired student councilor” (St.RiR) according to the “questionnaire for higher schools”, which, according to the language used at the time, indicates a dismissal from school service due to the law to restore the civil service . In 1938 she worked as a gymnastics and sports teacher at PriWaKi with three lessons. Further information about her is not available, but a memorandum about the Sophia School in Berlin can possibly be attributed to her .
  • Willy Gottfeld was a middle school teacher for history, geography and sports. The Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database of USHMM knows a born on December 30, 1909 Willy Gottsfeld Former residence of Berlin, in the Sept. 29, 1944 Auschwitz died. The latter agrees with the few references in Fölling.
  • Herbert Hecht came from a large Jewish family from Beuthen . The father was a merchant, the mother a housewife. Herbert was the oldest child in the family. The following information goes back to Werner Fölling, who did not give any dates of birth or death. Accordingly, Hecht attended a Jewish elementary school and then the grammar school in Bytom. In 1930 he graduated from high school and then began training as a pharmacist as a preliminary step to becoming a pharmacist. The pharmacist he worked for emigrated to Palestine in 1936, which forced Herbert Hecht to reorient his career. He applied to participate in the 1936 Summer Olympics as a decathlete , but got no chance and began studying in Stuttgart. Fölling speaks of "a sports university in Stuttgart" without further details, which could point to the Institute for Sports and Exercise Science founded in 1935 . After just one year, Hecht passed the final exam and went to the Theodor Herzl School in Berlin as a gymnastics and drawing teacher . From 1937 he also taught at the PriWaKi with a partial load: sport, practical exercises, manual work and lessons as part of the preparation for Palestine.
    Herbert Hecht turned down an offer to emigrate to Chile and illegally emigrated to Palestine via Holland. He actually wanted to go to the children's and youth village Ben Shemen , but since there was no vacancy there, he went first as a caretaker and then as an educator in the children's home “Kiriat Bialik”. What Fölling means by this was the children's home "Ahava" (love) in Kirjat Bialik, northeast of Haifa. This home went back to an orphanage in Berlin, which was able to emigrate to Palestine between 1934 and 1938 under the direction of Beate Berger . Hugo Rosenthal became head of this facility in 1941 .
    Fölling leaves open how long Herbert Hecht, who took the name Chaim Hadar , stayed in Kirjat Biali , but points out that he still moved to Pardes Hanna and worked there as a teacher until his retirement.
  • Edwin Heinrich was born in Berlin on August 8, 1905 , according to Personalblatt B for high school teachers and non-academically educated candidates at higher education institutions and attended the Askanische Gymnasium here from October 1911 to Easter 1924 . He studied from the winter semester 1924/1925 to the winter semester 1928/1929 in Berlin (in between a year in Heidelberg). Gymnastics, swimming and rowing are noted as passed exams. From October 1926 to October 1930 he completed his preparatory service at the State Prince Heinrichs Gymnasium in Berlin-Schöneberg , where he was employed as a high school teacher from October 1, 1930. His file also bears the note: “1. 9. 33 Retirement BBG ”. Fölling describes him as a good organizer who taught math, physics and sports. Presumably in 1937 he emigrated to the USA and worked at the McDonogh School from 1938 , which may indicate a school in Owing Mills in Maryland , a suburb of Baltimore .
  • Alice Hirschfeld (married Hardley) was a teacher for English and French and taught at PriWaKi from 1933 to 1939. She then emigrated to England, where she continued to work as a teacher.
    The “Personalblatt A for Directors, Scientific Teachers and Candidates for Higher Education” reveals more information about her background: Alice Auguste Hirschfeld was born on February 2, 1891 in Berlin. "Evangelical" is noted as religion. In 1910 she passed the "Teacher Examination for Higher Girls' Schools" and studied from Easter 1914 to August 1919 in Berlin. On June 29, 1920, the first examination took place in English, German and French and on June 10, 1921, the assessor examination at the State Elisabeth School in Berlin. The personnel sheet also provides information on further qualifications and experiences, such as a two-year activity as a game and folk dance teacher in Gothenburg (1909-1911), a long-term activity (1912-1916, 1917-1920) at a private secondary school for girls parallel to university education and a job as a scientific teacher. On July 1, 1921, Alice Hirschfeld became a Prussian employee, on August 30, 1924 she was sworn in as a civil servant, and on August 1, 1927, she was employed as a teacher in the secondary school service at the "Lyzeum I and University" in Berlin-Neukölln . The probably last entry is at the top of the first page of the personnel sheet: “1. 12. 33 Retirement BBG ”, ie dismissal based on the law to restore the civil service .
    Werner Fölling counts Alice Hirschfeld among the Jewish teachers at PriWaKi, which initially suggests a contradiction to the religion entry on the personnel sheet. However, her dismissal from civil service on the basis of the BBG suggests that she came from a Jewish family who had converted to Protestantism. Only as a Jew was she allowed to teach at the PriWaKi.
  • Erwin Jospe (born April 21, 1907 in Breslau , † January 1983 in Israel)
  • Elisabeth Kann is only mentioned incidentally as a sports teacher by Fölling; the archive database of the Library for Educational History Research does not contain any data on them.
  • Fritz Kost (born June 4, 1904 (1910) in Berlin; † November 11, 1999 in Israel) comes from an East Galician family with Austrian citizenship who moved to Berlin in 1901. The originally devout family gradually assimilated and the father ran a business with decorative feathers in Berlin.
    According to Fölling, Kost felt strongly drawn to Palestine as a schoolboy, but initially strived for “a typically German-Jewish career”. He attended high school and then studied law in Heidelberg. He completed his studies with the first state examination and a doctorate. His dissertation, published in 1934, was entitled Contract Law and Statute Law at the Interest Group
    In Heidelberg, Kost met Grete Wolf (* March 23, 1908; † June 12, 1993), his future wife. She was also a lawyer from a Jewish family and a student of Gustav Radbruch . Both were able to begin a legal clerkship in Berlin, but were then dismissed after the seizure of power.
    Kost had been a member of the Zionist youth union Blau-Weiß since 1919 and had a very good knowledge of Hebrew. The latter enabled him to teach Hebrew at PriWaKi for several years in addition to his job as a freelance property manager after his release from his legal clerkship. Fölling describes this as a “hobby due to a Jewish-Zionist attitude”, but failed to achieve real success: “Despite good preparation, he found the response from the children disappointed. In the first few years in particular, with his Zionist position, he was still an outsider among the teachers. ”
    Kost's parents had already gone to Palestine in 1933. He and his wife stayed, but tried to complete a hachshara training at the Neuendorf farm . Because the working conditions were too harsh, they dropped out, but Kost continued to teach Hebrew on the estate. In 1937 the Kosts decided to emigrate and arrived in Palestine in early 1938. Kost, who now called himself Efraim Severin Simcha , immediately found work as a freelance property manager. In the data set of the German National Library for his dissertation, he is linked to the Eitan Berglas School of Economics at Tel Aviv University . However, this notice only leads to the Friends of the Eitan Berglas School of Economics , which also includes Kost Levary & Forer , the Tel Aviv-based auditing firm Kost Levary & Forer, a company in the Ernst & Young group . Evidence that the part of the name Kost contains a connection to Fritz Kost, who also had his name Hebrew, cannot be found.
  • Ludwig Kuttner (born April 9, 1908 in Frankfurt am Main; † after April 15, 1943 in Auschwitz ) was the son of Moritz Kuttner (born April 4, 1878 in Bellersheim , living in Frankfurt am Main, in the 1940s after deported to an unknown location) and his wife Bella, née Steierman (born April 15, 1882 in Frankfurt am Main, also resident there, like her husband deported to an unknown location).
    Kuttner was said to have strong Jewish ties.
    In the summer of 1939 changed Ludwig Kuttner and his family into Hachshara -Zentrum Schniebinchen , where he taught and participated in the training of the group leaders. After Alfred Cohn left there (see above), he became head of the facility together with Fanny Bergas in September 1939 . On July 31, 1941, Schniebinchen had to be dissolved by an official order. The redeployment has now turned into officially mandated labor in a labor camp. Ludwig Kuttner and his family, Fanny Bergas and a group of young people came to a camp in Paderborn .
    Fölling reports that even under the difficult conditions in Paderborn, Kuttner made sure “that the children and young people did not become mentally neglected” and therefore organized readings and theater performances. In 1943, however, the group was deported to Auschwitz, although the young people apparently had no idea what the aim and purpose of their journey was supposed to be: “The teachers, including von Kuttner, gave each of the approximately one hundred members (around a third of whom were women) the assignment to put in a Reclam classic booklet so that one could build up a small library again in the new warehouse. On March 1, 1943, they were transported to Auschwitz for several days in a cattle wagon. In Auschwitz, men and women (with children) were separated. Either Ms. Kuttner and the children Michael and Uri were driven straight into the gas chamber, or they first came to the women's camp and died later. ”
    Ludwig Kuttner initially stayed alive. He was posted to the Buna works for forced labor , but soon fell ill there. He was taken to a sick camp and died after April 15, 1943. It is not known whether he died as a result of his illness or was gassed.
  • Hilde Laubhard was after the "questionnaire for higher schools" as a "high school teacher i. R. “at PriWaKi. An addition identifies her as a “high school teacher”. The addition “i. R. “can also be interpreted as an indication of her dismissal from school service due to the law for the restoration of the civil service .
  • Julius Lewin is listed as a drawing teacher in the “Questionnaire for Higher Schools”. The archive database of the Library for Educational History Research contains only one entry about Erich Julius Lewin, who was born on July 10, 1899. According to his personal card for teachers , he had taken the first teacher examination on February 21, 1919 in Schweidnitz and the second on May 27, 1922 in Waldenburg-Altwasser . It is not noted where he taught afterwards, only that on October 1, 1927, he was finally employed in public school. From November 24th to 30th, 1931, he passed the secondary school teacher examination in Wroclaw, including in mathematics and physics, and had already qualified for work in youth care in Wroclaw on January 8th, 1927.
    Since December 1, 1931, he was employed at a school in Woitsdorf in the district of Oels . On January 1, 1934, he was dismissed under Section 3 of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service .
  • Wilhelm Lewinski (born December 28, 1903 in Berlin-Heinersdorf - † December 1, 1989 in Chicago), Dr. jur. and a lawyer dismissed from the civil service, was the head of the day boarding school of the PriWaKi. He left the school shortly before the end of 1937, as can be seen in a farewell letter from school principal Heinrich Selver dated December 30, 1937. In January 1938 he emigrated to Colombia with his heavily pregnant wife and from then on lived in Bogotá . The Leon Trotsky exile papers are kept
    in the Harvard University Library . In which there is a document with the title     CV of Dr. Wilhelm Lewinski [and his wife] of April 21, 1938. These two résumés were attached to a letter from Wilhelm Lewinski with which he asked for support on April 21, 1938 from Bogotá to Leon Trotsky in his Mexican exile. He did not attempt this "because I am allowed to call you about your political views, but only because I believe that I can appeal to your human characteristics". He describes himself as a “social democrat and to the end even an ardent supporter of official party politics”, but his situation in Colombia was so depressing for him that he still hoped for help from Trotsky. The following reconstruction of Lewinski's life is based on this letter and the résumés. Wilhelm Lewinski's father ran a small pig fattening and soap factory, but the business collapsed after the father was called up in 1915, the mother died in 1918 of malnutrition and the father returned from the First World War, seriously injured in the war. Thanks to a scholarship, Wilhelm Lewinski was still able to take his Abitur, but he had to give up law studies that he started afterwards for financial reasons. Lewinski began commercial training in an export company on August 1, 1922 and worked there for another three years after completing his apprenticeship, most recently as head of the shipping department. At the same time he attended evening lectures on Roman law, economics and finance. In March 1927 he completed evening studies at the German School of Politics with a diploma. The supervisors of his scientific work on “The Bessarabian Question” were the lecturers Georg Cleinow and Adolf Grabowsky . Lewinski now resumed his law studies and passed the legal traineeship exam in 1930. He completed his legal clerkship in various legal institutions and at his own request also in Theodor Liebknecht's office . In 1933 he passed the second state examination and was qualified to be a judge. Before that, he was in Leipzig in 1932 with a dissertation on the classification of lawbreakers according to the Prussian regulation on the execution of sentences in stages of June 7, 1929 . been awarded a doctorate. Lewinski attributes his preoccupation with this topic to his many years of work in the political youth movement: as a high school student he became a member of the Socialist Workers' Youth , later a member of the Socialist student group in Berlin and a member of the SPD . His dissertation was based on studies in Prussian youth prisons and penal institutions. The Nazi seizure of power prevented him from entering the civil service as a Jew. He was also soon banned from working as a freelance legal advisor and auditor, and so by 1933 he had no alternative but to look for a job in Jewish youth work. "Because of my political work and anti-Zionist attitude, I had great difficulties to overcome before I was allowed to work as an organizer, after-school care provider, educator and teacher in day-care centers, holiday colonies with outdoor play areas and, most recently, private schools." He does not mention his name, however, but the few sites near Fölling suggest that he worked there for several years. Lewinski refers in his curriculum vitae to a stay at the University of Aarhus in 1932, during which he studied and learned the Danish language, and continues: “In 1937 I suddenly became involved in a matter of our accelerated departure required. ”He does not specify what this matter was. However, there are some references to the emigration that took place in January 1938 on an Icelandic website: There you can read that the "socialist and even Marxist" Lewinski apparently found shelter for some time with an Olsen family in Aarhus, from where he tried should go to Iceland or the Faroe Islands . Ultimately, however, Lewinski went to South America. He visited his Danish supporters again from Chicago around 1987. Shortly after her arrival in Bogotá, she gave birth to their son Joergen-Pedro on February 20, 1938. At this point in time, and also at the time of the letter to Trotsky written a few months later, the young parents were in a difficult position (Wilhelm Lewinski speaks of “the greatest misery”): They had no money and no connections, Gertrud Lewinski had because of the climate and the high altitude had heart problems and he had no work. In addition: “The local Jewish committee is causing us the greatest difficulties because we have known ourselves as opponents of Zionism. By the way, the gentlemen seem to have a palpable aversion to German Jews. ” Lewinski's appeal for help to Trotsky seems to have been unsuccessful. He and his family lived in Bogotá for a long time. He was politically active in the context of the communist-dominated Free Germany movement . This emerges, among other things, from a letter to the editor entitled Die Juden und der Antifaschismus ( The Jews and Antifascism) in the Organ Free Germany published in Mexico (1944, No. 7, p. 26). It is not known when Wilhelm Lewinski was able to enter the USA, nor is his professional activity there. A contribution attributable to him can be found in the Journal of the American Bar Association from June 1958. In a longer letter to the editor entitled “Nazi Justice and German Lawyers” published there, he opposes the opinion expressed in an earlier journal article that German lawyers they followed their professional ideals even during the Third Reich and took on a pioneering role in the resistance movement. He counters this: “As a former lawyer who was trained under the democratic laws of Weimar and with the classic traditions of German jurisprudence and who was forced to give up his profession and his country, I am of the opinion that more research and a better knowledge of the actions, backgrounds and motivations of the German lawyers do not support the noble intention of the American author. "Lewinski very knowledgeably discusses the entanglement of the German lawyers in the Nazi system and therefore opposes sweeping attempts in the article criticized by him: “It would be better to judge every German lawyer individually on his merits than to generalize without facts.” In the 1960s and early 1970s, articles under the name “Wilhelm Lewinski (Chicago)” were published in the Zeitschrift für Politik . This closes the circle to his already mentioned teacher Adolf Grabowsky, who was a co-founder of this magazine. Wilhelm Lewinski died on December 1, 1989 in Chicago.







  • Franz Mühlhauser (born March 26, 1912 in Augsburg; † April 28, 1996 as Ephraim Millo in Israel)
    Werner Fölling can use a short autobiography that Mühlhauser wrote and printed in full to illustrate Mühlhauser's biography. Franz Mühlhauser's parents were the banker's son Albert Mühlhauser from Krumbach (Swabia) and Marie Dreyfuss from Speyer , daughter of the textile manufacturer Sigmund Dreyfuss. The couple initially lived in Augsburg , where their first daughter, Stephanie, was born on November 21, 1909, and Franz in 1912. The children Ernst and Klara followed later. One year after Franz was born, the family moved to Speyer, where Albert Mühlhauser initially became an authorized signatory and soon afterwards became a partner in his father-in-law's clothing company.
    Franz Mühlhauser attended the grammar school at the Kaiserdom in Speyer , where he passed the final examination in 1931. He studied 3 semesters of law in Heidelberg and then 2 semesters in Leipzig, but had to drop out because the National Socialist seizure of power had meanwhile taken place and he was excluded from studying as a Jew. Mühlhauser reoriented himself and began training at the elementary school teacher training institute founded in 1934 by the Prussian State Association of Jewish Communities in Berlin. Due to his previous education, he was able to complete his training after two years at the end of 1936 and on February 17, 1937, he received from the school council of the Berlin-Wilmersdorf district the "permission, initially limited to March 31, 1938, to give lessons in primary school subjects to individual Jewish people and Groups of 2 - 3 Jewish people, in Jewish families and in Jewish private schools ”.
    During this teacher training, Mühlhauser met Erwin Jospe (see above), who taught music at the teacher training institute - as well as at the PriWaKi. On his recommendation, Mühlhauser applied to the PriWaKi: “I was accepted and taught the lower classes. My inclination for music, drawing, puppet theater, and sports were of great benefit to me there. I also taught music and sports in the upper classes and worked in the day boarding school, at lunchtime, monitoring homework, doing handicrafts and in sports. ”
    Franz Mühlhauser also perceived the PriWaKi as an“ island of security ”, but he begins to learn Hebrew and is getting closer Zionism. He and his siblings Stephanie and Ernst received affidavits for the US, but he did not join them and instead pursued a plan to go to Palestine. He escaped the difficulties with the immigration certificates by the fact that in 1938 a student certificate was also introduced by the British mandate, which allowed him to enter the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . Mühlhauser took this opportunity and stepped on Palestinian soil on November 7, 1938 in Haifa. However, he did not have the financial means to study, and he could not realize his plan to build a forest school in Palestine based on the model of the PriWaKi. Instead he kept himself, who now called himself Ephraim Millo, “first with recorder lessons above water, then ran a home for the difficult-to-educate, entered the probation service of the mandate government in 1944 and, after the state was founded, became a department director in the Ministry of Welfare. After completing a master's degree in the USA, his path in social administration went up and down until he was finally head of family welfare and welfare offices in Israel. In 1976 he retired ”.
    His parents, Albert and Marie Mühlhauser, and his sister Klara were deported to     Camp de Gurs in October 1940 as part of the Wagner-Bürckel campaign and interned there. On August 12, 1942, they were brought from Gurs via the Drancy assembly camp to Auschwitz , where they were murdered. Grandfather Sigmund Dreyfuss, who meanwhile lived in Wiesbaden, committed suicide on August 26, 1942, knowing that he was about to be deported to the retirement ghetto in Theresienstadt . Ephraim Millo's son Yoram Millo lives in Jerusalem and works as Director of Photography (chief cameraman) for film and television. Among other things, he was the cameraman for the documentary My Family, the Nazis and I (Hitler's Children) by the Israeli director Chanoch Ze'evi , which was shown on television, about five descendants of leading Nazi criminals.
  • Annelotte Remak (born July 15, 1901 in Glogau , † January 3, 1994 in the USA, married Pels) was one of the three children of Else and Benno Remak. According to the Personalblatt A for (senior) study directors, (senior) study councilors, study assessors and trainee teachers, the father was a doctor and medical adviser.
    Annelotte Remak passed the matriculation examination at the Augusta State School in Breslau on February 13, 1920 , a high school for girls. Between the winter semester of 1920/21 and the summer semester of 1929, she studied in Berlin, Göttingen and Breslau, where on March 1, 1930, she passed the first teaching examination in mathematics and physics and applied mathematics. Her first year of preparation began on April 1, 1930 at the Johanneum in Liegnitz , and she spent the second year of preparation in Breslau, where she passed the second teaching examination on February 16, 1933 with the grade “sufficient”. There are no data on her civil service on the personnel sheet, but an entry at the head of page 1, which is difficult to decipher, indicates that Annelotte Remak was not accepted into the state school service on April 7, 1933 due to the law on civil servants . The same thing apparently happened to her six-year-old sister, for whom there is also a personnel sheet in the BBF database.
    After Werner Fölling, Annelotte Remak came to PriWaKI in 1938 as a mathematics and physics teacher; after it was closed, she still taught at a school in the Jewish community. In 1941 she managed to escape to the USA as if by a miracle. The Ellis Island database records her arrival on the ship Navemar in 1941 with no exact date. The Navemar was a Spanish merchant ship that departed Seville on July 30, 1941 with more than 1,000 Jewish refugees on board. There were far more passengers on board than allowed for the ship. During the 48-day journey, the refugees suffered from disease and hunger; six passengers died during the crossing, one died after arriving in New York, where the Navemar arrived on September 12, 1941. Several hundred passengers filed a lawsuit against the shipping company upon arrival, many of whom were represented by the lawyer Saul Sperling.
    Whether Annelotte Remak was one of the passengers on this crossing cannot be said with absolute certainty. In the USA it was difficult for her to find a professional connection. The main obstacle was her pronounced German accent, which only enabled her to teach at a grammar school instead of a job at a college.
  • In 1937, Ernst Salzberger moved from PriWaKi to the Jewish rural school home in Herrlingen
  • Olga Schiffmann is listed in the “Questionnaire for Higher Schools” of 1938 as “St.Ass.iR”, which refers to her dismissal from the state school service due to the law to restore the civil service . There is no further direct information about her, but in the Berlin address book for 1938 there is a Dr. phil. Olga Schiffmann, Berlin-Steglitz, Grunewaldstr. 30 listed. This in turn leads to a philosophical dissertation in the catalog of the German National Library (DNB) from 1918: On the reproduction of Gregarina Blattarum and Gregarina cuneata . Further publications written by her and a co-author identify both as members of the Physiological Institute of the University of Halle .
    The next reference to Olga Schiffmann leads to the Lerchenfeld high school in Hamburg-Uhlenhorst . On the school's homepage, under “History”, there is a first mention that she was one of those “who were lucky [...] because they decided to flee in time”. From there, however, you can also open another document that provides more insight. Olga Schiffmann worked as a class teacher at Lerchenfeld from 1926 onwards, as well as a subject-specific biology teacher. She is described there as popular and very socially committed, but who also kept her distance. In August 1933 she disappeared from one day to the next without a trace; neither the school nor the family had given any explanations or indications of her whereabouts.
    The text leaves out the years after 1933 and suggests that Olga Schiffmann went directly abroad at that time. This was not the case, however, because as already shown, she moved to Berlin and taught at PriWaKi from an unknown point in time. She only escaped after 1938, because she was still teaching at the PriWaKi, and is documented by an entry in the Ellis Island database : Olga Schiffmann, 39 years old, entered the USA in 1940.
    Around 1960 a former Hamburg student met Olga Schiffmann by chance while visiting Hamburg. There was a class reunion at which Olga Schiffmann told her story: "She had fled from Hamburg via France, Switzerland and other detours to the USA and became a teacher again in the USA after initial language difficulties." The Berlin stopover is missing in this story .
  • Annemarie Schwarz was an elementary school teacher who taught gymnastics and needlework at PriWaKi for eight hours a week in 1938.
  • Elisabeth Selver
  • Josef Weinberg, listed as "St.Ass" (study assessor) in 1938, was born on October 12, 1909 in Sulzbürg in the Upper Palatinate. In the memorial book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933-1945 he is listed with the residence Würzburg. He emigrated to Belgium, where he was arrested. He was supposed to be deported to Auschwitz from the SS assembly camp in Mechelen , but apparently he died on April 19, 1943 in the Mechelen assembly camp. Weinberg's complete pedigree is kept in the Jewish Museum Berlin .
    There is only one reference to Josef Weinberg's education and professional activity, his dissertation on The Algebra of Abū Kāmil Sogā ben Aslam .

Foreign teaching staff

After Werner Fölling there were two foreign teachers who came to PRiWaKi in 1937:

  • Kinsey Jones, a Quaker who came over from England in 1937 . At PriWaKi he wanted to "teach mathematics and physics in English as part of the English exam preparation." Nothing more is known about him.
  • Simon Maurice Plotnick (* 1915 in England; † December 28, 1992 in White Plains Hospital in White Plains (New York) ) came to Fölling together with Kinsey Jones at PriWaKi. After the PriWaKi was closed, Plotnick went to Baghdad as a teacher in 1939 and emigrated from there to the USA in 1940. Plotnick was a Cambridge University scholar . He completed his studies there in 1938 with an honorary degree in mathematics and went first to PriWaKi and then to Baghdad to prepare young Jewish people for the British university entrance exams.
    From Baghdad, Plotnick came to Yeshiva University in New York as a dormitory director in 1940 and later directed the Maimonides School in Brookline, Massachusetts, near Boston . From 1948 on he built a Jewish day school in Mamaroneck . Plotnick, who saw himself as a headmaster in the British tradition, wanted to "combine the best of the British public school with the best of the enlightened Jewish world". After Plotnick retired in 1982, he was appointed Associate Professor of Mathematics at Pace University .

swell

literature

  • Michael Daxner: The Private Jewish Forest School Kaliski in Berlin, 1932–1939. In: Arnold Paucker / Sylvia Gilchrist / Barbara Suchy: The Jews in National Socialist Germany. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 1986. ISBN 3-16-745103-3
  • Hertha Luise Busemann / Michael Daxner / Werner Fölling: Island of security. The private forest school Kaliski. Berlin 1932 to 1939. Metzler, Stuttgart 1992. ISBN 978-3-476-00845-9 . Among other things:
    • Hertha Luise Busemann: The school founder - Lotte Kaliski , p. 76–126.
    • Hertha Luise Busemann: The headmaster - Heinrich Selver , p. 127–199.
    • Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 257–294
    • Werner Fölling: Schüler , pp. 294–319
  • Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 1995, ISBN 978-3-8100-1269-2 , pp. 99-136.

Movies

  • Ingrid Oppermann: A villa in Dahlem - On the trail of the Kaliski Jewish Forest School , length: 60 minutes, production: Sender Freies Berlin , 1999
  • Ingrid Oppermann: Class reunion - a Jewish reform school in the Third Reich

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Photo: School patch Waldschule Kaliski (WK) for the jersey for school sports on: jmberlin.de, accessed on July 20, 2015
  2. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity. Pp. 99/100
  3. ↑ Werner Fölling: Lehrer , p. 268. For details on the teachers mentioned, see below.
  4. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . Pp. 191/192
  5. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . Pp. 105/106
  6. ↑ Lotte Kaliski School . In: District lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
  7. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . P. 106
  8. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . P. 103
  9. ↑ Kiezspaziergang November 9, 2002 - From Roseneck to Hagenplatz , on: berlin.de, accessed on July 20, 2015
  10. ↑ Kiezspaziergang November 13, 2004 - From Roseneck to Hagenplatz , on: berlin.de, accessed on July 20, 2015
  11. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . P. 111
  12. ↑ Photo: Timetable Obertertia 1938, Kaliski Forest School. jmberlin.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  13. ^ Everyday school life after 1933. Crusade against children . swr.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  14. ↑ Youth 1918–1945. Jewish youth . jugend1918-1945.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  15. ^ Photo (1938): School building Im Dol 2–6, Berlin-Dahlem. jmberlin.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  16. ↑ A safe place . In: Die Zeit , No. 19/1993
  17. ↑ Gifted despite handicap . In: Jüdische Allgemeine , March 16, 2006; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  18. ↑ Max Kaliski death report, Theresienstadt ghetto. ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. holocaust.cz; Retrieved July 20, 2015 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www2.holocaust.cz
  19. ↑ Memorial plaque forest school Kaliski. Gedenkenafeln-in-berlin.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  20. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity . P. 188
  21. ↑ Berlin Jewish School History: The Kaliski School . berlin-judentum.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  22. ↑ Kaliski Forest School: Memory of a Refuge . In: Der Tagesspiegel , April 18, 2001; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  23. ↑ The forgotten Jewish forest school . In: Berliner Zeitung , June 16, 2000
  24. ↑ Dissolution of the Berlin regional finance department, press release of November 23, 2004, at: berlin.de, accessed on July 20, 2015
  25. ↑ Kaliski Forest School: Memory of a Refuge . In: Der Tagesspiegel , April 18, 2001; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  26. ↑ Photo: memorial plaque forest school Kaliski. Gedenkenafeln-in-berlin.de; Retrieved July 20, 2015
  27. ↑ Werner Fölling: Schüler , pp. 294-319
  28. ↑ Herbert Samuel Kneller ( Memento of the original from July 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at: berlin.de, accessed on July 20, 2015 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.berlin.de
  29. ^ The Kurt Löb Collection in the Jewish Museum Berlin
  30. ↑ Hertha Luise Busemann: The school founder - Lotte Kaliski
  31. ↑ In detail: Hertha Luise Busemann: The headmaster - Heinrich Selver
  32. ^ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity. S. 189/190, and Werner Fölling: Teacher
  33. ↑ a b c d Werner Fölling: Teacher . In: Hertha Luise Busemann, Michael Daxner, Werner Fölling: Island of Security. The private forest school Kaliski. Berlin 1932 to 1939. Metzler, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-476-00845-2 , pp. 257-294, which in turn is based on a questionnaire for higher schools of the Reich Ministry of Education from May 1938.
  34. ↑ a b Archive database of the library for research on the history of education - search term: Paul Jacob
  35. ^ Jacob Paul: The novellist insert in the German prose novel and its foreign models . Philosophical dissertation, Berlin 1921, DNB 366316915
  36. ↑ Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 260-261.
  37. ^ Archive database of the library for educational history research - search term: Anneliese Herrmann
  38. ^ Archive database of the library for educational history research - search term: Max Rackwitz
  39. ↑ Rackwitz, Max . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1933, part 1, p. 2103.
  40. ^ Archive database of the library for educational history research - search term: Frieda Alt
  41. ^ Archive database of the library for research on the history of education - search term: Alfred Cohn
  42. ↑ a b Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 282–284.
  43. ↑ Biography of Tótila Albert Schneider (1892–1967)
  44. ↑ Werner Fölling: Lehrer , p. 274
  45. ↑ Ruth Ehrmann: George Bernard Shaw and Victorian Socialism . Antwerp, 1937, DNB 570122538
  46. ↑ Quoted from Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity , p. 131
  47. ^ Ruth Ehrmann in the University Women's International Networks Database of the MPIWG
  48. ↑ a b c d e f g h Werner Fölling: Lehrer , p. 293
  49. ^ Archive database of the library for research on the history of education - search term: Käthe Fränkel
  50. ↑ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity , p. 131
  51. ↑ Memorial plaque for the Theodor Herzl School
  52. ↑ Ludwig Meidner and the music teacher Julius Goldberg in front of the Jawne (PDF)
  53. ^ Jüdisches Gemeindeblatt für Rheinland und Westfalen , Volume 8, Number 26, July 1, 1938, p. 257, archive.org
  54. ^ Commemorative book victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933-1945: Julius Goldberg
  55. ↑ Frieda Gossmann: Memorandum for the fiftieth anniversary of the Sophia School in Berlin . Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld 1926, DNB 57351917X .
  56. ↑ Willy Gottfeld in the Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database of the USHMM
  57. ^ Research platform of the Free University of Berlin : Interview with Hildegard Simon, née Hecht, sister of Herbert Hecht, on November 17, 1997 in São Paulo - Brazil
  58. ↑ Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 276-277.
  59. ^ On the history of the Institute for Sport and Exercise Science in Stuttgart
  60. ↑ Fölling does not mention any location, but in the mid-1930s there was only one school of that name in Germany, and it was in Berlin. Its director was Paula Fürst . (See also: memorial plaque for the Theodor Herzl School )
  61. ^ Archive database of the library for research on the history of education - search term: Edwin Heinrich
  62. ↑ Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 261-262.
  63. ↑ Werner Fölling: Lehrer , p. 263
  64. ^ Archive database of the library for research on the history of education - search term: Alice Hirschfeld
  65. ^ Biography of Erwin Jospe and Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 271–275
  66. ↑ The dates of birth and death are taken from the Gretel Kost website at www.myheritage.co.il . On the German MyHeritage site Gretel Wolf , the year of birth 1904 is given with the same date and month. The teacher Fritz Kost, who is shown in the archive database of the BBF, has nothing to do with him.
  67. ↑ a b c d Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 284–286.
  68. ^ Fritz Kost: Contract law and statute law in the interest group . Heidelberg legal dissertation, Würzburg 1934, DNB 570475031
  69. ↑ Gretel Kost on www.myheritage.co.il
  70. ^ Gustav Radbruch: Letters , edited by Erik Wolf, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1968, p. 328
  71. ^ Friends of the Eitan Berglas School of Economics and Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer Accounting and Bookkeeping Services - Tel Aviv-Jaffa - Israel
  72. ^ Commemorative book victims of the persecution of Jews under the Nazi tyranny in Germany 1933-1945: Ludwig Kuttner
  73. ↑ a b c d Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 286–291.
  74. ↑ The dates of birth, information on the place of residence and the deportation come in both cases from the memorial book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933-1945 ; There are no entries about them on the Stolpersteine ​​in Frankfurt am Main website . There is no stumbling block for her son Ludwig either in Frankfurt or Berlin. The CENTRAL YAD VASHEM DATABASE OF THE NAMES OF THE HOLOCAUSTOPFER does not provide any further information on any of the Kuttners. According to the official Frankfurt address book from 1908, the family lived at Berger Str. 22; Moritz Kuttner, who traded in roofing articles, was registered in 1933 at Königswarther Str. 13. ( Frankfurt address books )
  75. ^ A b Claudia Schoppmann: "Happy Islands"? "Auf Hachschara" in Schniebinchen and Jessen in the Niederlazsitz. In: Rainer Ernst for Finsterwalde District Museum and Association of Friends and Supporters of the Finsterwalde District Museum e. V. (Ed.): “Yesterday we arrived safely here. Contributions to Jewish history in Niederlausitz ” , Der Speicher, Heft 9, Verlag Gunter Oettel, Görlitz and Zittau, 2005, ISBN 3-938583-01-0 , pp. 152–178.
  76. ↑ For the history of the Paderborn labor camp see: Dark chapter of the history / memory of the labor camp on the Grüner Weg , Neue Westfälische 15 - Paderborn (district), from February 28, 2013, and From the history of the Jewish community in Paderborn
  77. ^ Archive database of the library for research on the history of education - search term: Julius Lewin
  78. ↑ In the memorial book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 there is no entry matching this Julius Lewin; Since no job titles are displayed there, it cannot be ruled out that one or the other of the 7 Kurt Lewins displayed there could also be considered as a teacher at the PriWaKi: Memorial book victims of the persecution of Jews under the Nazi tyranny in Germany 1933–1945: Result list Julius Lewin
  79. ↑ Werner Fölling: Between German and Jewish Identity, p. 129, p. 138, p. 233 (note 161)
  80. ↑ a b c d e f g Trotsky, Leon, 1879-1940. Leon Trotsky exile papers: Guide. ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Owning Repository: HOU; Call Number: MS Russ 13.1; Vol / Box / Folder / Item (s): 2751. The documents were made available as photocopies by the library. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / oasis.lib.harvard.edu
  81. ^ Wilhelm Lewinski: The classification of lawbreakers according to the Prussian regulation on the execution of sentences in stages of June 7, 1929 . Leipzig legal dissertation, Risse-Verlag Dresden and Karl Fr. Fleischer, Leipzig 1932, DNB 574885145
  82. ↑ Olaf Olsen - In Memoriam , November 23, 2015. Olaf Olsen (historian) (1928–2015), was a Danish historian and archaeologist; his parents hid Wilhelm Lewinski.
  83. ↑ Karin Hartewig: Returned. The history of the Jewish communists in the GDR. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna, 2000, ISBN 3-412-02800-2 , p. 280 (note 21)
  84. ^ A b William Lewinski (Chicago): Nazi Justice and German Lawyers , in: American Bar Association , June 1958, pp. 510-512. "As a former jurist who was educated during the democratic rule of Weimar and with the classical traditions of German jurisprudence and who was compelled to give up his profession and his country, I feel that more research and a better knowledge of the actions, background and motivations of the German jurists do not support the noble intention of the American writer. "
  85. ↑ a b c d e f Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 277–282.
  86. ↑ a b c d Jewish life pictures: 11. SIGMUND DREYFUSS
  87. ↑ For this facility see: Jörg H. Fehrs: Von der Heidereutergasse zum Roseneck. Jewish schools in Berlin 1712–1942. Edition Hentrich, Berlin, 1993, ISBN 978-3-89468-075-6 , pp. 207-208.
  88. ↑ In memory of Sigmund Dreyfuss (PDF)
  89. ↑ Senior Citizens Office of the City of Speyer: actively involved, 1/2016
  90. ↑ My family, the Nazis and I on youtube
  91. ↑ FILMOGRAPHY Yoram Millo on filmportal.de
  92. ↑ Annelotte Remak on myheritage.de and PELS, ANNELOTTE
  93. ↑ a b c Archive database of the library for educational history research - search term: Annelotte Remak
  94. ^ Augusta-Schule Breslau in the archive database of the library for research on the history of education
  95. ^ Archive database of the library for educational history research - search term: Brigitte Remak
  96. ↑ a b Werner Fölling: Lehrer , p. 292
  97. ↑ Ellis Island PASSENGER SEARCH
  98. ↑ Guide to the SS Navemar - Saul Sperling Collection 1941–1953. Leo Baeck Institute
  99. ↑ Schiffmann, Olga . In: Berliner Adreßbuch , 1938, part 1, p. 2438.
  100. ↑ Olga Schiffmann: About the reproduction of Gregarina Blattarum and Gregarina cuneata . Munich Philosophical Dissertation, 1918, Fischer, Jena 1919, DNB 365069531
  101. ↑ E. Abderhalden, O. Schiffmann: Pflügers Arch. (1922) 194, doi: 10.1007 / BF01884144 - E. Abderhalden, O. Schiffmann: Pflügers Arch. (1922) 195, doi: 10.1007 / BF01723276 - E. Abderhalden, O Schiffmann: Pflügers Arch. (1923) 198, doi: 10.1007 / BF01722506
  102. ↑ Speech for the inauguration of the Stolperstein for Dr. Dorothea Bernstein on November 14, 2005
  103. ↑ a b gyle.de
  104. ↑ Olga Schiffmann in the Ellis Island database . She came with the ship Britannic , which is linked in the database to the Britannic (ship, 1874) , which was dismantled in 1903 . A ship that existed at the time was the Britannic (ship, 1930) , which was put into service in 1930 and had another commercial use between two military missions.
  105. ^ Commemorative book victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933-1945: Josef Weinberg
  106. ↑ Pedigree of Dr. Josef Weinberg (1909–1943), sent to the Society for Jewish Family Research
  107. ^ Josef Weinberg: The Algebra of Abū Kāmil Sogā ben Aslam . Dissertation in Munich at the Philosophical Section II, Munich 1935, DNB 579510204 . On the meaning of this work: “The algebra of ABO KAMIL SHUJA '(c. 900) […] is now available in a German translation made by DR. JOSEF WEINBERG from the Hebrew version of MORDECAI FINZI (c. I470). ABO KAMIL's work is of great importance for the history of algebra and deserves further investigation. ABO KAMIL SHUJA had deeply influenced LEONARDO FIBONACCI (c. I2oo) and through him mediaeval mathematics in general. He is the first known to us to relate Oriental algebra to Greek geometry, by referring to EUCLID, II 5-6, as furnishing the demonstration for the solution of the quadratic equations. "( History of Elementary Mathematics by Johannes Tropfke )
  108. ↑ a b Werner Fölling: Lehrer , pp. 292–294.
  109. ↑ a b c S. M. Plotnick, 76; Taught at and Ran Westchester School . In: The New York Times , January 6, 1992
  110. ^ Pace University