Werner Hartmann (physicist)

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Werner Hartmann, 1964
Hartmann's signature

Werner August Friedrich Hartmann (born January 30, 1912 in Friedenau ; † March 8, 1988 in Dresden ) was a German physicist and electrical engineer . He is considered the founder of microelectronics in the GDR .

During his studies at the TH Berlin-Charlottenburg , Werner Hartmann worked with Nobel Prize winner Gustav Hertz on the still young semiconductor physics . From 1935 to 1945 he was involved in industrial research ( Siemens and Halske , Fernseh GmbH) with semiconductors and special electronic equipment. Like other German scientists, he was obliged to work on the Soviet nuclear program in the USSR in 1945 , where he carried out work on nuclear radiation measurement technology under the direction of Gustav Hertz until 1955 .

After returning to Germany - to the GDR - Hartmann founded and managed a science-based industrial company in Dresden and at the same time acquired academic degrees (habilitation, professorship). The early establishment of the Laboratory for Molecular Electronics (AME) in Dresden in 1961, which he headed with great success until 1974, identifies him as a microelectronics pioneer of European standing. This job was the nucleus for today's microelectronics cluster Silicon Saxony .

Thanks to his performance orientation, Hartmann enjoyed multiple recognition, e. B. was awarded the GDR national prize twice , but as a non-party science and economic functionary he was a rare exception in the GDR nomenclature. A Stasi intruder provided the pretext for dismissing him without notice in 1974 for “subversive attitudes”. Only after his death did the easing of the Peaceful Revolution give him more recognition.

Life

Title page of the dissertation

1912–1936: Training and graduation

Hartmann was born the son of a master painter in Friedenau. After an excellent high school diploma at the reform school in Steglitz , he studied technical physics at the TH Berlin-Charlottenburg from 1930 , at times as a working student and at the same time as an intern at Askania , Osram and the Berlin telephone factory. In addition to his studies, he worked as a construction worker, interpreter and pianist in a dance band. Under Gustav Hertz and Walter Schottky , he took part in research on semiconductor physics , with which he completed his studies as a graduate engineer in 1935 and obtained his doctorate in 1936 under Walter Schottky on the electrical properties of oxide semiconductors (graduation with "very good"). He was honored with the medal "The Technical University of Berlin for Successful Work". Richard Becker , Friedrich Georg Houtermans , Rudolf Rothe , Max Volmer and Wilhelm Westphal were among his teachers . His doctorate took place under the chairmanship of Max Volmer, reporter Richard Becker and co-reporter Hans Kopfermann . He heard u. a. at Max Planck . Through his early research on semiconductors, he paid attention to the purity and cleanliness of the corresponding technological processes throughout his life. In 1969 he wrote about it:

“Semiconductors are far too sensitive to faults of any kind to be controlled as easily as the production of nuts and bolts today, for example. On the contrary, it takes revenge for everyone, even the smallest sin of omission. However, this has not only been the case in recent years. This has been known since the beginning of industrial scientific work with semiconductors. I myself have experienced it often and painfully for a young physicist: in my diploma thesis on copper oxide and in the course of my dissertation on a number of other oxide semiconductors. "

1935–1945: the research decade

Hartmann followed Gustav Hertz to Siemens and Halske in 1935. It was there that he began to work with photocathodes and image converters, which Hartmann continued from 1937 to 1945 as laboratory and department manager at Fernseh AG (from 1939 Fernseh GmbH). At the Berlin radio exhibition in 1938, Hartmann was able to present a TV picture with 1000 lines. During the Second World War he remained exempt from military service because the work on image transmission was assigned to armaments research.

Hartmann states in his autobiography: "In March 1945, when I realized that the Allies would soon end the war, I decided to learn Russian." The 72-page Langenscheidt booklet "Learn Russian!" . At that time he mastered the English and French languages. This venture was favored by the fact that his job was closed on April 20, 1945 due to the war. He continues: "Building on this scant knowledge of Russian, I quickly learned this beautiful and basically simple language in the months that followed."

Most of his patents date from this period and deal with photocells and cathodes as well as picture tubes .

1945–1955: the USSR decade

The secret final protocol of Yalta (February 1945) stipulated the use of German labor as one of three forms of reparation after the end of the Second World War. The proclamation no. 2, section VI, § 19a of the Allied Control Council declared the deployment of German workers to Reparationsarbeit outside Germany admissible. "Labor reparations" were not mentioned in the minutes of the Potsdam Conference (August 1945). These workers, also known as “specialists”, are scientists and engineers from research and development, in particular from atomic physics, rocket and aircraft technology. The forced evacuations of these specialists were ultimately arbitrary acts by the victorious powers.

In the target manhunt of the Soviet secret service NKVD stood for the participation in the Soviet Alsos project for the development of atomic bombs Nobel laureate Gustav Hertz in Berlin . He was urged to recruit suitable scientific staff for this complex of tasks, including Hartmann. He followed this invitation, seeing it as an opportunity to escape the confusion after the war. “He left everything behind. His only guarantee was Gustav Hertz. ”Hertz flew to Moscow-Tushino on June 13, 1945 with this group of employees in a Soviet military plane . After weeks of uncertainty, they traveled on to Sukhumi on the Black Sea in a sleeper train from August 18-27 . This transfer also included laboratory equipment and raw materials. This group was housed in the former coastal Sanatoriumsort Agudsera , 10 kilometers southeast of Sukhumi, now called the Institute G (after transcribed G ertz).

This institute, headed by Gustav Hertz, was given the task of enlarging the Hertzian diffusion cascade for the separation of 235 U and 238 U into gigantic dimensions (see uranium enrichment ). Mass spectrometric examinations were carried out with the same purpose, led by Werner Schütze as the institute's second director. This work was affected by other tasks related to uranium enrichment. For Hertz and his employees, a phase of life that was extremely interesting from a physical and technical point of view began, which everyone involved will always remember with vivid memories. The scientists and their families were given high perks, but there were considerable restrictions and threats. The institute was operational in April 1946. In the following years a modern and efficient institute was established, the Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology (SIPT).

The institute is divided into the following areas or departments (see also):

In addition, there were required services:

Other employees were his friend Fritz Bernhard , Esche and Staudenmeyer. In addition to Soviet university cadres and laboratory technicians, Hartmann's department also worked for former German prisoners of war, such as B. Hardwin Jungclaussen . The topics covered are reflected in his habilitation thesis in 1956. Due to the topic, there was a cooperation with the Institute A of Manfred von Ardenne in Sukhumi-Sinop, which was also commissioned with the isotope separation.

In 1946 Hartmann brought his family to Agudsera.

Hartmann was one of the scientists who went to the USSR with the mistaken assumption that it was a two-year stay. Tensions arose, however, when the Germans, under Hartmann's leadership, refused to sign employment contracts with no return date. Obviously, the situation relaxed again, which u. a. expressed through Hartmann's involvement in the academic life of the USSR. He supervised graduation theses at Moscow and Leningrad universities and was (co-) author of scientific publications in Soviet journals. On the basis of his autodidactic knowledge of Russian, Hartmann endeavored to obtain further training in this language and advanced to become its spokesman in the German settlement as its “mayor” or as its “beautiful doctor”.

With the development of the hydrogen bomb in the USSR - the first test took place on August 12, 1953 - interest in the German "specialists" waned, so that they could leave the USSR after two to three years of quarantine in 1954/55. Despite some considerable discrepancies with the Soviet superiors up to the then head of the secret service, who later became the superior of the Supreme Soviet Beria , Hartmann has positive memories of this stay.

Institutes A and G were then merged and henceforth operate under the name “ Sochumi Physikalisch-Technisches Institut ” (SFTI).

On the occasion of a vacation trip to Sukhumi, Hartmann later visited Agudseri.

1955–1965: his vision and the building decade

Hartmann had the choice of moving to the USA, the FRG or the GDR. As an industrial physicist, he got the better offer from the GDR, which, however, led him - unpredictably - to a dead end. On April 2, 1955, he returned with his family by train, but not to his hometown Berlin, but unexpectedly to Leipzig. The messengers from the USSR were seen in the GDR as "scientific nobility" and enjoyed some privileges.

On Hartmann's initiative with the support of Manfred von Ardenne , VEB Vakutronik Dresden was founded, where he held the functions of director and technical director at the same time. Here he conceived and developed the Scientific Industrial Company (WIB) to overcome economic and bureaucratic obstacles, a circumstance that was certainly of great use to him when he later founded and set up the molecular electronics department. The term WIB was undesirable in the GDR. In continuation of his activities in the USSR, the main research and production areas of Vakutronik were nuclear physics and nuclear technology. So in the company u. a. Manufacture of measuring devices for X-ray and radioactive radiation as well as ionization chambers.

With his arrival in the GDR, the observation by the Ministry for State Security began immediately by means of the observation process Reg. 208/55 and then by means of the operative procedure “tablet” (1955–1958). As you can see from the literature mentioned, he is referred to as an “opponent of the SU” contrary to his positive work in the Soviet Union. The name “tablet” is derived from the fact that Hartmann received medicine in the form of tablets from his father in what was then West Berlin , which the Soviet secret service believed to be substances for the production of secret ink. When comparing this with the relevant position in Manfred von Ardennes' curriculum vitae, it can be assumed that this was initiated by the NKVD in Moscow. The observation was continued with the operational process “crystal” (1959–1962) and later again with the OV “molecule” (from 1965). It was not until Hartmann's Stasi files that these activities were revealed after the collapse of the GDR in 1989 .

Title page of the habilitation thesis

Hartmann's research and development work on nuclear physics measuring devices during his ten-year stay in the USSR was reflected in his habilitation thesis, which he submitted to the TH Dresden in 1956, one year after his return . In it he deals with the following topics: scintillation counters , counter tubes ( ionization chambers , proportional counter tubes, Geiger-Müller trigger counters ), mass spectrometers and dynodes (ion current measuring devices ). The document also explains the supplementary (display) electronics.

Here is the written evidence of his invention of the later so-called secondary electron or Everhart-Thornley detector , a combination of scintillator and photomultiplier for particle-to-particle amplification using photons. The "specialists" in their "golden cage" in the USSR were strictly forbidden to publish or apply for a patent. He later learned from literature that Everhart and Thornley had reinvented and published this detector in 1960. Only now did he recognize the value of his invention.

Secondary electron detector according to Hartmann's habilitation thesis on p. 141.

Following the appeal of the Göttingen Eighteen against nuclear armament on April 12, 1957, seven nuclear researchers from Dresden - Manfred von Ardenne , Heinz Barwich , Wilhelm Macke , Josef Schintlmeister , Ernst Rexer , Hans Georg Westmeyer and Werner Hartmann - spoke out on the same matter (so-called " Dresden Declaration ").

In 1959 Hartmann received the first national prize of the GDR, 2nd class, for “outstanding scientific and technical achievements in the development, construction and manufacture of radiation measuring devices, which enabled our nationally owned industry to achieve international standards and thus save imports and exports to promote "In the same year he was awarded by the association with his friend since periods of study and former colleagues. Erwin Wilhelm Müller , the inventor of the field ion microscope , knowledge of US - patents for the integration of electronic devices with semiconductors. He saw the great potential of microelectronics for mechanical engineering and electronics at a time when the term “microelectronics” did not yet exist. His “vision of molecular electronics” was born. Together with his constant persuasiveness, he laid the foundation for the development of microelectronics in eastern Germany.

In 1960, Hartmann, as director of VEB Vakutronik, was forced to draw government circles' attention to the "development of solid-state physics for many technical purposes".

Entrance complex of the former work center for molecular electronics Dresden, (status 2011) location
AME letterhead in 1961 in house 428, later in house 137, after 1970 renamed to house 337
Structure of AME in the 1960s (see also)

Hartmann was commissioned by the state in 1961 - specifically by Erich Apel and Robert Rompe - to set up and manage a control facility for research and development of electronic components. In a very short time he designed an institute structure based on his premise of the “primacy of technology”, which was successfully in place for many years. On August 1, 1961, this institution with the visionary name “ Workplace for Molecular Electronics ” (AME) was founded in Dresden. The basis was a barrack in Dresden-Klotzsche and 7 employees, u. a. Kurt Drescher . From this nucleus, microelectronics developed in Dresden and the GDR and, after the fall of the Wall, the microelectronics cluster Silicon Saxony , co-founded by the latter employee. At the time, it was the first research institute for microelectronics in the GDR. Hartmann informed the rector of the Technical University of Dresden Kurt Schwabe :

“Electronics is an extremely important focus of our economy. In the foreseeable future, mechanical engineering without electronics will be unusable and not exportable. The operational reliability of the classic components, including the individual semiconductor components and the electronic systems resulting from them through metallic connections, are not sufficient for widespread use in operational, measurement, and control technology. Molecular electronics, on the other hand, promise a useful way out of this situation. I do not want to go into further details about its advantages. - This makes molecular electronics a key to the entire further technical development of the GDR. "

His management team is made up of younger university cadres - with one exception: workshop master Gerhard Hoenow. He had a feel for scientific device engineering, was already at Max Planck's service and later worked for Gustav Hertz and Manfred von Ardenne in the USSR.

The Berlin Wall was erected only two weeks after AME was founded ; Import possibilities of devices and materials for the development and manufacture of solid-state circuits as well as the devices for the development and manufacture of the required materials have been impaired. The devices and materials therefore had to be developed and produced in-house with unforeseeable effort. In the years to come, a tree of value chains was built, including companies such as VEB Elektromat and the Carl Zeiss Jena combine . In the early years, it was possible to keep pace with the international pace of development. The socialist shortage economy opposed this.

Hartmann conducted extensive correspondence with scientists of his own kind. a. also with skilled workers in the Federal Republic, which however was severely restricted after the building of the wall . A circumstance that depressed him very much.

He conducted his analyzes and conclusions on technical problems in political and economic matters. However, this was little or no known to his employees. The IM conversation transcripts u. a. in the Dresden Club of Intelligence and the correspondence with the State Planning Commission of the GDR and the highest government agencies of the GDR provide eloquent information about it.

AME was housed in the internally converted buildings of the Klotzsche Air War School , built in 1936 . It was initially subordinate to the Office for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Technology and from 1963 was subordinate to the National Economic Council . With the suicide of the chairman of the State Planning Commission of the GDR Erich Apel on December 3, 1965, this submission ended. From then on, AME belonged to VVB Bauelemente und Vakuumtechnik.

In 1958 Hartmann received a part-time professorship for nuclear physics electronics with a full teaching position at the Faculty of Nuclear Technology at the TH Dresden . With the dissolution of the Faculty of Nuclear Technology in 1962 until his humiliating dismissal from AME in 1974, he worked as a part-time honorary professor for solid-state electronics.

Until 1965/66 Hartmann was also the main development manager (≈ technical director) in VEB Vakutronik.

During these years he received various offers from well-known institutions, including a. an offer to manage the Forschungszentrum Jülich .

He honored his former and multiple boss Gustav Hertz with two works. Hartmann dedicated further work during this period to nuclear radiation measurement technology in German and Russian.

Quadruple NAND gate C10 with two inputs each corresponding to the TTL series SN 74 from 1968

1965–1974: the microelectronics decade

In October 1967 Hartmann's institute manufactured the first self-designed solid-state circuit (FKS) AME T 10, and in April 1968 the successful preparation of the first FKS C 10 of the bipolar transistor-transistor logic ( NAND gate with four inputs, seven transistors ; smallest structures 20 µm).

On April 29, 1968, the foundation stone was laid for the "Trial Manufacturing" building. In 1970 Hartmann received his second National Prize, 2nd class, at the head of an inter-company collective, for “exemplary scientific and technical achievements in the development of technologies and special equipment for the electronic industry.” In 1971 the institute celebrated its tenth anniversary, among other things with a three-day festival colloquium from October 11th to 13th. After ten years of development work, Hartmann said to his employees and to Minister Otfried Steger :

"For me it was a great honor and pleasure [...] to have received the order to set up our industrial institute and to be able to work together with a collective of committed, imaginative, politically open-minded and predominantly young people, as if from a gathering of the greatest Part of employees who were strangers to each other, a community grew which, conscious of its responsibility, produced admirable, recognized achievements. This exhilarating experience is perhaps the most beautiful thing you can wish for in a long and eventful professional life. "

Hartmann later wrote in his estate:

“It can thus be stated that in the period 1966–1971, i.e. in just five years, the production of microelectronic VCS was built, developed and started from scratch. This also included the development and construction as well as the construction of all technological equipment as well as extensive structural measures. Who in the world has achieved the same results in complete professional isolation and without being supplied by foreign devices, aids and materials on the world market? The fight against domestic indifference, incomprehension and obstacles should no longer be spoken of here; but they were there and slowed down. "

Paper cut portrait by Werner Hartmann
Si disk with photolithographically prepared dedication as a gift for the 60th birthday

On the occasion of his 60th birthday in 1972, Hartmann was presented with a medal in the form of a photolithographically prepared disc. The obverse bears his silhouette with a dedication, the lapel the Delphic Bible verse according to Luke 24:29: “Mane nobiscum quoniam, Domine, advesperascit.” (In classic translation: “Stay with us, Lord, because evening is coming”).

In 1973 the replica of the Texas Instruments TMS 0101 calculator circuit was introduced. It was the U 820 D circuit with 6000 transistors in MNOS technology (Metal-Nitride-Oxide-Semiconductor-Technology). A year later, the transition to VEB Funkwerk Erfurt, which later became Kombinat Mikroelektronik Erfurt , began for series production.

After 30 months of application of the technological process developed in AME for the production of bipolar digital VCS in the semiconductor plant Frankfurt (Oder) (HFO) and in AME itself, Hartmann was able to determine that "thanks to the solid development, the great commitment and close teamwork, to set up and expand production in such a way that users' demands for quality and quantity were satisfied. ”He is convinced that the reasons for this lay in the well thought-out development concept as well as the consistency and rigor in the implementation of the essential requirements in the physical industry. At the same time, the general director of VVB Bauelemente und Vakuum (BuV) Lungershausen described the situation in several other semiconductor factories as catastrophic. The reason for this was the failure to observe " Hartmann's maxims ".

In 1974 Hartmann's position was increasingly threatened. Erich Apel and state and party leader Walter Ulbricht had campaigned several times for the controversial physicist. As a non-party scientist in a top position, he had a difficult time at the time of the increasing intensification of the East-West conflict and, above all, the growing explosiveness of the economic situation in the GDR. This was shown in allegations that initially seemed to have no effect, but were increasing in severity and doubts at the ministerial level, the obvious intention of which was to unsettle the uncomfortable admonisher.

In the early years of AME, Hartmann conducted the job interviews himself. He made his selection based on technical and not party-political and ideological aspects. During state visits to AME, including by the Soviet side, the conversations were usually conducted with interpreters; Due to his knowledge of Russian, he got by without help, which led to a scandal. Another time he threw a party official out of a meeting with the words “there is no chair for you here”.

Again from 1969 he was suspected by the Ministry for State Security (MfS), as evidenced by 47 files containing 11,353 sheets of the MfS. In it he was described as a "pest", his mail was read, his phone was tapped and he was followed by unofficial employees of the MfS. The situation was also becoming increasingly acute for the employees:

Program of the 2nd colloquium
  • Through the mediation of his American friend Erwin Wilhelm Müller and with the support of the relevant government agencies, a trip to the USA was prepared for Hartmann in 1965. On the evening before departure, it was canceled without giving any reason.
  • In October 1970, Hartmann received the honorable appointment of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to serve on the Nobel Committee for Physics for 1971. Against his will, the SED regime forced him to name Max Steenbeck , chairman of the GDR's research council .
  • In 1973 the magazine Impuls published a tribute to Hartmann. This booklet was confiscated by the state when it was published; only a few copies have been secretly preserved for posterity.
  • Due to the successful festival colloquium of 1971, a second scientific colloquium was planned and fully organized from October 8-10, 1973 (lectures, participants, hotels, etc.). For "security reasons" it was canceled just a few days before it was carried out.

Works of this time period by Hartmann are u. a. Gustav Hertz 80 years and measuring methods using ionizing radiation .

1974–1988: the time of repression

As can be seen from the Stasi documents after the fall of the Wall in 1989 , an expert from the MfS fundamentally questioned the working methods of this institute - contrary to the appreciation of its work results in previous years: the institute would work “against the development of microelectronics” . It would lead to a "maximum delay in the effective start of work for the development of solid-state circuits and decisive development topics", and the "negation of decisive development directions" and the "start of production with immature processes" would continue.

A development of the technology on the basis of the circuits, as the superordinate state management wished, would have been a blind flight. However, this was not recognized by these offices. They wanted to see economically viable results as quickly as possible. In the spring of 1968, the minister for electrical engineering and electronics of the GDR Otfried Steger gave Hartmann to understand that he saw him as "an objective obstacle to the development of microelectronics in the GDR".

The party and state leadership of the GDR was still of the erroneous opinion that it could be recreated with just a foreign sample of a solid-state circuit from capitalist foreign countries. Knowledge of a functional pattern is certainly of great benefit, but the technological and circuit-related background is missing. Errors in the external patterns recognized by the company's own specialists were slavishly reproduced on government instructions, which led to political conflicts. Similar problems became known from the development department of the Dresden camera industry .

In at that time complete ignorance and misjudgment of this situation as well as unexpected and shocking for many employees, the director Werner Hartmann was removed from his on June 25, 1974 "for sabotage, espionage, attempted illegal border crossings and betrayal of secrets" of a department head of the Dresden research company AME, which has now grown to 950 employees Function released and was banned from the house. He was formally recalled on July 11, 1974. He was offered a subordinate job as a research assistant at VEB Trace Metals Freiberg (SMF) in Muldenhütten near Freiberg / Saxony, and his salary was reduced to 16%. The name Werner Hartmann was officially taboo. In the same breath, the following management level was also cleaned up through absurd "restructuring", whereby appeals from affected colleagues were rejected by the SED-led Dresden labor court. The "Hartmann case" had been prepared comprehensively and long-term by the state. The above-mentioned alleged attempt to escape from the GDR by a department head was the sought-after reason to trigger this action. Hartmann turned to prominent figures from the GDR, such as Manfred von Ardenne and Friedrich Karl Kaul , for help , but without success. It was probably thanks to its international reputation that nothing worse happened. “Such a sudden crash, like the one Hartmann had to experience, was likely to have been quite unique in the history of science in the GDR.” After two years of fruitless search by the GDR State Security organs for a criminal offense, “OV Molecule” was found on April 29, 1976 with a unilateral decision with the words “through wrong decisions and wrong actions of the H. arose high volksw for the GDR. Losses "ended.

In the VEB SMF itself, the exiled pain, anger and anger over his adverse fate did not show, but kept his displeasure z. B. on the fact that a pocket calculator that had long been developed in the GDR did not appear on the market.

It was only with the decision taken in June 1977 that the SED leadership was convinced of the economic potential of microelectronics and gave the company, now renamed the Center for Research and Technology Microelectronics ZFTM , broad support for basic research and development of highly integrated solid-state circuits within the newly founded combine microelectronics Erfurt ( KME). Günter Mittag , Secretary of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED , could now boast of being the founder of microelectronics in the GDR. He tolerated no contradiction and ensured the removal of unpopular leadership cadres.

Hartmann had to spend his years as a pensioner in prescribed inactivity and public oblivion. A small group of former employees kept in personal and postal contact with him - without suspecting the danger involved, as became apparent after the fall of the Wall from the Stasi documents and his handwritten autobiographical contributions. He no longer revealed himself to his fellow men. H. W. Becker summed up on Hartmann's 70th birthday: “How pleasant was it for Klotzsche before, with BigBoss Hartmann. … “The result was his autobiography, a remarkable document of contemporary history that goes far beyond the personal framework.

Grave of Werner Hartmann in the Loschwitz cemetery in Dresden

State and party had taken the work that Hartmann loved so much from the “workhorse” and thus destroyed his life's work. As a mentally broken man, Werner Hartmann died on March 8, 1988 in Dresden. The funeral speech at the Dresden - Loschwitz cemetery was held by his former colleague Hans Lippmann . At that time there was no representative of the Carl-Zeiss-Jena combine or the ZfTM, his former place of work, for the public appreciation of Hartmann's services. His grave, now a listed building, is in the Loschwitz cemetery .

"For him there is no longer a future,
fate no longer spins him
and, unlucky, not an hour knocks for him."

- Friedrich Schiller : Wallenstein's death

During this period Hartmann wrote, among other things, an apprenticeship letter.

From 1987: Late appreciation and salvation of his life's work

In 1987, before the political change in the GDR , the term "father of microelectronics in the GDR" was mentioned for the first time in an interview with the Dresden daily Die Union on the occasion of his 75th birthday. On the same occasion, an article dedicated to Hartmann appeared in the journal “Experimental Technique of Physics”. The walls built against Hartmann began to fall.

It was only after the fall of the Wall in June 1990 that Hartmann's scientific and organizational achievements were honored at a festive event.

In 1996, the state carried out a formal rehabilitation without any consequences. Due to a lack of legal and constitutional evidence for the discrimination, the constitutional rehabilitation did not go smoothly.

In 1997, Hartmann's wife handed over the autobiographical documents written down by her husband after his release under psychological stress, as well as other documents, to the Technical Collections in Dresden . A part of the AME estate that has not yet been processed is in the Saxon State Archives in Dresden.

The former street E in Albertstadt in the north of Dresden was renamed Werner-Hartmann-Straße in 1997. The first Werner Hartmann exhibition took place in the Dresden Technical Collections.

In 2000, he was voted one of the “100 Dresdeners of the 20th Century” in the daily newspaper “ Dresdner Latest News ”.

The ZMD AG in 2001 founded the "Werner-Hartmann Prize for Chip Design", which was awarded only a few times and expired with no known reasons.

50 years after the founding of the Molecular Electronics Laboratory, various festive events took place, of which the public symposium “50 Years of Microelectronics in Saxony” organized by Silicon Saxony on September 7, 2011 should be mentioned.

On January 31, 2012, the Dresden Technical Collections opened the exhibition “50 Years of Microelectronics in Dresden” on the occasion of Hartmann's 100th birthday. On February 3rd, an event was held to honor Hartmann's life's work, organized by the Lingnerschloss e. V.

Board at the entrance of the new building of the clean room technical center of the TU Dresden

On 2 December 2013 the campus of the Technical University of Dresden on the Nöthnitzer street in Dresden-Räcknitz the new building was a clean room technology center at a ceremony Werner-Hartmann construction named. Following the minutes, his widow Renée Gertrud Hartmann concluded her remarks with the modified, well-known quote from Gorbachev : “Whoever comes too late is punished by life; who comes too early ... so too! "

A memorial plaque for Hartmann has been hanging near the church in Dresden-Loschwitz on the so-called Dresden Elbe slope since 2018 because of the reference to his local place of residence after his return from the USSR.

Microelectronics in Dresden after 1989

After the fall of the Wall, the semiconductor companies of the GDR, including the ZFTM, and many other companies, were on the brink of collapse. Kurt Drescher , a man from the very beginning at AME, did everything in his power to save the semiconductor research and industry in the Dresden area and to lead it to the front ranks on an international scale. Under his leadership, a network or industry association with around 200 companies and institutions, including ZMD , ZMDI , X-FAB , Infineon , Globalfoundries and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) as well as many medium-sized companies in the semiconductor industry, was created. It was founded on December 19, 2000 under the name Silicon Saxony ; the name came from the managing director of the branch association, Gitta Haupold. Many former Hartmann employees formed and continue to form the valuable basis of this cluster, which is unique in Germany and comprised 121 microelectronics companies with 8,889 employees and an annual turnover of 2.59 billion euros as of April 2012.

Realization of Hartmann's visions

In several ways his vision of "molecular electronics" began to come true:

  • With the structure widths of conventional materials falling further below 1 µm, the term nanoelectronics and / or nanotechnology was used from 1974 onwards , with quantum physical effects in particular having to be taken into account. Hartmann got to know this further development himself and published it.
  • With the discovery of graphene as a material around 2004, people switched to other materials (here with carbon) and built honeycomb and tubular semiconducting structures at the atomic level, e.g. B. so-called nanotubes .
  • At the turn of the millennium there were first attempts to leave classical logic and switch to quantum logic with the construction of a quantum computer .

Work ethic and leadership style

Hartmann's great role model was in many ways his teacher Gustav Hertz . He also oriented himself towards Albert Einstein , Max Planck and the sociologist Max Weber . He was always guided by Albert Einstein's creed, which begins with the words:

“To belong to those people who are allowed and able to devote their best energies to the contemplation and research of objective, non-time-bound things is a special grace. How happy and grateful I am that I have been able to partake of this grace, which makes me largely independent of personal fate and the behavior of those around me. But this independence must not blind us to the recognition of the duties that bind us incessantly to past, present and future humanity. "

In internal tea colloquia of the Physics Institute from Gustav Hertz "his students learned the relentlessness against discussing mental difficulties as well as the application of abstract textbook knowledge to the rough reality of the experimental question to nature." (Quote from W. Hartmann, 1967 ) This was expressed throughout his life in his professional competence, straightforwardness and correctness, his sense of order and his discipline. He always focused on the essentials and possessed the ability to wonder over and over again about the physical phenomena and at the same time simply to represent the complicated.

Two complexes fulfilled his life path:

  • the semiconductor technology - the "physics of dirt effects" and thus the battle against dust
  • the development of the scientific industrial enterprise, characterized by:
    • dealing with the scientific fundamentals in an interdisciplinary collegiality,
    • the commitment to the “primacy of technology”, d. H. the mastery of all procedural steps in detail as well as in context
    • unrestricted initiative to research, develop and manufacture materials and devices that were not available or could not be procured. Behind the Iron Curtain and under embargo conditions, this was particularly time-consuming.

Two papers on “Future Tasks for AMD”, which he referred to as Notes and which he presented to the AMD staff, are of fundamental importance.

“Our very serious and responsible task is to create a solid and sustainable basis for industrial semiconductor technology / microelectronics, to expand it and to continuously optimize it. This basis will allow the manufacturing plants to provide modern electronic components for the device industry with the highest possible efficiency. If we take on this role as pioneers and pioneers of what is truly modern at all times, i.e. H. Technically and economically attractive technology and manufacturing philosophy are not, so we would not understand the requirements of tomorrow. "

This led to a unique isolated solution in terms of time and space. In detail, this is expressed as follows:

An influential full-time IM who acted as a doctor of electronics technician with the code name "Rüdiger" accused Hartmann of lack of knowledge of the requirements in a dossier of a "dust rush". In the entrance foyer of AME you could read the instructive saying: "The dust makes the circuit deaf."

Hartmann described a process-related way of thinking and working as the starting point and focus of research and development work as well as production at all levels and in all phases of the social reproduction process in the physical industry. This implies the process-oriented, interdisciplinary cooperation of subject-related departments, which has characterized the structure of the work center for molecular electronics from the beginning. His motto was:

"AME is ONE laboratory."

This expresses the fact that all AME employees were equally entitled, equally responsible employees of a single large laboratory, who worked in a close comradely community and were only grouped into divisions and departments for organizational reasons, because every employee experienced anew every day, like success or Failure crucially depended on the work of the other person who treated the silicon wafer before or after him . The aforementioned principles are also referred to as "Hartmann's maxims".

Characteristic of his way of working were the development of the technology for the production of solid-state circuits and the development of the solid-state circuits themselves. Before the latter development, he strictly put the development of measurable individual structures such as resistors and junctions ( diodes and transistors ) through test structures, which in turn are closely related to the development of the respective semiconductor technology are connected. Only on the basis of this could the circuits themselves be developed by combining individual structures.

His management style included strict discipline against himself and his employees. That expressed u. a. from the fact that discussions were encouraged within the company, but not externally. Everyone there had to strictly adhere to the internal agreements. If he learned otherwise, there was trouble. He was also an opponent of case discussions. Since scientific investigations could not be subordinated to the socialist planning principles, he introduced a strict separation in his house of planning in the house and planning for the higher-level government agencies - in contradiction with these. The interface was the “office of the manager” with Herbert Ueberfuhr. With Hartmann's dismissal, this office was closed.

From his collective, well-known employees have been appointed university lecturers and rectors: W. Albrecht ( TU Dresden ), Kurt Drescher ( TH Karl-Marx-Stadt , TUD), Günter Jorke ( University of Applied Sciences Stralsund ), Hans Lippmann (TH Karl-Marx-Stadt) , Eberhart Köhler ( TH Ilmenau ), and Dietrich Theß (TH Karl-Marx-Stadt). They remained connected to the institute with thematic contracts.

Diffusion furnace - in-house development by AME from 1966
Prototype of the fully automatic nine-fold photo repeater ANR from 1967, developed in the Dresden Molecular Electronics Laboratory

Of the many devices that have been developed, the diffusion furnace and the multiple repeater are representative. The series production of the devices took place u. a. in the VEB Elektromat Dresden and in the VEB Carl Zeiss Jena .

The collegial cooperation was cultivated outside the company in an almost family atmosphere on various occasions, such as cultural and sporting events, hikes and trips.

Quotes

  • "AME is ONE laboratory"
  • "Plan boldly, act consistently and then be prepared for a lot."
  • “Only when the basic technologies have been developed with the greatest care under quasi-industrial conditions and have mastered them safely, can one start with series production. Then the various types of circuits in a family fall from the trees like ripe fruit. "
  • "The dust makes the circuit deaf."
  • "They were" not understood and therefore feared, persecuted, harassed and sometimes physically liquidated. I also count myself among these people, my foresight concerned microelectronics, my fight for them, my successes and the subsequent treatment from 1974 onwards entitle me to do so. "

Selection of works and writings

  • Electrical investigations on oxide semiconductors . In: Journal of Physics . tape 102 , no. 11-12 , 1936, pp. 709–733 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01338539 (dissertation at the Technical University of Berlin).
  • VI Baranow: Radiometrija, in Russian; Appendix 1: Werner Hartmann: "Radiation measuring devices" . Izd. Akad. Nauk SSR, Moscow 1956.
  • Nuclear physics measuring devices . 1957, OCLC 73871586 (TH Dresden, habilitation thesis from March 16, 1956).
  • Photomultiplier and their application in nuclear physics . Akademie-Verlag, 1957 (with Fritz Bernhard).
  • Via a photo multiplier with controllable cathode area, Prof. Dr. Dedicated to Gustav Hertz on the occasion of his 70th birthday . In: Annals of Physics . 6th episode, volume 20 , issues 1-6. Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, Leipzig 1957, p. 247-249 .
  • Detection of nuclear radiation . In: G. Hertz (Ed.): Textbook of Nuclear Physics, Volume 1 . Leipzig 1958.
  • VI Baranow: Radiometer; Appendix 1: Werner Hartmann: "Radiation measuring devices" . Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1959.
  • Nuclear radiation measuring devices from VEB Vakutronik , lecture recording on magnetic tape, in English, held in several Indian cities, January & February 1960.
  • Nuclear research and nuclear technology in the GDR - The VEB Vakutronik Dresden . In: nuclear energy . tape 4 , no. 6 , 1962, pp. 489-496 .
  • Experiment instructions for the practical course - Nuclear Physics Electronics, Parts I, II and III, Radiation Measurement Technology Department of the TU Dresden, February 1962 .
  • Gustav Hertz 80 years . In: Gustav Hertz in the development of modern physics - Festschrift for the 80th birthday of Gustav Hertz on July 22, 1967 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1967, p. 5-8 .
  • as publisher: measuring methods using ionizing radiation . In: Handbook of measurement technology in operational control . tape V . Publishing company Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig 1969.
  • Note L 1/69 - 3.1.1969 "Future tasks of AMD (presentation at the staff meeting on January 16, 1969)" . Dresden, S. 1-21 .
  • Note Ha / La 8/73 - 26.3.1973 “Future tasks of AMD (presentation at the 2nd staff meeting on 26.3.1973)” . Dresden, S. 1-10 .
  • Learning aid for the "Electrophysics" lecture at the TU Dresden . Dresden February 1962.
  • Nanoelectronics as a technological change . In: communications engineering - electronics . tape 28 , 1978, p. 180-184 .
  • The history of technology from the Nazi era to the Honecker regime including the years in the SU. 8 volumes, kept in the Technical Collections Dresden .
  • Technical Collections of the City of Dresden; Prof. Hartmann's estate 1961–1974, signature H, AMD, p. 249.
  • Provision of components for electronics . In: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Findbuch 11718-413 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, December 14, 1960 .
  • Letter to Prof. Kurt Schwabe . In: unpublished in private ownership . October 9, 1961.
  • Letter to (among others) Otfried Steger ; L 226 Ha / La - October 28, 1971 . In: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Findbuch 11718-413 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, signature 1902/2 .
  • Note 18/71 - Ha / La - October 5, 1971 . In: Technical Collections Dresden; Prof. Werner Hartmann's estate 1961–1974; Signature WH 11 .
  • Note L 27/72 - Ha / La September 15, 1972 . In: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Findbuch 11718-413 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, signature 1904a / 1 .
  • Note L 29/72 - Ha / La October 17, 1972 . In: Technical Collections of the City of Dresden; Prof. Werner Hartmann's estate 1961–1974; Signature: WH 11 .
  • The heart of modern electronics - solid-state circuits . In: impulse . Publication of VVB RFT-Bauelemente und Vakuumtechnik, Berlin 1973, p. 18-31 .
  • Note L 26/73 - Ha / La - September 4, 1973; Saxon Main State Archive Dresden, Finding aid 11718-413, Center for Microelectronics Dresden, signature 1904a / 1.
  • Technical Collections of the City of Dresden; Prof. Hartmann's estate 1961–1974, signature H, AMD, p. 247.

Selection of patents

  • Patent US2250721A : Image storage tube. Registered on February 4, 1939 . ‌
  • Patent US2242395A : Electron emissive cathode. Registered on June 14, 1939 . ‌

Memberships

Testimonies

  • “A man who developed the first home television receiver. [...] His greatest achievement was probably his strategic initiative for the development of microelectronics in eastern Germany. [...] Last but not least, the upswing in microelectronics in the Dresden region after the reunification of Germany offers every reason to appreciate it. "

Biographies

Remarks

  1. ↑ Hermann Hosaeus' bronze premium medal (around 1920, 79 mm diameter) from the Technical University of Berlin , awarded until 1945. The obverse shows a Pallas Athene standing to the left with a helmet and a lance, on the outstretched right a dove with an olive branch, below birds on branches, the lapel eight lines of writing on a branch. Image of the medal ( memento from February 13, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ). According to the archives of the TU Berlin, the relevant documents were destroyed by the effects of aerial warfare in 1943. D. Garte, August 23, 2012.
  2. ↑ Hartmann kept in his autobiography a photograph of Max Volmer as president with a chain of office on the occasion of his 75th birthday with the handwritten reference to the chairmanship of his dissertation.
  3. ↑ The name was based on the US Alsos mission , but should not be confused with it.
  4. ↑ Further employees are Hans-Joachim Born , Heinz Barwich , Justus Mühlenpfordt and Karl-Franz Zühlke .
  5. ↑ Russian: Агудзера, today part of Kvemo-Gulripsh; Coordinates of the institute: 42 ° 55 ′ 51.6 ″  N , 41 ° 5 ′ 56.4 ″  E
  6. ↑ Why Hartmann, who was otherwise clear and understandable, only wrote “Mass spectrometer according to Alfred Nier” and not “Isotope separation using mass spectrometer according to Alfred Nier” in his autobiography at the end of the 1970s with Werner Schütze, is a mystery. The technical improvement on mass spectrometers for the purpose of isotope separation by Alfred Nier were published in 1940. The isotope separation with this must have been generally known to the German nuclear physicists at the end of the war, as this was favored by Paul Harteck and Werner Heisenberg in the Farm Hall protocols (Dieter Hoffmann: Operation Epsilon. P. 154 ff.). Only the quoted obituary for Werner Schütze brought clarity here.
  7. ↑ Fritz Bernhard will have worked for Werner Schütze as an experimental physicist in the field of mass spectrometers.
  8. ↑ In 2012 the company traded as Vac Tec Meßtechnik GmbH.
  9. ↑ Kurt Drescher, personal communication to D. Garte, December 2011: “There was no spin-off or restructuring of the Jenenser Institute for Automation to AME. However, some employees of this institute switched to AME. "
  10. ↑ Name sequence of this institution: 1961 Arbeitsstelle für Molecular Electronics (AME); 1969 Research Center for Molecular Electronics Dresden (AMD); 1976 Institute for Microelectronics Dresden (IMD); 1980 merged with VEB Elektromat Dresden to form VEB Center for Research, Technology and Microelectronics Dresden (ZFTM); 1987 after the spin-off of Elektromat VEB Research Center Microelectronics Dresden (ZMD) etc.
  11. ↑ Dietbert Gerisch: "MNOS (metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor) low-voltage technology for the production of a circuit for the first pocket calculator from AMD" MINIREX "in the GDR. This technology developed by AMD from 1972 onwards was a 5-level technology with the following levels: A-level: source-drain, B-level: gate (not self-positioning), C-level: contact window, D-level: aluminum interconnect and E. -Level: passivation. As a gate insulator, it contained a double layer of 50 nm SiO2 and 50 nm Si3N4. Due to the higher dielectric constant of nitride compared to the oxide, a lower threshold voltage was achieved with the same total thickness of oxide. From 1976 to 1978 283,423 components were manufactured. "
  12. ↑ Dennis Gabor was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1971.
  13. ↑ D. Garte: “The AME premises were militarily secured before the start of the morning service. The employees were informed orally about this in a general assembly meeting on the morning of that day, including a ban on the institute's director. "
  14. ↑ * 1934, † ~ 2000; IM from 1964 to 1989, then owner of a car dealership in Dresden.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Hans. W. Becker: "Great ability - with foresight", lecture on the 100th birthday of Hartmann, organized by the Lingnerschloss e. V. on February 3, 2012.
  2. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Electrical investigations on oxide semiconductors . In: Journal of Physics . tape 102 , no. 11-12 , 1936, pp. 709–733 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01338539 (dissertation at the Technical University of Berlin).
  3. ↑ a b c d Günter Dörfel: Werner Hartmann. In: Helmut Müller-Enbergs (ed.), Jan Wielgohs, Dieter Hoffmann, Andreas Herbst, Ingrid Kirschey-Feix, Olaf W. Reimann: Who was who in the GDR? 2 volumes, Christoph-Links-Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86153-561-4 (full text of the article at stiftung-aufverarbeitung.de , accessed on January 16, 2012).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Werner Hartmann: The technological history of the Nazi era to the Honecker regime including the years in the SU. 8 volumes, kept in the Technical Collections Dresden .
  5. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Instructions for the practical course - Nuclear Physics Electronics, Parts I, II and III, Radiation Measurement Technology Department of the TU Dresden, February 1962, p. 8 .
  6. ↑ a b Christoph Dieckmann: Destruction of an apolitical. In: DIE ZEIT, 06/2002. Retrieved January 4, 2011 .
  7. ↑ a b Panel discussion in the German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst: “Intellectual reparations: The outflow of German know-how into the USSR after the Second World War and its consequences”, August 31, 2010
  8. ↑ Control Council Proclamation No. 2 . Retrieved January 4, 2012.
  9. ^ Dolores L. Augustine: The Great Eastward Trek: German Specialists in the Soviet Union. In: Red Prometheus - Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945–1990. (= Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology. ), The MIT Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 978-0-262-01236-2 ( Chapter 1 as PDF  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: Der Link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Accessed on October 15, 2017.) Christoph Mick: Research for Stalin: German experts in the Soviet armaments industry 1945-1958 . Oldenbourg-Verlag, Munich 2000, ISBN 3-486-29003-7 . Ulrich Albrecht, Andreas Heinemann-Grüder, Arend Wellmann: The specialists: German scientists and technicians in the Soviet Union after 1945 . Dietz-Verlag, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-320-01788-8 .@1@ 2Template: dead link / mitpress.mit.edu  

  10. ↑ a b c d D. L. Augustine: “Red Prometheus - Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945–1990” in the series “Transformations: Studies in the History of Science and Technology”, The MIT Press, Cambridge 2007, ISBN 978-0 -262-01236-2 (a: p. 6; b: p. 187; c, d: p. 182)
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Werner Hartmann: Professional career . Dresden April 2, 1975, p. 1-3 .
  12. ^ A b Rainer Karlsch : Hitler's bomb: The secret history of German nuclear weapons tests . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-421-05809-1 , pp. 27-33 .
  13. ^ House of the Riehl family in the former Agudsera sanatorium as an example, In: Nikolaus Riehl, Frederick Seitz: Stalin's captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet race for the bomb. Chemical Heritage Foundation, July 2005, ISBN 0-8412-3310-1 , p. 142 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  14. ↑ Erwin Schopper , Klaus Bethge : Obituary for the nuclear physicist, Uni-Report, Volume 34 (2001), 6, University of Frankfurt am Main, p. 19. Retrieved on December 19, 2012 .
  15. ^ Gustav Richter: Gustav Hertz . In: Berlinische Lebensbilder, Volume 1, Naturwissenschaftler . 1987, ISBN 3-7678-0697-5 , pp. 344-358 .
  16. ↑ Hardwin Jungclaussen : Free in three dictatorships - How I experienced my life and how I found my happiness. Autobiography. trafo publishing group Dr. Wolfgang Weist, trafo Literaturverlag, Autobiographies Volume 48, Berlin 2015, p. 128, ISBN 978-3-86465-050-5 .
  17. ↑ Heinz and Elfi Barwich: The red atom . Scherz, Munich Bern 1967, p. 43, 127 .
  18. ^ W. Brunner, H. Paul: Herr Professor Dr.-Ing. Gustav Richter on his 75th birthday . In: Annals of Physics . tape 498 , 1986, pp. 397 , doi : 10.1002 / andp.19864980602 . In it the abridged résumé: genealogy.theochem.uni-hannover.de , accessed on September 22, 2012.
  19. ↑ Dolores L. Augustine: Werner Hartmann and the development of the microelectronics industry in the GDR . In: Dresden contributions to the history of technical sciences . No. 28 , 2003, p. 4 .
  20. ↑ a b c Werner Hartmann: Kernphysical measuring devices . 1957, OCLC 73871586 (TH Dresden, habilitation thesis of March 16, 1956; a, b: total; c, p. 141).
  21. ^ A b c Günter Dörfel: unpublished research, 2011.
  22. ^ Documents of the VEB Vakutronik. Main State Archive Dresden, accessed on December 1, 2011 (Volume 11713 - VEB Vakutronik Dresden).
  23. ^ Resolution to open an operational procedure at the Dresden District Administration of the State Secretariat for State Security . Dresden July 6, 1955.
  24. ^ "Manfred von Ardenne - The agile Baron", documentary by MDR television, last broadcast on July 21, 2011, 10:02 pm; © 2010, with expert advice from Gerhard Barkleit and with the assistance of Rainer Karlsch .
  25. ↑ a b Decision of December 20, 1965 with the following two pages: Page 1 (BStU 000011) and 2 (BStU 000012) , Dresden, accessed on January 16, 2012.
  26. ↑ a b c Letter from the Saxon State Office for and Social Affairs to Ms. Renée Hartmann dated November 15, 1996, file number 95/70/3345.
  27. ↑ Gerhard Barkleit, Anette Dunsch, Hannah Arendt Institute for Totalitarian Research e. V. at TU Dresden: Unofficial employees in high technology - interviews based on a quantitative analysis of the files of the MfS . Dresden March 10, 1998, p. 1-11 .
  28. ↑ Nikolaus Riehl: Ten Years in a Golden Cage: Experiences during the establishment of the Soviet uranium industry . Riederer, Stuttgart 1988.
  29. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Oral communication to Christoph Kirsten while he was working on the scanning electron microscope at AME , around 1965; Oral transmission to D. Garte on May 4, 2012 and found in Hartmann's habilitation thesis (p. 141 and Fig. 3).
  30. ^ Curriculum vitae of Wilhelm Macke , accessed on January 16, 2012.
  31. ↑ The German nuclear physicists in both parts of Germany are united in their rejection of the use of atomic energy for warlike purposes / against atomic death and annihilation, for peace and the welfare of mankind! 2012 ( Record on the SLUB side [accessed on January 13, 2016] Signature in the SLUB: 2014 4 002302. Certificate 2012 from private ownership transferred to the SLUB.).
  32. ^ A b Dietrich Herfurth: The National Prize of the GDR. On the history of a German award. With all award winners, titles and areas of activity . Self-published, Berlin 2006, p. 51/62 .
  33. ↑ patent application US2981877 : Semiconductor device and lead structure. Registered on April 25, 1961 , inventor: Robert N. Noyce. ‌
  34. ↑ a b documents from the workplace for molecular electronics . In: Main State Archives Dresden . 11718 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, 2000 (retro-conversion 2008).
  35. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Provision of components for electronics . In: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Findbuch 11718-413 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, December 14, 1960 .
  36. ↑ a b c d Werner Hartmann: Letter to Kurt Schwabe . In: unpublished in private ownership . October 9, 1961.
  37. ↑ Arthur I. Miller: 137: CG Jung, Wolfgang Pauli and the search for the cosmic number . German Verlag-Anst., Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-421-04290-3 .
  38. ^ A b c Kurt Drescher, Hans W. Becker: Microelectronics in Saxony from 1961 to the end of the 1970s . In: Silicon Saxony: “Symposium - 50 Years of Microelectronics in Saxony” . TU Dresden September 7, 2011.
  39. ^ Information from Manfred Röder and Gerhard Hoenow, a relative of the same name of the named, May 2012.
  40. ↑ a b history. 50 years of DRESDNER KLUB e. V. , accessed April 18, 2012.
  41. ↑ Eckhard Hampe: On the history of nuclear technology in the GDR 1955–1962 (=  Hannah Arendt Institute Dresden: Reports and Studies . No. 10 ). 1996, p. 90-91 ( tu-dresden.de ).
  42. ↑ Personnel and course directory of the Dresden University of Technology, academic year 1958/59, autumn semester, pp. 42, 95, 134.
  43. ↑ D. Petschel (arr.): The professors of the TU Dresden 1828–2003 . Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2003, p. 326-327 .
  44. ↑ a b Reinhard Buthmann: The terrible fate of a GDR scientist - The lagging behind in the GDR in the mirror of traditional reactions . In: Andreas Gestrich , Marita Krauss (Ed.): Staying back - the neglected part of migration history, Stuttgart contributions to historical migration research . tape 6 . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2006 (a, p. 207; b, p. 204).
  45. ^ OV Molecule, BStU Ast Dresden, AOV 2554/76, Volume 2, Sheet 69.
  46. ↑ Werner Hartmann: About a photo multiplier with controllable cathode surface, Prof. Dr. Dedicated to Gustav Hertz on the occasion of his 70th birthday . In: Annals of Physics . 6th episode, volume 20 , issues 1-6. Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, Leipzig 1957, p. 247-249 .
  47. ↑ a b Werner Hartmann: Gustav Hertz 80 years . In: Gustav Hertz in the development of modern physics - Festschrift for the 80th birthday of Gustav Hertz on July 22, 1967 . Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1967, p. 5-8 .
  48. ^ VI Baranow: Radiometrija, in Russian; Appendix 1: Werner Hartmann: "Radiation measuring devices" . Izd. Akad. Nauk SSR, Moscow 1956.
  49. ↑ Werner Hartmann, Fritz Bernhard: Photo multipliers and their application in nuclear physics . Akademie-Verlag, 1957.
  50. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Evidence of nuclear radiation . In: G. Hertz (Ed.): Textbook of Nuclear Physics, Volume 1 . Leipzig 1958. VI Baranow: Radiometer; Appendix 1: Werner Hartmann: "Radiation measuring devices" . Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig 1959. Werner Hartmann: Nuclear radiation measuring devices from VEB Vakutronik , lecture recording on magnetic tape, in English, held in several Indian cities, January & February 1960. Werner Hartmann: Nuclear research and nuclear technology in the GDR - The VEB Vakutronik Dresden . In: nuclear energy . tape


     4 , no. 6 , 1962, pp. 489-496 .
  51. ↑ a b c d e Lutz Böttger: The Hartmann era - viewed four decades later by an employee . unpublished, January 3, 2001 (a, p. 8; b, p. 9; c, d, e, p. 2).
  52. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Letter to (inter alia) Otfried Steger ; L 226 Ha / La - October 28, 1971 . In: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Findbuch 11718-413 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, signature 1902/2 . Werner Hartmann: Note 18/71 - Ha / La −5.  October 1971 . In: Technical Collections Dresden; Prof. Werner Hartmann's estate 1961–1974; Signature WH 11 .
  53. ^ Werner Hartmann: Technical Collection of the City of Dresden; Prof. Hartmann's estate 1961–1974, signature H AMD, p. 249.
  54. ↑ Silicon Saxony e. V. (Ed.): Silicon Saxony - the story . Communication Schnell Dresden 2006, ISBN 3-9808680-2-8 , p. 57f.
  55. ↑ a b c d Werner Hartmann: Note L 26/73 - Ha / La - September 4, 1973; Saxon Main State Archive Dresden, Finding aid 11718-413, Center for Microelectronics Dresden, signature 1904a / 1.
  56. ^ Werner Hartmann: Technical Collections of the City of Dresden; Prof. Hartmann's estate 1961–1974, signature H, AMD, p. 247.
  57. ↑ a b Werner Hartmann: Note L 27/72 - Ha / La September 15, 1972 . In: Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Findbuch 11718-413 Center for Microelectronics Dresden, signature 1904a / 1 .
  58. ↑ a b D. Garte: after personal experience.
  59. ↑ a b Decision on archiving . MfS / BV / Verw. Dresden December 1st 1976.
  60. ↑ Hans W. Becker: The beginning of microelectronics in eastern Germany: Werner Hartmann - the father of microelectronics in Dresden. Commemorative speech for the opening of the Werner Hartmann exhibition in the Technical Collections of the City of Dresden on March 9, 1998.
  61. ↑ IMPULSE PRESENTS: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Werner Hartmann: Scientist and production organizer . In: impulse . Publication of VVB RFT-Bauelemente und Vakuumtechnik, Berlin 1973, p. 8-17 . Werner Hartmann: The core of modern electronics - solid-state circuits . In: impulse . Publication of VVB RFT-Bauelemente und Vakuumtechnik, Berlin 1973, p.
     18-31 .
  62. ↑ Measurement method using ionizing radiation . In: Werner Hartmann (Hrsg.): Handbook of measurement technology in operational control . tape V . Publishing company Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig 1969.
  63. ↑ a b disposition paper from 1974 . In: BStU, ASt Dresden, AOV 2554/76, Volume 3, Pages 89-92 .
  64. ↑ a b c d Reinhard Buthmann: “Don't forget about science!” - The bourgeois scientific-technical intelligentsia of the GDR at the interface of the change in power from Ulbricht to Honecker . In: the university . No. 02 , 2002 ( uni-halle.de [PDF; 141 kB ] a, p. 141; b, p. 138; c: total, d, p. 127).
  65. ↑ "Searching for traces in ruins: Praktica cameras from Saxony", MDR television documentary, first broadcast on November 30, 2011, 10:00 pm.
  66. ↑ a b D. Garte: personal correspondence.
  67. ^ A b Hans W. Becker: Prof. Werner Hartmann - Appreciation of a discriminated scientist . In: radio television electronics . tape 39 , no. 10 , 1990, pp. 648-650 .
  68. ^ A b Hans Lippmann: Werner Hartmann - the fate of a physicist in the SED state . In: Phys. Bl. Band 348 , no. 1 , 1992, p. 35-36 .
  69. ↑ a b Renée Gertrud Hartmann: personal statement.
  70. ↑ Johannes Reichel: Memory protocol about the time of Prof. Hartmann in the VEB SMF . Freiberg November 9, 2011.
  71. ↑ The implementation of the resolutions of the IX. Party congress of the SED in the field of electrical engineering and electronics. In: 6th meeting of the Central Committee of the SED . Dietz, Berlin 1977, p. 48 ff .
  72. ^ BZ of September 28, 2009: "GDR perpetrators": Günter Mittag (born 1926).
  73. ↑ Heiko Weckbrodt: Overflowing with prizes, forgotten . In: Dresdner Universitätsjournal 11/2012 . Dresden June 19, 2012, p. 9 ( online [PDF; 2.6 MB ]).
  74. ^ DL Augustine: Werner Hartmann and the development of the microelectronic industry in the GDR . In: Dresden contributions to the history of technical sciences . 2003, p. 25th ff .
  75. ^ The Rector of the Technical University of Dresden (ed.): "Graves of professors of the alma mater dresdensis in cemeteries in Dresden and the surrounding area", 2003.
  76. ^ Renée Gertrud Hartmann: Obituary for Hartmann . 1988.
  77. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Learning aid for the lecture "Electrophysics" at the TU Dresden . Dresden February 1962.
  78. ↑ The "father" of microelectronics in the GDR, Prof. Werner Hartmann, is 75: It was necessary to look for allies . In: The Union . Dresden January 27, 1987, p. 3 .
  79. ↑ Günter Dörfel: Pseudostochastic pulse generators - structures and applications; Dedicated to Werner Hartmann on his 75th birthday . In: Exp. Techn. Phys. tape 35 , no. 1 . Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1987, ISSN  0014-4924 , p. 1-12 .
  80. ↑ a b Center for Microelectronics Dresden GmbH (Ed.): Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Werner Hartmann, Head of the Laboratory for Molecular Electronics, Dresden, 1961–1974 . Self-published by ZMD, Dresden, August 1990.
  81. ↑ Bernd Wenzel: How things are really going with microelectronics in the GDR . In: Sächsisches Tageblatt . Dresden January 17th 1990.
  82. ^ Streets and squares in Albertstadt: Werner-Hartmann-Straße , on dresdner-stadtteile.de
  83. ↑ a b 100 Dresden residents of the 20th century . In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresdner Nachrichten GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden December 31, 1999, p. 22 .
  84. ↑ Dresden rise chip metropolis: Werner Hartmann in the portrait. (No longer available online.) Sachsen LB , September 2005, archived from the original on October 11, 2006 ; Retrieved January 17, 2008 .
  85. ↑ Silicon Saxony (Ed.): Symposium - 50 Years of Microelectronics in Saxony . TU Dresden September 7, 2011, p. 1-2 .
  86. ↑ Heiko Weckbrodt: Technical collections focus on Dresden microelectronics . In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresdner Nachrichten GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden December 22, 2011, p. 16 . Hans W. Becker: 100th birthday of Werner Hartmann (1912–1988), founder of microelectronics in eastern Germany . In: 120 years of the VDE district association in Dresden . Dresden 2012, ISBN 978-3-00-039920-6 , pp.
     188-210 .
  87. ↑ Friends of the Lingnerschloss e. V. Dresden. Retrieved December 16, 2011 .
  88. ↑ TU Dresden receives two new research buildings for the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology. December 2, 2013, accessed December 4, 2013 .
  89. ↑ Heiko Weckbrodt: New Dresden TU electronics complex builds a bridge from yesterday to tomorrow. Retrieved December 4, 2013 .
  90. ↑ Heiko Weckbrodt: Arc from yesterday to tomorrow . Dresdner Latest News, December 2, 2013, p. 5 .
  91. ↑ Pioneer for AMD and Siemens is honored . In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresdner Nachrichten GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden February 9, 1996. Ekkehard Meusel: A pioneer of Dresden microelectronics turns 70: Prof. Kurt Drescher is considered the best expert on semiconductor technology in the GDR . In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresdner Nachrichten GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden December 20, 2000, p.
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  92. ↑ Heiko Weckbrodt: The promotion of microelectronics has paid off for Saxony . In: Dresdner Latest News . Dresdner Nachrichten GmbH & Co. KG, Dresden November 2, 2012, p. 3 .
  93. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Nanoelectronics as a technological change . In: communications engineering - electronics . tape 28 , 1978, p. 180-184 .
  94. ↑ Albert Einstein: Creed. (PDF) 1932, accessed on February 19, 2017 .
  95. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Note L 1/69 - 3.1.1969 "Future tasks of AMD (report at the staff meeting on January 16, 1969)" . Dresden 1969, p. 1-21 . Werner Hartmann: Note Ha / La 8/73 - 03/26/1973 “Future tasks of AMD (presentation at the 2nd staff meeting on 03/26/1973)” . Dresden 1973, p.
     1-10 .
  96. ↑ Full-time unofficial employee. Retrieved December 17, 2012 .
  97. ^ OV Molecule, BStU Ast Dresden, AIM 4885/90, Volume 7, BI. 292-295.
    Gerhard Barkleit, Anette Dunsch: Susceptible climbers. Unofficial employees of the MfS in high-tech companies. In: Hannah Arendt Institute Dresden: Reports and Studies No. 15. 1998, p. 45 , accessed on December 18, 2012 .
  98. ^ MfS documents Volume 46, XII 2956/62 2554/78, p. 5, undated, 1975 (?).
  99. ↑ Werner Hartmann: Note L 29/72 - Ha / La October 17, 1972 . In: Technical Collections of the City of Dresden; Prof. Werner Hartmann's estate 1961–1974; Signature: WH 11 .
  100. ↑ Reinhard Buthmann: Failed Trust - Scientists of the GDR in the sights of the State Security . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2020, ISBN 978-3-525-31724-2 , p. 353 (Hartmann reflects on a poem by Max von Pettenkofer on the co-founder of modern chemistry, Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier , who was executed. Everything I did, so Hartmann analogously about himself, I did to promote the economy, but the GDR feared the change of the existing.).

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Commons : Werner Hartmann  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Hartmann, Werner
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hartmann, Werner August Friedrich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German physicist and electrical engineer
DATE OF BIRTH January 30, 1912
PLACE OF BIRTH Friedenau
DATE OF DEATH March 8, 1988
Place of death Dresden