Pilgrimage Church Steinhausen
The pilgrimage church of Our Lady and Parish Church of St. Peter and Paul in Steinhausen , a district of Bad Schussenried ( Upper Swabia ) is a Baroque church that was built from 1728 to 1733 for the Reichsabbey of Schussenried during the term of office of Abbot Didacus Ströbele . Planned, built and stuccoed by Dominikus Zimmermann , decorated with art-historically significant ceiling frescoes by his older brother Johann Baptist Zimmermann , it is considered the main work of the Wessobrunn School as well as one of the greatest masterpieces of the early Rococo . The pilgrimage church is a main attraction of the Upper Swabian Baroque Road as well as the Upper Swabian Way of St. James (the disciple James can be found as a ceiling painting in the church). The church has also been a parish church since 1865 and is often referred to as the “most beautiful village church in the world”.
history
The place Steinhausen, first mentioned as "Stainhusen" in 1239, had a small Marienkirche by 1275 at the latest. It served the local nobility as a burial place and the parish as a parish church . In 1363 the Premonstratensians of the Schussenried provost bought the church sets, Widumhöfe and tithe rights from Steinhausen. The Marien pilgrimages to Steinhausen began in the 15th century. Around 1415, the miraculous image was erected, which is still the center of worship today, and the church is presumably also redesigned in the Gothic style. Around 1615 the small Marienkirche was rebuilt and renovated again in 1652 after the destruction of the Thirty Years War. Abbot Tiberius Mangold had the church furnished in the Baroque style and an altar of Mary set up in front of the miraculous image.
In 1726 the Abbot Didacus Ströbele from Schussenried made the decision to rebuild the church. The reason for this was not least the growing flow of pilgrims, for which the small Marienkirche was not enough. The wealthy imperial abbey approved 9,000 guilders for construction. Dominikus Zimmermann , who had already made a name for himself with monastery buildings and had just received the order to build the new convent church from the Dominican convent in Sießen, was won as the master builder . On March 30, 1727 Zimmermann submitted the first drafts. On March 7th, 1728 the miraculous image was solemnly transferred to the monastery; demolition work began a week later. On August 8, 1728, the foundation stone was laid on the foundations of the old church. The material for the construction came from the quarry of the Sießen monastery. In 1729 the shell was completed; the following spring, Dominikus Zimmermann began stuccoing the interior.
The first service in the new church had already taken place when Johann Baptist Zimmermann , the builder's older brother, and his two sons began painting the frescoes on the church ceiling in the summer of 1731 . On November 24th, 1731, Abbot Ströbele gave the church a name, while the furnishings and stucco were still unfinished. The solemn church consecration was carried out on May 5, 1733 by the Constance Auxiliary Bishop Franz Johann Anton von Syrgenstein. Abbot Ströbele had since abdicated because of conflicts with the order; he had been accused of weakness of character and negligence. In 1733, after a surprising visit by the Premonstratensian Vicar General , Abbot Hermann Vogler, Ströbele was deposed from the then Reichsabbey Mönchsrot and banished to the monastery of All Saints in the Black Forest , where he stayed for two years. From here, Ströbele was taken to the Premonstratensian Abbey of Wadgassen on the Saar in 1735 , where he lived for thirteen years, provided with an annual pension from the Schussenried monastery of 500 guilders, and died in 1748.
On September 29, 1735 the miraculous image was transferred back to Steinhausen from the Schussenried monastery. 20,000 believers are said to have participated in the procession.
The temporary relocation of the image of Mary did not detract from the pilgrimage to Steinhausen. The number of pilgrims increased from year to year, although most of them were from the region. Only in the course of the Enlightenment and the increasing fight against organized religion did the pilgrims dwindle towards the end of the 18th century. In 1803 the Schussenried Monastery was closed. Two years later secular priests replaced the last canons. In 1865 the pilgrimage church was converted into a parish church .
In contrast to other pilgrimage churches, Steinhausen was never closed for a long time and also found friends in the highest circles. King Wilhelm I of Württemberg had the church renovated in 1844 and a new organ installed in 1851/1852. After the turn of the century, the tower dome was renewed in 1920 and the roof structure was secured in 1931. The interior was renovated from 1940 to 1942. Further renovation measures, especially on the ceiling paintings, followed from 1967 to 1974.
The patronage festival is celebrated on the Friday of Sorrows (also "Mary under the Cross"; the Friday before Palm Sunday ). The parish church is assigned to the diocese Rottenburg-Stuttgart and belongs to the pastoral care unit Ingoldingen-Winterstettenstadt-Winterstettendorf. The church is located on the Way of St. James and is still a pilgrimage station. It is also a very popular place for weddings.
architecture
The outer shape of the pilgrimage church is clearly neither a central building nor a cross-shaped church complex. Four baroque gables with volutes emphasize on the one hand the almost perfect symmetry of the building, on the other hand two pseudo gables mark the supposed transept. Convex curved wall elements mediate between the transverse and longitudinal axis and give an idea of the oval of the interior. A bell tower with an onion dome, which is divided into three floors, sits enthroned as a directional element above the west portal. The curved shapes of the double rows of windows and pilasters , which structure the outer wall and connect it to a rhythmic unit, give an idea of the elaborate decoration of the interior.
With the Steinhauser pilgrimage church, Dominikus Zimmermann created a unique amalgamation of the oval shape of the sacred space, which had become popular in the Roman Baroque through Bernini and Borromini , with the Vorarlberg cathedral scheme , which provided for a nave divided by two rows of pillars. Zimmermann came up with a simple and effective solution: The oval church interior is inscribed with an oval ring made of ten square pillars. They support the flat dome of the interior and thus stretch a kind of canvas on which the frescoes can unfold like a second sky. On the other hand, between the ring on pillars and the outer wall, a corridor is created that, without creating real aisles, gives the interior an effective double wall shell. In the spaces between the pillars there are two rows of four richly decorated windows on the outer wall, which illuminate the interior evenly from all sides and bring out the pillar oval in a particularly three-dimensional manner.
The transverse oval of the apse with the monumental high altar is located in the east of the nave as an eye-catcher and center of liturgical veneration, directly opposite the main portal. But this - with the organ gallery above the west portal - is almost the only architectural concession to the east-west orientation. Rather, the pillars adorned with rich stucco ornamentation and rocaille shapes, which carry simply designed white round arches and a lavishly decorated cornice, which already rounds to the dome, are characteristic. The stucco of this cornice serves as a parapet of the theater stage on which the figures in the ceiling painting act.
organ
The organ of the monastery church was built in 1975 by the organ builder Reiser, in a historical case from 1730, which was built by the organ builder Schmid (Boos). The original organ was replaced in 1852 by the organ builder Engelfried. Some of the stops of today's instrument date back to 1852. The slider chest instrument has 25 stops on two manual works and a pedal. The playing and stop actions are mechanical.
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P
literature
- Hermann Bauer, Anna Bauer: Johann Baptist and Dominikus Zimmermann. Origin and completion of the Bavarian Rococo . A. Pustet, Regensburg 1985, ISBN 3-7917-0918-6
- Otto Beck, Paul Notz: pilgrimage church Steinhausen . (Little Art Guide; No. 203). 34th edition. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-7954-4180-7
- Matthäus Gerster: Our Lady of Steinhausen. A novel about a church . Schwabenverlag, Stuttgart 1948
- Bernhard Rueß: Building history of the pilgrimage temple to Steinhausen, OA, created by the Reichsstift Schussenried. Waldsee , in: Archive for Christian Art. Organ of the Rottenburger Diözesan-Kunstverein , 32nd year 1914, pp. 75–78 and 92–96 ( digitized version )
- Adolf Schahl: The art monuments of the former Waldsee district . (= The art monuments in Württemberg). DVA, Stuttgart and Berlin 1943
- Wolfgang Urban : Baroque church Steinhausen. A wealth of meaning in architecture and art . Kunstverlag Fink, Lindenberg im Allgäu, 2015, ISBN 978-3-89870-906-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Catholic parish of Maria Visitation Wadgassen, civil parish of Wadgassen, Bisttalforum Wadgassen (ed.): Premonstratensian Abbey Wadgassen 1135-1792, contributions to abbey and local history, ed. on the occasion of the anniversary "800 years of foundation of the Premonstratensian Abbey of Wadgassen", Wadgasser Publications No. 4, Saarlouis 1985, pp. 109–114.
- ↑ Information about the organ (as of July 26, 2018)
Web links
- Pilgrimage Church Steinhausen. In: arch INFORM .
- Parishes of St. Peter and Paul Steinhausen and St. Jakobus Muttensweiler
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Coordinates: 48 ° 1 ′ 44.2 " N , 9 ° 41 ′ 44.4" E