Fortress of Straubing

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Georeferencing Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap
Fortress of Straubing
Alternative name Sorviodurum, Serviodurum, Servinodurum
limes ORL NN ( RLK )
Route (RLK) Rhaetian Limes ;
Danube-Iller-Rhein-Limes
of Raetia II
Dating (occupancy) A) "Kastell IV"
Vespasian to 166/180
B) "Kastell I" late Vespasian
/ early Domitian to Domitian
C) "Kastell II"
Domitian to Trajan
D) "Kastell III"
Trajan to the first half of the 3rd century
E) "Late Roman Fort “
end of the 3rd century to the first half of the 5th century.
Type A – D) cohort fort
E) unknown
unit A) Cohors II Gallorum (?)
B) Cohors II Raetorum
C) unknown
D) Cohors III Batavorum equitata milliaria
E) Cohors I Flavia Canathenorum milliaria sagittariorum
F) Unknown Germanic auxiliary force
Construction Aa) Wood-Earth
A.b) Wood-Earth
A.c) Stone
B) Wood-Earth
C.a) Wood-Earth
C.b) Stone
D.a) Wood-Earth
D.b) Stone
E) Stone, Burgus (?)
State of preservation Invisible soil monuments
place Straubing
Geographical location 48 ° 53 ′ 16 "  N , 12 ° 35 ′ 44"  E
height 322  m above sea level NHN
Previous Small fort Pfatter (northwest)
Subsequently Kleinastell Steinkirchen (southeast)
The location of the excavation site on the Rhaetian Danube Limes

The forts of Straubing , the ancient Sorviodurum (also Servinodurum or Serviodurum ), are the collective name for a multi-period Roman garrison in the area of ​​the city of Straubing in Lower Bavaria . The name is of Celtic origin, it referred to a nearby Celtic settlement from pre-Roman times, where the Romans built an important military base on the Rhaetian Danube border in the second half of the first century AD . The base lasted until the late Roman period . It was provided with a Danube harbor and surrounded by a large vicus , which was probably of great importance as a central market place for the surrounding area.

location

The military and civil Roman settlement sites were located about two kilometers east of today's city center of Straubing on a low terrace of the Danube (Danubius) , the Osterfeld , where the Allachbach flows into the Danube. In the middle imperial period, the settlement area was naturally bounded in the north by the slope of the Danube low terrace and in the west by the Allachbach , while the east and south expansions varied. For the second half of the first century AD, the boundary roughly corresponded to the course of today's Ittlinger Strasse and Ostpreußische Strasse . Until the 1950s, this area was mainly used for gardening and agriculture, today it is largely built over.

Due to the numerous small finds, the late Roman fort has to be located on the church hill of St. Peter's Basilica , a spur west of the Allachbach valley.

Research history

Johannes moonlight

The Bavarian historian and court historiographer Johannes Aventinus was the first to suspect a Castra Augustana at the site of the Straubing Azlburg . Simon Schard , who was responsible for the German edition of Aventins Annales Ducum Boiariae in 1566 , described Straubing as a Roman imperial city and mentions the tombstone of Iulius Primitivus in Passau as the first stone monument found in Straubing. After that, over two hundred years passed in which hardly anyone was concerned with Straubing's Roman past.

It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that Knight Joseph von Mussinan made the first record of the Roman Straubing. He identified Straubing through Roman finds such as the cremation grave in the garden of the Alzburg monastery as Sorviodurum recorded in the Tabula Peutingeriana . Mussinan already suspected a Roman fort under St. Peter's Basilica .

Mussinan's conjecture and an increased number of finds, such as the Roman inscription stone with an inscription for Jupiter Dolchenus by a veteran of the 1st Canathen cohort (now unfortunately lost forever), such as the Roman inscription stone found on the Osterfeld in 1811, led the educated bourgeoisie of Straubing to further preoccupation with the Roman past from the place. In 1880, on the basis of the numerous finds in Straubing , Lieutenant Colonel Eduard Wimmer founded the “Historical Collection of the City”, from which the Gäubodenmuseum would later emerge. Wimmer suspected the Roman Straubing on the Osterfeld, where he carried out the first excavations in 1892/93, during which he exposed Roman walls and remains of a hypocaust complex. In 1898 further excavations were carried out by the newly founded “Historical Association for Straubing and the Surrounding Area”, under the direction of Realschuldirektor Johannes Mondschein (1852–1909), who held the position of the board from 1902 to 1908. Through search cuts, Mondschein exposed parts of the western stone fort and the associated moat. When the board of directors was newly occupied in 1909 by District Judge Franz Ebner (1869–1923), he resumed the excavations of Mondschein. He succeeded in determining the extent of the west fort through further excavations. He was also able to prove that the stone fort was preceded by a wooden fort. Since at this point the focus was mainly on researching the forts, the excavations in the camp village lost their importance and continued to decline. Between the world wars and at the beginning of the post-war period, the focus was mainly on emergency excavations and the recovery of finds, which were carried out under the direction of senior teacher Josef Keim . Keim was from 1921 to 1938 and 1949 to 1970 board member of the “Historical Association for Straubing and the Surrounding Area” and reached the high point of his career in 1950 with the discovery of the Roman treasure trove from Straubing.

Systematic scientific excavations were not resumed until 1973. In 1978 a post for archeology was set up in Straubing, which is under the supervision of Straubing City Archeology. Since then, there have been annual excavation campaigns to research the history of Straubing. Most of these archaeological activities were published in the association's series of publications, the annual reports of the Historical Association for Straubing and the surrounding area .

Military installations

A total of four forts, of which two of the frühflavischen period to the marcomannic wars , or about a hundred years, lay side by side, the resulting permanent presence of up to 1,500 soldiers as well as proper installation of the port speak for the strategic importance of the garrison square. The task of the units stationed here is unlikely to have existed solely in monitoring the Kinsachsenke , through which a convenient old trade route led to Bohemia .

Castles

The numbering of the imperial forts from "I" to "IV" is not related to the chronology of the garrison square, but is due to the order of the archaeological discovery.

Early Vespasian "Fort IV" (West Fort)

The oldest known Roman military camp on Straubing soil is the so-called Kastell IV , which was discovered in 1984. The fort was of early Flavian / early Vespasian origin and lasted until the time of the Marcomannic Wars (166–180). Its crew consisted of the Cohors II Raetorum (2nd cohort of Raeter ).

It had three construction phases, in the first two of which it was designed as a wood-earth warehouse. In the third phase, a stone fort replaced the simpler camp.

In front of the wooden forts was a simple ditch twelve meters wide and 4.6 meters deep. A wood-earth wall with corner towers and intermediate towers followed behind the ditch. The fort probably had four gates, of which the west gate, the porta principalis dextra (right side gate), could be located through a narrowing without complete interruption in the course of the moat. In the interior of the camp, the praetentura (front part of the fort) was examined more closely. In doing so , three barracks were found on both sides of Via praetoria (main camp road), the southernmost of which were designed as double barracks.

The stone fort was surrounded by a double moat. The inner trench had a width of ten meters at a depth of two meters, the outer trench was five meters wide and 2.7 meters deep. From the stone fort wall, which was not reinforced with defensive towers, a 1.2 meter wide foundation stitching (roller layer) testified. The interior development corresponded to the floor plans of the wooden fort. The stone fort may have replaced the older wooden fort in Hadrianic times. Fort IV will have come to an end in the Marcomann Wars. Layers of fire show that it was not cleared according to plan, but destroyed.

Late Vespasian / Early Dominican "Fort I"

Not too long (about ten years) after the establishment of the fort IV was not a hundred yards away ENE built another fort, called the fort I . This camp was surrounded by a turf wall with a trench in front. From this, sections of the southern defense with the south gate, which was a simple gate tower with an approximately square floor plan, could be archaeologically recorded. In the interior of the camp there were still traces of a building with an undefined function. The fort I was built in spätvespasianisch-frühdomitianischer time and after only a few years from the fort II replaced. The troops stationed in Fort I are unknown.

Domitian "Fort II"

Fort II was built in place of Fort I in the Domitian era . A section of the northern fence and the passage to the north gate were excavated from this fortification. The camp lasted until the Trajan times and was occupied by the Cohors III Batavorum equitata milliaria (3rd, thousand-man strong, partially mounted cohort of the Batavians ).

Trajan's "Castle III"

Around the year 116 the Cohors III Batavorum equitata milliaria was replaced by the Cohors I Flavia Canathenorum milliaria sagittariorum (1st, thousand-strong archer cohort of the Canatheans ) and Fort II was replaced by Fort III . This camp was initially built in a wood and earth construction (Fort IIIa) and only later converted into a stone fort (Fort IIIb) . The fortification was enclosed by four trenches in both construction phases.

Danube port

The port was constructed at the same time that Fort IV was built, so it is also early Vespasian. A tributary of the Danube that reached to the edge of the lower terrace was used and was expanded to look like a port. In part (in the west of the facility) rocks made of tufa were worked so that they formed a solid quay . In those places where no existing rock could be used (in the eastern area), the quay was made of wood. A shallow bay in between was used as a landing stage , dock or slipway .

At the end of the wooden quay, the constructions of two piers could be demonstrated. The overall complexity of the port construction with landing, quays and piers leads to the assumption that the port facility was constructed as a naval port. The port was used until the Trajan / early Hadrian times.

Exercise camp

Through aerial archaeological investigations and selective excavations, it was possible to identify a total of six training camps about one and a half kilometers east of the fort in the area of ​​today's Hofstetten district, as they were previously only known from Lower Germany and Britain . Three of these camps have since been examined more closely. In all three cases, the trenches were not very wide and deep, and in some places not very carefully made. The trenches were broken at the places where gates were to be expected. A stiffening of the walls or traces of internal structures were not found in a single case.

Roman troops in Straubing

Military diploma, Gäubodenmuseum Staubing

In Straubing an infantry unit (Cohors peditata) and two partially mounted units (Cohortes equitatae) with 500 and 1000 men each are known from brick stamps, dedicatory inscriptions and military diplomas .

Cohors II Gallorum (?)

It is possible that the Cohors II Gallorum mentioned in the Raetian civil rights constitution of 13 May 86 AD is identical to the Cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata , which was stationed in Moesia at the end of the first century. A total of four units have become known under the name Cohors II Gallorum , which could lead to a great risk of confusion. The Cohors II Gallorum Pannonica , the Cohors II Gallorum Pannonica Dacica (both in Dacia ), the Cohors II Gallorum Macedonica in Moesia superior and Dacia as well as the named Cohors II Gallorum veterana equitata which was known to be stationed in Moesia inferior , Mauretania and Britannia . The Cohors II Gallorum , which so far cannot be assigned to a specific garrison location in Raetia, could have been in Straubing between 75/85 and around 90 AD before it was included in the military diplomas after 92 AD in Moesia inferior is called.

Cohors II Raetorum

The Cohors II Raetorum was a roughly 500-strong cohort of the Raetians who were apparently stationed in Fort IV. This unit is known only from military diplomas and brick stamps. It is not to be confused with the Cohors II Raetorum civium Romanorum , which is found in Upper Germany, i. H. was stationed first in Wiesbaden and then on the Saalburg. The Cohors II Raetorum is not yet mentioned in the military diploma of May 13, 86 AD and only appears in the fully preserved constitution of 107 AD. Therefore, as is often claimed, it has not been possible since the Vespasian period (69-79 AD) were stationed in Straubing. They remained there, however, to the Marcomanni wars (165-182 n. Chr.). Another Rhaetian military diploma of 168 as well as brick stamps, which are only known from Straubing, prove their presence in Sorviodurum.

Cohors III Batavorum equitata milliaria

The Cohors III Batavorum was a partly mounted cohort of the Batavians , about a thousand strong, who were stationed in Fort II. The Batavians were relocated from Britain to Raetia around AD 107, probably directly to Straubing, and withdrawn from Raetia around AD 140. A military diploma from Weißenburg and a brick stamp from the western camp village prove their presence in Straubing.

Cohors I Flavia Canathenorum milliaria sagittariorum

The Cohors I Flavia Canathenorum was an approximately 800-strong cohort of archers from Canatha , who were stationed in Fort III. From the middle of the second century AD they moved into their camp in Straubing and stayed there until the first half of the third century, when they disappeared with the Alemanni invasions and the associated demise of the fort. They can be proven by brick stamps, military diplomas and a now lost consecration stone (dedicatory inscription for Jupiter Dolchenus by a veteran of the 1st Canathen cohort).

Civil plants

Vici

The vicus of Straubing, the camp village in which the relatives of the soldiers, veterans, traders, craftsmen and service providers settled, seems to have been an important economic center for the agrarian surrounding area. It was not only a transshipment point for the products of the surrounding villae rusticae , but also an important and versatile, artisanal production center. In addition to the potteries, metal foundries, bricklayers and painters explicitly described below, blacksmiths, wood and bone processing companies, leather goods producers and crockery patchers could be detected. The trade extended to high-quality, relief-decorated terra sigillata from La Graufesenque and Rheinzabern , Lavez vessels from Ticino , glasses from the CCAA / Cologne and the east of the empire as well as bronze work from northern Italy and Campania . The entertainment of the military and civilians was provided by pubs, brothel owners, showmen and theater performances.

The vicus area is now largely built over, only in the west and south of the camp village larger, contiguous areas could be excavated. This means that the structure and chronology of the vicus can only be reconstructed with a certain degree of caution. The settlement focus was in the Vespasian-Early Dominian times in the western vicus area and grew further south and east under Domitian. Under Hadrian a certain recession seems to have affected the west vicus, which was deserted around this time. During the Marcomannic war camp village was extensively destroyed. Soon afterwards, new building activity began and the vicus flourished again, as the larger and better quality architecture of this time (partly hypocausted stone houses) shows.

Western vicus

In the west vicus streets were exposed, which provided information about the structure and division of the village. The main traffic axes were a road leading south from the south gate of the west fort and a road turning west from it.

On the side of the streets, the inventories of numerous wells and rubbish pits indicated the presence of metalworking (bronze) companies and a pottery with at least three kilns. The pottery company, whose owner is known by the name of the repeatedly occurring pottery stamp CAPPO , primarily produced utility ceramics , with pots and mortars dominating. But the production of Terra Nigra was also part of the production range, although instead of the usual glossy black it only had a glossy gray coating. A third component of the pottery products were simple crucible lamps.

In addition to these traces of metallurgy and pottery, the discovery of a trowel and two crucibles with paint residues indicated the presence of other craft businesses. The only bath in Sorviodurums to date has been found in the northwest of the craftsmen's quarter . However, his findings were severely disturbed by soil encroachments in post-Roman times. What is certain is that the bathing complex had several construction phases and was probably abandoned before the middle of the second century.

Sigillates belonging to the complex of finds made it possible to date the beginning of the western vicus to the Domitian-Traian period. The smaller house floor plans of this era were overlaid by larger buildings from the second to third centuries.

Southern Vicus

Raetic goods, Gäubodenmuseum Straubing

Like the western one, the southern vicus, which is characterized by strip houses , was heavily influenced by various handicrafts and dealerships. In this way, the kiln of a pottery factory could be located, in which so-called Raetian ware , shiny black vessels with geometric decorations, were produced. Also company lamps were apparently produced in Straubing, as the discovery of an appropriate model with the inscription IEGIDI suggests. Fragments of rock crystal point to a jeweler. One building had an apse and stone foundations. Only one room has so far been completely uncovered. It may have been a public building. Extensive remains of wall paintings dating from the second century AD were found here. The room was decorated with red fields. Between the fields there were vine tendrils on a black background and a scroll tendril above the fields.

Burial grounds

Following the Roman customs , the necropolises were also found in Straubing on both sides of the arterial roads, outside the militarily and civilly populated area of Sorviodurum .

In the area of ​​today's old town, between Heerstraße and Feuerhausgasse, is the western burial ground. It was discovered as early as 1877, but due to the immature excavation methods of the time, the findings were only vaguely recognized and documented inaccurately. A total of 27 graves (including 21 fire graves and six body graves) were located on an area of ​​around 100 by 400 meters. A sequence of occupancy can be seen from east to west. Occupancy began at the turn of the first to the second century AD and lasted into the third century.

The eastern burial ground extends over 750 m in length along the former road to Passau and, with 114 uncovered burials, is considered Straubing's largest necropolis to date. It was buried here from the middle to the end of the second century.

Finally, on a local road leading to the Aitrach Valley, three burials from the second half of the second century and the beginning of the third century were recovered over an area of ​​around 350 meters.

The grave contexts of the 1st and 2nd centuries were mainly cremations, the Ustrina type (urn graves) dominated. The urns were mostly pots that were closed with a lid. Sometimes the corpse burn was buried in a leather sack with a plate as a lid. In the rarest of cases, the corpse burn was not read out and deposited directly in the pit. There are mainly oil lamps as accessories, coins were rarely found, although they played an essential role in ancient burial systems. Only in the eastern burial ground could two busta atypical in Raetia be uncovered, but they were provided with rich additions, such as a set of Terra Sigillata crockery and a large number of oil lamps.

→ For information on the late antique necropolises, see the section Late Antique Facilities

Rural settlement

In the rural Straubing area, in the south-west, south and south-east of Sorviodurum , a total of 28 Villae Rusticae have been identified or developed. These villas were larger estates that were mostly received by veterans as severance pay after they were discharged from military service. They were run as family businesses with the help of a fluctuating number of slaves. They ensured that the Roman garrisons were supplied with food. Most of the villaes in the area around Sorviodurum have so far only been localized through a corresponding accumulation and composition of reading finds.

Reconstruction of the Villa rustica on Alburger Hochweg, Gäubodenmuseum Straubing

The best researched is the villa on Alburger Hochweg , the main building of which consisted of a risalit villa measuring 48 × 24 meters (= 1152 square meters). It was decorated with wall paintings and had at least two hypocausted rooms. A large, uncovered courtyard with a deep impluvium was attached to the portico . In addition to agriculture, brick production was an economic mainstay of this villa, as indicated by the discovery of a total of seven kilns. The total area with all farm buildings amounted to 1.5 hectares. The villa was built at the beginning of the second century, damaged in the Marcomann Wars, but then renovated again. It existed until the Alamanni incursions .

A “villa in the Aitrachtal near Ödmühle” , which was operated from the late first century to the first half of the third century , could also be located through traces of the wall and a small burial ground .

From another “villa on Äußere Passauer Straße” only a small cemetery has been discovered, which consisted of a total of 14 cremation graves. Out of the altogether poorly furnished tombs one protrudes, which was luxuriously decorated with gold jewelry, bronzes, sigillates, clay vessels and a glass bottle as an urn. It is probably the grave of a female member of the landowner's family.

Coin treasure from Kirchmatting, Gäubodenmuseum, Straubing

The "Schatz von Kirchmatting " , recovered in 1937 and consisting of a total of 1169 coins, also implies the existence of a nearby villa rustica. The series of coins begins with a denarius of Marcus Antonius , who died around 32/31 BC. BC, and ends with various coins from the Severer from the year 231. Thus, the Alemanni invasion of the year 233 could be assumed to be the cause for the construction of this hoard.

Treasure find from Straubing

Face helmet, Gäubodenmuseum Straubing

The so-called “Straubing treasure trove” was discovered by chance on October 27, 1950 during construction work. It is considered to be the most important Roman treasure find since the discovery of the Hildesheim silver treasure in 1868. The site was in the immediate vicinity of a villa rustica, which has been known since the second half of the 1920s and can be seen in its context. It was about 100 meters north of the villa, hidden in a copper cauldron, only about 40 centimeters below the top of the site. His inventory consisted of seven masks of face helmets, the back half of a face helmet, six greaves, seven horse head protection plates, twenty statuettes, pedestals and bronze implements as well as 73 iron finds. The sigillates recovered in the Villa rustica consisted of Gallic, Heiligenberger and especially Rheinzabener goods , the not particularly extensive coin series consisted of a coinage of Claudius , four of Antoninus Pius (including a denarius ), an early coinage of Marcus Aurelius , one of Lucius Verus , one of Clodius Albinus (Denarius) and one of Constantine . The multi-period villa was likely to have been affected by both the Marcomanni incursions in 166 and the Alemanni incursions of the third century, so that the hoard can basically be assigned to both times of conflict. The discovery of the constantine coin speaks for the continued use of the villa until at least the early fourth century, without prejudice to all the destruction of the second or third century.

Late antique plants

Like all fort sites in the Rhaetian Danube Limes, Sorviodurum was destroyed during the Alemanni invasions in the first half of the third century. The reconstruction did not take place on the old square, but on a natural mountain spur west of the Allachbach , on which the Romanesque basilica St. Peter was later built. Part of the north wall and a well of the late Roman fort were excavated.

The necropolis in today's old town, which was used in the past, continued to be buried. An additional bowl in the Elbe Germanic tradition provides a first indication of the presence of Germanic peoples at this time.

In 1981 the cemetery "Azlburg I" was discovered and almost completely excavated. It is located east of the Allabach and had an area of ​​18 × 36 meters, 109 burials in 107 graves. With one exception, the body was buried in the supine position in a wooden coffin, with an east-west orientation dominating. Around 35 percent of the graves were provided with grave goods. Occupancy began at the turn of the third and fourth centuries and lasted until the first half of the fifth century. The graves from the first half of the fifth century only contained Germanic goods.

Glass jug from the Azlburg II burial ground, Gäubodenmuseum Straubing

The Azlburg II cemetery was only discovered in 1984 , from which 46 burials in 44 graves have so far been recovered. The occupation period spanned the entire fourth century. In addition to burials facing east-west with Roman provincial finds, there was a group on the edge of the necropolis with graves facing north-south, which also contained Germanic goods.

From the findings and the composition and distribution of the finds, the following picture can be drawn for late antiquity:

In the last quarter of the third century a fort was built on the church hill of St. Peter , which was partially destroyed by a damaging fire in the same period. The grave goods indicate that this fort was occupied by Elbe Germanic auxiliary troops at the turn of the third and fourth centuries. Probably the invasion of the Juthung in 357 led to the destruction of the fort. which is to be set around the middle of the fourth century. Overall, the late antique fortification existed until the first half of the fifth century. It was then rebuilt and existed until the middle of the fifth century. At this time the Allachbach estuary was left. The early medieval settlement originated about three kilometers down the stream. Thus one can speak of a Roman settlement continuity in Straubing up to the early Middle Ages.

Monument protection and presentation

The forts and the facilities mentioned are protected as registered ground monuments within the meaning of the Bavarian Monument Protection Act (BayDSchG) . Investigations and targeted collection of finds are subject to authorization, accidental finds must be reported to the monument authorities.

The finds and findings from Sorviodurum are presented in the Roman section of the Gäubodenmuseum Straubing.

See also

literature

  • Josef Keim, Hans Klumbach : The Roman treasure trove of Straubing (= Munich contributions to prehistory and early history. Volume 3). 2nd edition expanded to include a bibliography. Beck, Munich 1976.
  • Günther Moosbauer : Fort and cemeteries of late antiquity in Straubing. Romans and Germanic peoples on the way to the first Bavarians (= Passau university publications on archeology. Volume 10). Leidorf, Rahden 2005, ISBN 3-89646-177-X .
  • Johannes Prammer : Gäubodenmuseum, Straubing, Roman Department . Lipp, Munich 1983.
  • Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum (= Bavarian museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 .
  • Johannes Prammer: Straubing, Ndb. Castles and vicus. In: Wolfgang Czysz among others: The Romans in Bavaria. Licensed edition of the 1995 edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-11-6 , pp. 518-521.
  • Norbert Walke: The Roman Danube Fort Straubing - Sorviodurum (= Limes research. 3). Mann, Berlin 1965.
  • Thomas Fischer , Constanze Höpken, Frederik Kirch: Römerpark Straubing: Continuation of an educational excavation in the southern vicus of Sorviodurum. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2009. Stuttgart 2010, pp. 103-105.
  • Renate Thomas : Roman wall painting in the southern vicus of Sorviodunum. In: The archaeological year in Bavaria 2009. Stuttgart 2010, pp. 105–106.
  • Renate Thomas: The wall painting finds in Straubing. In: Annual report of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area , special volume 5, Straubing 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816840-0-1 .

Numerous excavation reports were published in the annual reports series of the Historical Association for Straubing and the surrounding area .

Web links

Commons : Kastelle von Straubing  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 6-7, 14-16.
  2. ↑ Norbert Walke: The Roman Danube Fort Straubing - Sorviodurum. (= Limes research. 3). Mann, Berlin 1965, pp. 9-17.
  3. ↑ Joseph von Mussinan in annual reports of the Historisches Verein Straubing , 1898ff.
  4. ↑ Official website of the "Historical Association for Straubing and the Surrounding Area".
  5. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 .
  6. ↑ On Straubing urban archeology on the pages of the Gäubodenmuseum. Also: Annual report of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area. 105/2003, Straubing 2004, pp. 39-59.
  7. ↑ Norbert Walke: The Roman Danube Fort Straubing - Sorviodurum. (= Limes research. 3). Mann, Berlin 1965, pp. 9-13.
  8. ↑ a b Norbert Walke: The Roman Danube Fort Straubing - Sorviodurum. (= Limes research. 3) Mann, Berlin 1965, pp. 14-17.
  9. ↑ AE 1977, 595 : C (ohors) se (cunda) R (a) e (torum) Tul (lius) S [––– f (ecit)] .
  10. ↑ AE 1999, 1184 : Au] gustae [–––] / [––– A] ntoniu [s //] anus prae [fect (us?) –––] / [––– coh (ortis?)] II Raetoru [m] .
  11. ^ Also AE 2005, 1153 , CIL 16, 183 , AE 1961, 173 = AE 1978, 591 , AE 1995, 1185 = AE 1999, 1188 .
  12. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 16-21, 28.
  13. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 20-22.
  14. ↑ AE 1995, 1185 = AE 1999, 1188 .
  15. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 22f., 29.
  16. ^ AE 2005, 1152 : Coh (ors) I Canat (henorum) .
  17. ↑ CIL 3, 5973 = CIL 3, 11976 : [I (ovi) O (ptimo) M (aximo)] / [Do] licheno / [pr] o salute / [Im] p (eratoris) n (ostri) vete ( rani) / [coh (ortis)] I Cana (thenorum) // III Idus Apr [i] / les L (a) elia / no co (n) s (ule) qui / bus pra [e] e [st .
  18. ^ AE 2005, 1153
  19. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 23-27, 28.
  20. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 73-78.
  21. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 33-35.
  22. ^ Werner Eck: Bureaucracy and Politics in the Roman Empire. Administrative routine and political reflexes in the civil rights constitutions of the Roman emperors . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2012, ISBN 978-3-531-18742-6 , pp. 83-85.
  23. ↑ Farkas István Gergő: The Roman Army in Raetia , dissertation, University of Pécs, Pécs 2015, p. 153.
  24. ^ Nicole Lambert, Jörg Scheuerbrandt : The military diploma. Source on the Roman army and documents. (= Small writings on the knowledge of the Roman occupation history of Southwest Germany. Volume 55), Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1726-2 , p. 54.
  25. ↑ CIL 16,00055 .
  26. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , p. 28.
  27. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , p. 29.
  28. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , p. 28.
  29. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 65-83.
  30. ↑ a b Norbert Walke: The Roman Danube Fort Straubing - Sorviodurum. (= Limes research. 3). Mann, Berlin 1965, pp. 18-21.
  31. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 65-68.
  32. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 68-70.
  33. ↑ Renate Thomas: The wall painting finds in Straubing . In: Annual report of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area , special volume 5, Straubing 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816840-0-1 , pp. 11-14.
  34. ↑ Renate Thomas: The wall painting finds in Straubing . In: Annual report of the historical association for Straubing and the surrounding area, special volume 5, Straubing 2014, ISBN 978-3-9816840-0-1 , pp. 17–50 and passim .
  35. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 82-85.
  36. ↑ Norbert Walke: The Roman Danube Fort Straubing - Sorviodurum. (= Limes research. 3). Mann, Berlin 1965, pp. 21-24.
  37. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 85-89.
  38. ^ Josef Keim in the annual report of the historical association Straubing. 33, 1930, pp. 21-34.
  39. ↑ Josef Keim, Hans Klumbach : The Roman treasure trove of Straubing. (= Munich contributions to prehistory and early history. 3). 2nd edition expanded to include a bibliography. Beck, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-406-00473-3 .
  40. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 36-64.
  41. ^ Günther Moosbauer : Fort and cemeteries of late antiquity in Straubing. Romans and Germanic peoples on the way to the first Bavarians . (= Passau university publications on archeology. Volume 10). Leidorf, Rahden 2005, ISBN 3-89646-177-X .
  42. ↑ Johannes Prammer: The Roman Straubing. Excavations, treasure trove, Gäubodenmuseum. (= Bavarian Museums. 11). Schnell & Steiner, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-7954-0759-1 , pp. 89-98.
  43. ^ Johannes Prammer: Gäubodenmuseum, Straubing, Roman Department . Lipp, Munich 1983. Official website of the Gäubodenmuseum in Straubing (accessed on November 22, 2011).

Remarks

  1. ↑ Syrians from the area around Kanatha .
  2. ↑ Einhausen-Rinkam, Alburg, Straubing-Freibad, Straubing-Wasserwerk, Ittling, Ödmühle, Fruhstorf, Irlbach (2 ×), Straßkirchen, Siebenkofen, Kirchmatting, Geltolfing, Kienoden, Oberpiebing, Salching, Feldkirchen, Kay, Pönning, Hirschling, Geiselhöring , Greißing, Sallach, Leiblfing, Opperkofen, Lindloh, Wimpasing, Straubing-Landshuter Straße.