Seirei shitei toshi
Seirei shitei toshi ( Japanese 政令 指定 都市 , German about " city determined by government ordinance ", short seirei-shi (政令 市 ) or shitei toshi (指定 都市 ); English among other things city designated by government ordinance , decree-designated cities , government-appointed major cities ) are a special form for large urban cities ( shi ) in Japan . In contrast to other independent cities or other municipalities , they take on certain prefecture tasks, including social benefits, urban planning, education and road construction. In addition, seirei shitei toshi are divided into [city] districts ( ku ) , to which they in turn delegate some administrative tasks such as reporting matters. Among the special forms for large cities, seirei-shi havethe most extensive administrative competencies ahead of the chūkaku-shi ("core cities"; introduced in 1994) and the tokurei-shi ("exceptionalcities"; introduced in1999).
The legal requirement for the appointment of a seirei-shi by the cabinet is a population of at least 500,000; It is common, however, for a city to be roughly comparable in size, administrative capacity and financial position to previous seirei-shi (of the order of 800,000 inhabitants) before an appointment is made. The appointment procedure is not regulated by law, but usually starts with a decision in the city parliament, followed by deliberations between the governor and parliament of the prefecture concerned; after a request to the Minister of the Interior ( Sōmu-daijin ), ministries and authorities of the central government advise before the cabinet decides on the ordinance for the appointment.
history
The status was introduced in 1956 and initially awarded to the five remaining of the six largest cities in Japan (the city of Tokyo was absorbed into the Tokyo Prefecture in 1943 ), which had already been demanding more competencies from the central and prefectural governments during the German Empire for decades and for which certain special regulations were in effect even before the war: Osaka , Kyōto , Yokohama , Nagoya and Kobe . During the occupation , the “Law on Local Self-Government” (chihō-jichi-hō) in 1947 gave these cities the status of tokubetsu-shi (“special cities”; cf. teukbyeol-si / t'ŭkpyŏl-si in the administrative structure of South Korea and North Korea ) stated that such had been removed from the prefectures and were themselves at the prefectural level; the implementation of this reform was practically prevented by national politics and the prefectural administrations through additional provisions, in particular the introduction of a prefectural referendum as a prerequisite. In 1956 the national parliament changed the law and replaced the status of tokubetsu-shi originally intended for the big cities with seirei-shi , which gave the big cities additional administrative powers, but did not make them completely independent of the prefectures.
The sixth seirei-shi became Kitakyūshū in 1963 and 14 more cities followed between the 1970s and 2012, so that there are 20 seirei-shi today.
list
| City (-shi) |
Prefecture (-dō / -fu / -ken) |
Year of appointment | population | Today's boroughs (-ku) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sapporo | Hokkaidō | 1972 | 1,958,756 (as of September 30, 2019) | Atsubetsu , Chūō , Higashi , Kita , Kiyota , Minami , Nishi , Shiroishi , Teine , Toyohira |
| Sendai | Miyagi | 1989 | 1,090,263 (as of October 1, 2019) | Aoba , Izumi , Miyagino , Taihaku , Wakabayashi |
| Saitama | Saitama | 2003 | 1,307,931 (as of October 1, 2019) | Chūō , Iwatsuki , Kita , Midori , Minami , Minuma , Nishi , Ōmiya , Sakura , Urawa |
| Chiba | Chiba | 1992 | 980.203 (as of October 1, 2019) | Chūō , Hanamigawa , Inage , Midori , Mihama , Wakaba |
| Yokohama | Kanagawa | 1956 | 3,748,781 (as of October 1, 2019) | Aoba , Asahi , Hodogaya , Isogo , Izumi , Kanagawa , Kanazawa , Kōhoku , Kōnan , Midori , Minami , Naka , Nishi , Sakae , Seya , Totsuka , Tsurumi , Tsuzuki , |
| Kawasaki | Kanagawa | 1972 | 1,530,457 (as of October 1, 2019) | Asao , Kawasaki , Miyamae , Nakahara , Saiwai , Takatsu , Tama |
| Sagamihara | Kanagawa | 2010 | 722,828 (as of October 1, 2019) | Chūō , Midori , Minami |
| Niigata | Niigata | 2007 | 796,500 (as of October 1, 2019) | Akiha , Chūō , Higashi , Kita , Kōnan , Minami , Nishi , Nishikan |
| Shizuoka | Shizuoka | 2005 | 691.185 (as of October 1, 2019) | Aoi , Shimizu , Suruga |
| Hamamatsu | Shizuoka | 2007 | 791,770 (as of October 1, 2019) | Hamakita , Higashi , Kita , Minami , Naka , Nishi , Tenryū |
| Nagoya | Aichi | 1956 | 2,325,918 (as of June 1, 2019) | Atsuta , Chikusa , Higashi , Kita , Meitō , Midori , Minami , Minato , Mizuho , Moriyama , Naka , Nakagawa , Nakamura , Nishi , Shōwa , Tempaku |
| Kyoto | Kyoto | 1956 | 1,466,264 (as of October 1, 2019) | Fushimi , Higashiyama , Kamigyō , Kita , Minami , Nakagyō , Nishikyō , Sakyō , Shimogyō , Ukyō , Yamashina |
| Osaka | Osaka | 1956 | 2,740,202 (as of October 1, 2019) | Abeno , Asahi , Chuo , Fukushima , Higashinari , Higashisumiyoshi , Higashiyodogawa , Hirano , Ikuno , Joto , Kita , Konohana , Minato , Miyakojima , Naniwa , Nishi , Nishinari , Nishiyodogawa , Suminoe , Sumiyoshi , Taisho , Tennoji , Tsurumi , Yodogawa , |
| Sakai | Osaka | 2006 | 827,971 (as of October 1, 2019) | Higashi , Kita , Mihara , Minami , Naka , Nishi , Sakai |
| Kobe | Hyogo | 1956 | 1,522,944 (as of October 1, 2019) | Chūō , Higashi-Nada , Hyōgo , Kita , Nada , Nagata , Nishi , Suma , Tarumi , |
| Okayama | Okayama | 2009 | 720,865 (as of October 1, 2019) | Higashi , Kita , Minami , Naka |
| Hiroshima | Hiroshima | 1980 | 1,199,391 (as of June 1, 2019) | Aki , Asakita , Asaminami , Higashi , Minami , Naka , Nishi , Saeki |
| Kitakyushu | Fukuoka | 1963 | 940.141 (as of October 1, 2019) | Kokura-Kita , Kokura-Minami , Moji , Tobata , Yahata-Higashi , Yahata-Nishi , Wakamatsu |
| Fukuoka | Fukuoka | 1972 | 1,592,657 (as of October 1, 2019) | Chūō , Hakata , Higashi , Jōnan , Minami , Nishi , Sawara |
| Kumamoto | Kumamoto | 2012 | 739,393 (as of October 1, 2019) | Chūō , Higashi , Kita , Minami , Nishi |
Web links
- Sōmu-shō , 地方 公共 団 体 の 区分 : 指定 都市 制度 の 概要 (PDF; 162 kB), 指定 都市 一 覧
- Seisaku Kenkyū Daigakuin Daigaku ( 政策 研究 大 学院 大学 , GRIPS, English National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies ), Hikaku chihō jichi kenkyū center ( 比較 地方自治 研究 セ ン タ ー , English The Institute for Comparative Studies in Local Governance , COSLOG), Papers on Local Governance System and its Implementation in Selected Fields in Japan (English, Japanese) No. 20: Ōsugi Satoru ( 大 杉 覚 , English Satoru Ohsugi ) 2011: 日本 の 大都市 制度 (PDF; 1.9 MB) ( Nihon no daitoshi seido ; English The Large City System of Japan ; PDF; 652 kB)
- Shitei toshi shichōkai ( 指定都市市長会 , Mayor Conference of shitei toshi ; Japanese)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Administration of the city of Hachiōji: Pages on the appointment to chūkaku-shi , chūkaku-shi Q&A ( Memento from December 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Q10 八 王子 市 は 人口 50 万人 以上 な の に 、 政令 指定 都市 を 目 指 さ な す か で で で で な か で で?