Nanga Parbat
| Nanga Parbat | ||
|---|---|---|
 The Nanga Parbat from the west (Diamir flank) |
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| height | 8125 m | |
| location | Gilgit-Baltistan ( Pakistan ) | |
| Mountains | Western Himalayas | |
| Dominance | 188 km → K2 | |
| Notch height | 4608 m ↓ Zoji La | |
| Coordinates | 35 ° 14 '21 " N , 74 ° 35' 24" E | |
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| First ascent | July 3, 1953 by Hermann Buhl | |
| Normal way | Kinshofer route through the Diamir flank | |
 Summit construction of Nanga Parbat |
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 Satellite image of the Nanga Parbat massif (almost northward) |
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The Nanga Parbat , also known as Diamir , is an eight-thousander in the western Himalayas and at 8125 m the ninth highest mountain on earth. It is located in Gilgit-Baltistan , which was formerly Northern Areas designated Pakistani part of the disputed region of Kashmir . The Nanga Parbat went down in history as the “German mountain of fate”.
The name Nanga Parbat ( Urdu ننگا پربت) goes back to Sanskrit nagna-parvata 'naked mountain' via Hindi . The name Diamir means 'King of the Mountains'. Due to the high number of mountain climbers who have had an accident, Nanga Parbat is also known locally as "Killer Mountain" (see bar chart below).
geography
Located at the end of the western Himalayas in the northern, Pakistani-controlled part of Kashmir, it is the largest visible, free-standing mass elevation on earth. The difference in altitude to the Indus Valley (and Karakoram Highway ) 25 km away is about 7000 m. The south facing wall (Rupal flank) is at 4500 m the highest mountain wall on earth. The mountain consists mainly of granites and gneisses . Depending on the weather, it is also known as the mountain of blue. Climatically, it is embedded in a thermal double zone.
Summit of Nanga Parbat
| summit | height |
|---|---|
| Nanga Parbat | 8125 m |
| Nanga Parbat shoulder (north shoulder) | 8070 m |
| Nanga Parbat south summit (south shoulder) | 8042 m |
| Nanga Parbat pre-summit | 7910 m |
| Nanga Parbat north peak | 7816 m |
| Nanga Parbat North Summit II | 7785 m |
| Nanga Parbat Silver Spikes (Eastern Summit) | 7597 m |
| Nanga Parbat Northeast Summit | 7530 m |
| Rakhiot Peak | 7070 m |
Ascent history
Mountaineers consider the Nanga Parbat to be one of the most demanding eight-thousanders and therefore one of the most difficult mountains on earth to climb. In contrast to Mount Everest , steep slopes that are extremely prone to avalanches and rockfalls have to be traversed even on the conventional, “easy” normal route (Kinshofer route). By the end of 2009 there had been 326 successful climbs, including 22 women and four climbers who were on the summit for the second time. There are 68 deaths. The probability of being killed on Nanga Parbat is statistically higher than on Everest.
First attempt to climb
The first attempt to climb the mountain was made in 1895 by the best climber in Great Britain at the time, Albert F. Mummery . Mummery was an experienced mountaineer and had already climbed a very difficult crack on the Grépon (Mummeryriss) and was the first to climb the Matterhorn via the Zmuttgrat. It has been proven that he mastered the Diamir side of the mountain up to a height of approx. 6600 m and then remained lost. He is therefore considered to be the first mountaineer to die while attempting to climb Nanga Parbat. At the same time, his venture marks the beginning of serious mountaineering on eight-thousanders.
1930s: "Germans' mountain of fate"
After the defeat in the First World War and due to the bad economic situation in the German Reich at the beginning of the 1930s, politics and propaganda looked for ways out of this "disgrace". As a country with a long history in alpine mountain sports , the rulers in the German Empire saw an opportunity to demonstrate “German proficiency” in the distant Himalayas, where the highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, was still unclimbed. However, since the area of the Himalayas was under British sovereignty, the British authorities were able to deny access to the German expeditions. The goal of the German efforts then became the eight-thousander most western - the Nanga Parbat. The Nanga Parbat was considered the “German” peak in the Himalayas alongside the “English” Mount Everest, the “Italian” K2 and the “French” Annapurna . In the 1930s, a large part of the German Himalayan mountaineering elite fell victim to the mountain.
Initially, the German-American Himalaya Expedition in 1932 , led by Willy Merkl, failed with an attempt to climb it. During the large-scale German Nanga Parbat expedition that followed two years later in 1934 , during which the participants Erwin Schneider and Peter Aschenbrenner reached a height of 7895 m , Alfred Drexel first died of pulmonary edema while setting up the camp . Later, Willy Merkl, again the expedition leader, and the German mountaineers Willo Welzenbach and Uli Wieland , who were already known to the general public, and several Sherpas on the south-eastern ridge of the mountain at over 7000 m above sea level, died in a snow storm. As a result of this tragedy, the Nanga Parbat was proclaimed the “Germans' mountain of fate” by the press, which was brought into line by the National Socialists .
In 1936 the German Himalaya Foundation was established. The goals of this organization were to raise funds, build up knowledge and collect alpine energies for the exploration of the Himalayas, especially the first ascent of Nanga Parbat.
The great German Nanga Parbat expedition led by Karl Wien in 1937 had the goal of coming to terms with the mountaineering drama of the previous year. The ascent followed the already classic route, but again had to contend with considerable snowfall and was still able to work its way to Camp IV under the Rakhiot flank, which was occupied on June 14th. On the night of June 14th to 15th, a huge avalanche swept through the high camp and buried comrades Hartmann, Fanghauser, Müllritter, Sepp, Göttner and Pfeffer as well as nine porters in addition to Vienna.
A rescue expedition was hastily organized - now the 4th expedition of the Germans to this mountain. Paul Bauer, Karl von Kraus and Fritz Bechtold, who reached Camp IV, which had been swept away between July 18 and 21, 1937, brought certainty. Among the dead one found the diaries that individuals had kept up to the last day without having a clue of their nocturnal fate.
The subsequent newly designed 5th expedition in 1938 did not reach the height of 1934, but the bodies of Willy Merkl and the Sherpas Gay-Lay were found. The latter stayed with Willy Merkl, despite the possibility of relegation, which Nazi propaganda portrayed as a heroic willingness to make sacrifices to the point of death.
In the summer of 1939 there was another German exploration expedition to the northwest side (Diamir flank) of the mountain. Since the Second World War broke out during the team's return journey, the participants (including the Austrians Peter Aufschnaiter and Heinrich Harrer ) were interned because they were in India and therefore on British territory. The following fate of Heinrich Harrer and Peter Aufschnaiter is described in Harrer's world-famous book " Seven Years in Tibet " (made into a film in 1997 ).
First ascent in 1953
After the end of the Second World War , Karl Herrligkoffer , Willy Merkl's half-brother, took over the management of a new expedition to the mountain in 1953 . After 31 people had lost their lives on the mountain to date, on July 3, 1953, the Tyrolean Hermann Buhl finally managed the first ascent of Nanga Parbat on this expedition in exceptionally favorable weather conditions.
Buhl started his ascent to the summit from the last camp at an altitude of almost 6,900 m and reached it without artificial oxygen supply, but after taking Pervitin , in a 41-hour solo walk that was then considered impossible. His ascent was only grudgingly appreciated by the team at the time, and above all by the expedition leader Herrligkoffer, as Buhl did not follow the instructions of the expedition leader, but instead made opposing decisions at the crucial moment, even if these subsequently turned out to be correct.
1960s and 1970s
In 1962, Bayern Toni Kinshofer , Siegfried Löw and Anderl Mannhardt climbed the Diamir flank for the first time, which was only the second ascent of Nanga Parbat after Hermann Buhl. Löw fell fatally on the descent, Kinshofer and Mannhardt suffered severe frostbite. The ascent over the Diamir flank was the first new route on an eight-thousander. At a time when not all 14 eight-thousanders had (only) been climbed, this achievement attracted great international attention. The expedition leader was Karl Maria Herrligkoffer, who led a total of eight expeditions to the mountain between 1953 and 1975.
The South Tyrolean brothers Günther and Reinhold Messner climbed the entire, extremely difficult Rupal Wall (south face), the highest steep face on earth, for the first time in 1970. They decided to descend via the Diamirwand on the west side. This made it possible to cross the Nanga Parbat for the first time - and after Mount Everest in 1963 only the second crossing of an eight-thousander ever. Günther Messner died on the descent, although the place, time and cause of death have not been clarified. A day later, the Tyrolean Felix Kuen and the Bavarian Peter Scholz also climbed the uppermost part of the Rupal wall and climbed back over the same wall.
In 1971 a Czechoslovak team managed the only repetition of the booing route so far. Ivan Fiala and Michal Orolin reached the summit on July 11, 1971. Their teammates Jozef Psotka, Arno Puskas and Ivan Urbanovic made the first ascent of the south-east summit and the pre-summit on the same day.
In 1976 the uppermost part of the Mazeno ridge was first climbed by the Austrians Hanns Schell , Robert Schauer , Hilmar Sturm and Siegfried Gimpel.
Two years later, Reinhold Messner succeeded in climbing again, becoming the first person ever to climb an eight-thousander from the base to the summit on his own. He reached the summit after three days on the afternoon of August 9th. He committed a new route on the Diamir flank both on the ascent and on the descent. Its route of ascent has never been repeated until today.
1980s and 1990s
Another Herrligkoffer expedition to the Rupalwand successfully climbed the south-east pillar in 1982. The Swiss Ueli Bühler was the first person to reach the southern summit ( 8042 m ), which the two rope teams had climbed past in 1970, but then did not climb any further to the main summit.
In 1984, the French Liliane Barrard was the first woman to climb Nanga Parbat. She reached the summit with her husband Maurice Barrard . A Polish-Mexican rope team led by Jerzy Kukuczka climbed the southeast pillar in 1985 and stood on the main summit on July 13th.
In 1990, the South Tyrolean Hans Kammerlander and his Swiss partner Diego Wellig managed to ski Nanga Parbat for the first time, after climbing the classic Kinshofer route through the Diamir flank. From the secondary summit, the so-called north shoulder, 8070 m , they descended near the ascent line, but had to put down their skis and climb down or rappel down a few times in order to overcome rocky steps or bare ice passages. The two climbers had to bivouac at 6100 m before they reached their base camp again the following day.
In 1993 Wojciech Kurtyka wanted to commit a new route over the Mazeno ridge together with Doug Scott , but Scott injured himself before attempting the first ascent. Another attempt in 1997, together with Erhard Loretan , failed again.
21st century
In 2004, the Americans Doug Chabot and Steve Swenson managed to cross the Mazeno ridge, the furthest to date (a total of 10 km long ridge with a dozen elevations just below and over 7000 m , which separates the Diamir from the Loiba valley) in alpine style . They climbed the ridge from the Rupal Valley at about the height of the Mazeno Pass ( 5380 m ) and followed it to Mazeno Col, where the historic Schell Route joins. They succeeded in the first ascent of Mazeno Peak, 7120 m , the main elevation in the long ridge. In front of the summit wall, however, they had to capitulate due to exhaustion and illness and descended via the Schell route back into the Rupal valley.
In September 2005 the Americans Steve House and Vince Anderson opened a new route in the Rupal flank. They started with minimal equipment and climbed alpine style . It only took them eight days from base camp to the summit and back via the 1970s ascent route to base camp.
In July 2008 the extreme skier Luis Stitzinger from halch in the Allgäu managed to ski the central Diamir flank for the first time. In a 24.5-hour round trip, starting the day before from the base camp, he climbed up alone via the classic Kinshofer route through the night and at around 2 p.m. he skied from about 300 meters below the summit to the end of the glacier . He approached Reinhold Messner's solo route from 1978 at some key points, but remained on a separate line for most of the ski run through the 3500 meter high Diamir flank, which is littered with séracs and steep drops. He had previously tried an integral ascent of the 10 km long Mazenograt with his climbing partner Josef Lunger from Landsberg am Lech and after the ascent via the Loiba Valley from Diamirai Peak to near Mazeno Col, he had managed a large part of the ridge course. There the two, like the Americans Swenson and Chabot before them, had to give up after seven days of climbing due to a lack of gas and food and return to the Diamir Valley. At the beginning of their journey, however, the two had already successfully reached the summit on June 21, 2008 with a group of eight mountaineers from Germany via the Kinshofer route.
In July 2008, the South Tyrolean extreme mountaineer Karl Unterkircher had a fatal accident in the Rakhiot ice wall while crossing a snowfield when he fell into a crevasse . His two companions Simon Kehrer and Walter Nones climbed on to the so-called silver plateau and returned via the Buhl route. They were rescued on July 24th by a helicopter from a height of around 6000 meters.
In July 2009, part of the expedition, led by the Styrian mountain rescuer Gerfried Göschl, succeeded in the first ascent of a new route variant in the Diamir flank, and the ascent to the summit took place with the other expedition participants via the Kinshofer route. On July 11th, the 11-time eight-thousander Go Mi-sun was killed on Nanga Parbat.
In July 2012, Sandy Allan and Rick Allen committed the entire 10-kilometer Mazeno Ridge for the first time.
On June 23, 2013, eleven climbers were shot dead by terrorists in the base camp. A Taliban group called Jundullah claimed responsibility for the attack, citing the death of Taliban leader Waliur Rehman by a US drone as the reason for the attack. All further ascents of the mountain were canceled and the climbers evacuated.
In their attempt to climb the mountain on the Diamir side for the first time in winter, the Basque Alex Txikon, the Italian Daniele Nardi and the Pakistani Ali Sadpara reached an altitude of about 7,850 meters. Only the Pole Zbigniew Trzmiel had climbed about that high on the same route in his winter attempt in 1997. Txikon, Nardi and Sadpara wanted to start another attempt from Camp 4. But because Ali Sadpara showed clear symptoms of altitude sickness, they descended to base camp.
On February 26, 2016, the first complete winter ascent of Nanga Parbat took place by the Italian Simone Moro , the Basque Alex Txikon and the Pakistani Ali Sadpara. The South Tyrolean Tamara Lunger had to turn back shortly before the summit. The mountaineers had climbed the Kinshofer route.
In January 2018, Tomasz Mackiewicz from Poland and Elisabeth Revol from France climbed the Diama Glacier. According to Revol, they have reached the top. During the descent, Mackiewicz became sick with altitude and stayed at an altitude of 7200 meters, where he died. In a spectacular rescue operation, Revol was carried out by Denis Urubko and Adam Bielecki , who were members of the Polish K2 winter expedition at the same time on the second highest mountain in the world and who were brought to the foot of the Diamir flank by helicopter, from a height of around 6,200 meters from Nanga Fetched Parbat.
Starting from the base camp on December 30, 2018, the Italian Daniele Nardi and the British Tom Ballard, son of the British mountaineer Alison Hargreaves , attempted a first winter ascent. It was Nardi's fifth attempt that winter. Contact with the mountaineers was lost on February 24, 2019, after which helicopters were used to search for the missing persons with the help of the Pakistani army. On March 9, 2019, a search team discovered the bodies of the two climbers on the Mummery rib at an altitude of around 5,900 meters.
Routes
Rakhiot side
The “Buhlroute” (Buhlweg) from the north, which was used for the first ascent, is the flattest, but also the longest route. Here you first walk along the Rakhiot Glacier (the base camp was in 1953 at 3967 m ) below the northeast face, then climb to the east ridge. Shortly before reaching the ridge, you cross under the Rakhiot Peak ( 7070 m ) and Mohrenkopf to the southwest, only then you reach the east ridge, which leads up to the Silbersattel ( 7400 m ). From there it goes over the flat silver plateau to the Diamirscharte and below the pre-summit ( 7910 m ), crossing the west wall, down through the Bazhinscharte ( 7812 m ) back to the ridge and over the north shoulder ( 8070 m ) finally up to the summit.
Diamir flank
Kinshofer route
The west side of the Nanga Parbat was not climbed directly by the above-mentioned expedition in 1962 (base camp at about 4100 m ) for the first time via the Kinshofer route (today's normal route), but rather on the left (northern) side of the wall. Towards the end, Kinshofer's path at the Bazhinscharte merged with the Buhl route, the summit was reached via the north shoulder. In the meantime, the Bazhin Mulde is crossed into the western summit wall, the summit is climbed directly (without traversing the north shoulder). The Diamir Face is heavily interspersed with hanging glaciers with huge séracs and is extremely endangered by avalanches. The so-called mummery rib is located in the central part of the wall and offers partial protection from avalanches, but due to its extreme steepness it can hardly be conquered.
Diama glacier
Northwest route on the left side of the Diamir flank. First attempted in 1990 and unsuccessfully tackled by Messner in 2000. In June / July 2008 a small Austrian expedition tried to climb the Diama glacier. The climbers reached a height of 7750 m and thus probably made the first successful ascent of the Diama Glacier on the northwest flank of the Nanga Parbat up to a saddle under the northern summit.
Rupal wall
4500 m high and facing south, bordered on the right by the mighty southeast pillar, it is the highest steep face on earth. The Rupalwand was first climbed in 1970 by the brothers Günther and Reinhold Messner via the so-called Direttissima, which Karl Herrligkoffer discovered in 1963 and explored in 1964 and 1968 up to an altitude of about 7100 m . Herrligkoffer was again the expedition leader. The Direttissima is extremely steep in the fall line of the summit and has difficulties in the upper part such as the Merkl Rinne ( 7350 m ) or the Welzenbach ice field.
Quick route
Another path, which was taken on the western side of the wall in 1976 by a small expedition (four climbers and a doctor) under the direction of Hanns Schell , leads to the southwest ridge (Mazeno ridge) and finally to the summit via the Mazenoscharte. The four first climbers described this "quick route" as the safest and easiest way to the summit.
Southeast pillar
Located to the right of the Direttissima in the Rupalwand and first climbed in 1982. The Swiss Ueli Bühler made the first complete ascent in 1982 . He was the first to reach the southern summit of Nanga Parbat and suffered severe frostbite on his hands and feet.
See also
- Highest Mountain : List of highest mountains according to various criteria
literature
- Paul Bauer: The struggle for the Nanga Parbat 1856–1953. Munich 1955.
- Hermann Buhl: Eight thousand above and below Piper, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-89029-303-4
- Jochen Hemmleb: Nanga Parbat. The 1970 drama and the controversy: How the Messner tragedy became the biggest dispute in Alpine history . Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck 2010, ISBN 978-3-7022-3064-7
- Karl M. Herrligkoffer: Nanga Parbat 1953. Munich 1954.
- Karl M. Herrligkoffer: The last step to the summit. Fight and victory in the Himalayas . Reutlingen 1958.
- Horst Höfler , Reinhold Messner: Nanga Parbat. Expeditions to the “German Mountain of Fate” 1934–1962. AS-Verlag, Zurich 2002, ISBN 3-905111-83-7
- Hans Kammerlander: Bergsüchtig 2009. 6th edition. Piper, Munich 2007 ISBN 3-492-23245-0
- Max-Engelhardt von Kienlin: The crossing - Günther Messner's death on Nanga Parbat; Expedition participants break their silence Herbig, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-7766-2345-4
- Ralf-Peter Märtin: Nanga Parbat. Truth and madness of alpinism. Berlin Verlag, Berlin 2002, 2004, ISBN 3-8333-0093-0
- Reinhold Messner: Going it alone Nanga Parbat. Munich 1979, ISBN 3-426-03638-X
- Reinhold Messner: The naked mountain. Nanga Parbat - brother, death and loneliness. Piper, Munich 2002, 2006, ISBN 3-492-24731-8
- Reinhold Messner: Diamir - King of the Mountains; Mount Doom Nanga Parbat . Frederking & Thaler, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-89405-708-4
- Hans Saler: Between light and shadow - the Messner tragedy on Nanga Parbat. A-1-Verlag, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-927743-65-8
- Helfried Weyer, Norman G. Dyhrenfurth: Nanga Parbat, the Germans' mountain of fate. Badenia-Verlag, Karlsruhe 1980, ISBN 3-7617-0171-3
- Helmuth Zebhauser: Alpinism in the Hitler State. Thoughts, memories, documents. Rother, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-7633-8102-3
- Simon Kehrer and Walter Nones: Devil's Wall . Piper Verlag Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-492-40429-7
- Fritz Bechtold : Germans at Nanga Parbat - The attack in 1934 . Verlag F. Bruckmann, Munich, 1935
Web links
- Nanga Parbat on Peakbagger.com (English)
- Nanga Parbat at himalaya-info.org
- Information from the Alpine Club of Saxony
- “Between Heaven and Hell” online contribution on the ORF website
Individual evidence
- ↑ Manfred Mayrhofer , Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan, Volume 2, 1996.
- ^ Statistics on Nanga Parbat at www.8000ers.com English, accessed on February 12, 2010
- ↑ The last mountain report on zeit.de, June 29, 2000, with a review of the Mummery expedition.
- ↑ Kronthaler : World of Mountains. Ascent history of Nanga Parbat
- ^ Peter Mierau: National Socialist Expedition Policy German Asia Expeditions 1933–1945 . In: Dissertation . Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich January 2004.
- ↑ Hans Hartmann: Destination Nanga Parbat - diary sheets of a Himalaya expedition . Ed .: Ulrich Luft. 1938th edition. Wilhelm Limpert-Verlag, Berlin.
- ↑ Pointdexter, Joseph: Between heaven and earth. The 50 highest peaks. Könemann, Cologne 1999, ISBN 3-8290-3561-6 , p. 24
- ↑ History of the ascent of Nanga Parbat at www.affimer.org ( Memento from January 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ A b Richard Sale, John Cleare: On Top of the World, The 14 eight-thousanders: From the first ascents to the present day . 1st edition. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-405-16039-1 , p. 212 ff .
- ↑ The last mountain report on zeit.de, June 29, 2000, about a planned Nanga Parbat expedition by Messner, looking back on the ascent of 1978.
- ^ Simone Moro: Nanga. Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina . Rizzoli, 2016, ISBN 978-88-17-09023-0 ( google.it [accessed December 28, 2016]).
- ↑ Hans Kammerlander : Bergsüchtig 2009. 6th edition. Piper, Munich 2007
- ↑ http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_2005_files/AJ%202005%20315-326%20Pakistan.pdf
- ↑ Zero House (English)
- ↑ Climbing notes Anderson (English)
- ↑ Luis Stitzinger with sensational performances at Nanga Parbat bergstieg.com, August 1, 2008.
- ^ Successful record of the German Nanga Parbat Expedition 2008 ( Memento from December 11, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) goclimbamountain.de
- ↑ Tagesschau: South Tyrolean mountaineers on Nanga Parbat in distress - thick clouds stop rescuers (tagesschau.de archive) from July 19, 2008
- ^ N24: "Nanga Parbat mountaineers in safety ( Memento from July 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Expedition reports on the 8000m ascent by Gerfried Göschl gerfriedgoeschl.at
- ^ Kurier: "From happy summit victory to death" ( Memento from July 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Mazeno Ridge: Sandy Allan and Rick Allen safe at Base Camp. Summit of Nanga Parbat confirmed! planetmountain.com, July 19, 2012
- ↑ British climbers relive ordeal of 'last great climb' in Himalayas theguardian.com, November 3, 2012
- ↑ Brief report on the terrorist attack, tagesschau.de, accessed on June 24, 2013 ( Memento from June 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ^ Report on the attack, spiegel.de, accessed on June 25, 2013
- ↑ Stephanie Geiger: End of the winter season , Neue Zürcher Zeitung, March 20, 2015, accessed on March 20, 2015
- ↑ Stephanie Geiger: Failed at the summit , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 15, 2015, accessed on March 20, 2015
- ↑ Stephanie Geiger: Alpinists for the first time in winter on the Nanga Parbat , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 26, 2016
- ↑ Stephanie Geiger: Dramatic Rescue from Schicksalsberg , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 28, 2018
- ↑ comincia l'allestimento dei Campi sul Nanga Parbat. In: Daniele Nardi. December 30, 2018, accessed March 9, 2019 (it-IT).
- ↑ Gaia Pianigiani: Bodies of 2 Missing Climbers Spotted on Pakistan Mountain, Envoy Says . In: The New York Times . March 9, 2019, ISSN 0362-4331 ( nytimes.com [accessed March 9, 2019]).
- ↑ Found at an altitude of 5900 meters: Ambassador confirms death of two climbers on Nanga Parbat . In: Spiegel Online . March 9, 2019 ( spiegel.de [accessed March 9, 2019]).
- ↑ Kinshofer route with illustration
- ↑ www.nangaparbat.at