Wolf monitoring

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Iberian Wolf AdF001.jpg
A wolf is released back into the wild after being equipped with a transmitter collar
The presence of water that is regularly observed ensures that the animals are supplied with drinking water.
Wolf solution often contains a visible amount of hair from the fur of the prey.
Monitoring makes it possible to determine the conservation status of the populations. Ideally, the data from the monitoring as a measuring sensor (green) results in a control loop with feedback on the protection status and wildlife management .

Wolf monitoring is a part of the biomonitoring and includes the observation , recording and statistical detection of occurrence of wild wolves inside and outside of protected areas and in collecting and providing detailed data. The Habitats Directive obliges the EU states to monitor strictly protected species in order to monitor the conservation status of the populations. In Germany, the federal states are responsible for wolf monitoring, while the federal government is obliged to report to the EU. In Germany it is managed by the LUPUS - Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research .

Areas of responsibility

The recording of the number of wolves in the individual habitats is part of wolf monitoring . A distinction is made between migrants, wolves loyal to their location, solitary animals, reproductive pairs and packs . New areas are colonized by individual animals, to which a second can be added at any time. Therefore, the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation also counts longer-term colonization by individual animals among the local populations. Pack formation, pack sizes and reproduction rates should be registered. The area sizes of the packs are determined as well as the hiking trails of animals that have left their pack of origin. Age , gender and health status of the wolves are documented to the extent that individuals in appearances can be taken (technical term: address ) or images of camera traps and wild game cameras available. An important component is the registration of evidence of wolfs . Gender and parentage can also be determined through DNA analysis . One of the methods of behavioral observation is the use of radio transmitters on individual animals. An autopsy is usually carried out if a person is found dead . The origin of the animal and the cause of death are recorded. In this way, detailed tables are created with entries of all wolf records and distribution maps that relate to the respective monitoring period. The monitoring tasks also include informing grazing animal owners about new wolf populations so that they can take herd protection measures. The effects of wolf cracks on wildlife on tourism are also considered.

Monitoring objectives

Population Biology Research

Wolf monitoring serves scientific purposes, in particular population-biological and population-genetic research on the development of wolf populations (demographic monitoring) and research into behavioral ecology in the context of long-term studies . This includes studies of hunting methods and the selection of prey species. Landscape- related genetic studies have shown that there are genetically different wolf populations that have arisen through evolutionary adaptation to certain habitats and specialization in prey species occurring therein . After some wolf subspecies for a long time in Refugialräume had been pushed back, began a re-expansion. The emergence of the relic populations and the course of re-immigration to other areas can be reconstructed from the genetic data. The reproduction rates, the growth rates of the wolf populations, are determined.

The wolves in Germany are currently - depending on the source - an annual growth rate of 33 to 35%, with new wolf territories constantly being added.

Population structures and dynamics are analyzed using the various forms of wolf detection including non-invasive genetic methods. The latter are also suitable for determining hybridization between wolves, coyotes and domestic dogs .

Protection of real wildlife populations

State of preservation

Wolf populations in Europe and estimated population numbers (based on incomplete monitoring data)

As a result of human-predator conflicts in the form of damage to domestic animals , before the signing of the Bern Convention and the Washington Agreement, wolves were decimated into isolated relic populations in what were once large areas of distribution. Populations in Europe have recovered over 40 years of strict protection. Wolf monitoring determines the extent to which the genetic exchange between the various wolf populations is taking place again. Today, wolves in Germany migrate from Poland to Germany, but also return to the east. In Bavaria there was evidence of wolves from the Alps-Abruzzo population, in Baden-Württemberg the wolf male GW 883 m, which was also derived from this, was found. The flow of genes between populations is important to the conservation status for which a viable population must exist. Luigi Boitani understands it to mean a population with a minimum number of individuals that is necessary for the survival of this population, in an area with a minimum size that enables the population to be maintained. In an isolated population a higher number of individuals is required, while a smaller number of individuals sufficient in populations that are related to others in the genetic exchange to the continued existence of a viable not of inbreeding depression to ensure population affected. If a wolf population is networked with others in such a way that the immigrants have genetic and demographic effects, a population of more than 250 adult animals can be sufficient to be classified as “not endangered”. A corresponding transfer from the list of strictly protected species in Annex IV of the Habitats Directive to the list of protected species in Annex V requires coordination at the federal level with the neighboring countries and requires the approval of the EU Commission .

The recordings of the wolf monitoring also serve as feedback for the IUCN , in which the entries of animal species in the Red List are made in appropriate categories (least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild). The EU Commission needs the current data in order to adjust the protection status accordingly. The member states monitor the conservation status of natural habitats with their priority species and set up a monitoring system to register the recording of animal species listed in Annex IV and V as well as illegal and, in exceptional cases, legal killings.

In canids occurring infectious diseases such as mange , distemper and dog tapeworm are registered, the untreated curves are observed. The transmission routes are known per se, but the respective sources of infection are determined in case studies and the disease-related death rate and survival rate are recorded. In Yellowstone National Park there are tagged wolves suffering from mange. The effects of the infection on reproduction and social behavior are also observed there. In Germany, in the district of Görlitz , a wolf with mange killed two dogs. The district office of Görlitz issued a shooting permit so that further dog prey was counteracted and the wolf was relieved of its torments.

Risk of hybridization

Hybrids in Eastern Poland in the Kadzidłowo Wildlife Park . Left: Parents: female wolf and male Polish spaniel; right: parent animals: female wolf and West Siberian Laika .

In the peripheral areas of wolf populations, but also in areas where wolf occurrences and dog ownership overlap, hybridization can endanger the preservation of the wild form. The likelihood of breeding between wolves and domestic dogs depends, among other things, on the population density. At high population density is low, higher it is moving at a small fragmented population from which young wolves in wolf empty areas and in the mating season, no sexual partners of the wild-type track can, but instead freely running herding dogs or held in the open farm dogs , rarely, guard dogs , the make friends with wolves under neglect of duty, or stray dogs that live like wolves in forests, then wolf-domestic dog hybrids emerge, such as in the Naliboki Forest in western Belarus not far from the Polish border. The cause of a higher degree of hybridization in some areas of Eastern Europe is the number of stray dogs. Genes from runaway Czechoslovakian wolfhounds or bred wolf-dog hybrids can - undesirably - flow into the wild population. The endangerment of the wild animal population by wolf hybrids depends on how high or low their proportion of dog genes is.

Illegal breeding and illegal trade in wild animals are to be prevented by protective provisions. For this reason, protection provisions also apply to wild animal-pet hybrids up to the fourth generation of offspring (F4 generation). If one of the parents belongs to a strictly protected species, an exemption under nature conservation law must be granted for the removal of such animals from the wild.

"From the point of view of international species protection, hybridizations between wild animal species and their domesticated forms, in this case wolves and domestic dogs, are clearly undesirable and should be avoided under all circumstances. If hybridizations have already occurred, it is therefore important to take all necessary measures, to prevent further spread of domestic dog genes in the wolf population. Existing hybrids should be removed from nature as soon as possible. " (DBBW)

"For reasons of species protection, wild animal-domestic animal hybrids are usually removed from nature in order to prevent the domestic animal genes from spreading in the wild population. Since mixed breeds are legally equivalent to the more strictly protected parent animal, in this case the wolf, their removal is required From nature, a special permit under nature conservation law is usually required. The legal protection of hybrids serves to protect true-breeding individuals of protected species from being accidentally shot down. International recommendations, such as Recommendation No. 173 (2014) of the Bern Convention, require the signing member states to ensure an officially monitored removal of wolf-dog hybrids from wolf populations if their hybrid status has been scientifically proven beyond doubt. " (Contact office Wölfe in Saxony 2017)

Of the examined SNP , coat color genes on the agouti locus of wolves, coyotes and domestic dogs can also provide clues for previous hybridization. Genetic analyzes show that the gene for dominant black coat color in real North American wolves comes from domestic dogs. It passed into the wolf genome about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago when the first Americans immigrated from Asia to Alaska and Canada via the Bering Strait and brought the first dogs with them.

In 2014, the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention decided to address the problem of hybridization. The genetic examination of the mitochondrial DNA does not provide any information about possible hybridization, since the mt-DNA is only inherited through the maternal line (see zygote ).

The test results of the Senckenberg Institute in Gelnhausen showed no evidence of current hybridization events with domestic dogs in Germany as of 2014. Carsten Nowak reported on the genetic purity of the German wolf population, in which there was no evidence of mixing with dog DNA in recent years . In 245 litters recorded by the monitoring system since 2000, the hybridization rate was below one percent, a low value by international comparison. Regionally higher hybridization rates were found in southern Europe. In some cases, the forensic institute ForGen in Hamburg found traces of DNA on cracked animals that neither came from normal domestic dogs nor could be clearly assigned to the wolf. There is disagreement between interest groups on the question of whether the founding population in Lausitz contained wolf hybrids.

Wolf monitoring collects data on the question of whether wild-born wolf hybrids are more prone to undesirable behavior .

Cases of hybridization in Germany

In 2003, a young she-wolf established a territory near Neustadt / Spree together with a second wolf. In July, nine puppies were detected on the basis of tracks . Several young animals of this litter had the coat colors of black and yellow sheepdogs , so there were nine hybrid puppies. Ilka Reinhardt suspected a mating of the petite female FT-1 "Sunny" with a dog, which she interpreted to mean that wolves and dogs could mate even in areas without wild or stray dogs if a wolf is not a wolf that is not related Mating partner would find. Two hybrid puppies were captured in February 2004. The hybrid status has been confirmed genetically. The genotype of the female FT-1 corresponded to the 76 Polish wolves examined for comparison. In the cluster analysis, the genotypes of the puppies were grouped between the wolves and the 41 examined domestic dogs.

In autumn 2017, six black puppies went into a photo trap of the Federal Forests division of the Federal Agency for Real Estate Tasks in the Ohrdruf military training area , wolf-domestic dog hybrids, which must be removed from nature according to the requirements of the Bern Convention. It was discussed whether they should be exposed to the psychological stress of keeping them in a cage or whether they should be killed. Planned capture campaigns were unsuccessful for a long time. The cage traps that were set up were incorrectly triggered by both unknown persons and other animals. The ministry reported that the traps were regularly destroyed. On March 27, 2018, the Thuringian Ministry of the Environment announced that three of the hybrids had been shot. In winter 2018/19 and spring 2019 an attempt was made again to remove the remaining hybrids, especially since there is now the risk that a male will produce offspring with his mother or a litter sister. Evidence of the female dog is a tear on a foal. The fourth hybrid was shot in mid-April 2019, and for some time nothing was known about the whereabouts of the other two. Then photos of photo traps showed that the female lives with one of the male hybrid offspring. In July 2019, a second litter of the Ohrdrufer Fah was recorded with a photo trap, apparently from an incest mating with the mixed-breed son. The litter consists of gray and black puppies, five were counted in August. The need for prey increases with the offspring. According to the crack report, several sheep, a goat, a calf and a horse were killed in July 2019. Again, the Ministry of the Environment is planning to trap the hybrid puppies with box traps. Another hybrid was shot in February 2020. A specimen of one of the killed wolf-domestic dog hybrids is in the Natural History Museum in Erfurt . Since the spring of 2020, the female is said to have a litter presumably from a male wolf.

Wolf management

Results of wolf monitoring are used in wolf management and wildlife management . As part of the monitoring, the damage assessment is also carried out in the event of cracks in domestic animals or if herd animals have broken out of a pasture . An attempt is made to analyze the causes .

Wolves in Lower Saxony: Livestock cracks over the course of the year

The Lower Saxony Ministry of the Environment provides a map of Lower Saxony on which the wolf cracks are entered with the location and time. The Lower Saxony State Hunters' Association found a periodicity of the farm animal damage caused by wolves, with more attacks taking place in autumn and winter . Possible explanations are the littering time in May, in which the wolves reduce their range, as well as the offspring in the other wild animals, which are easier to capture than adults. Towards autumn, the wolves enlarged their roaming areas, the young wild animals had grown up and were no longer easy prey, so easily available livestock represented a more attractive alternative.

The Brandenburg State Office for the Environment published graphics with cracks and the amount of the compensation payments, as did Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

In the event of damage, a crack expert is called in . Cracks are used as evidence of wolf occurrences. Wolf monitoring allows the creation of damage statistics and provides information about the necessary preventive measures . In the context of human-wolf conflicts, it is important to assess the suitability of DNA isolated from the saliva of the predator in order to prove the right to compensation and to identify suspicious individuals . In a more recent study, different procedures for the removal of wolves were compared with regard to the effect on the frequency of attacks on grazing animals.

One goal of European wolf monitoring is to be able to give recommendations based on scientific knowledge both regionally and Europe-wide for the protection and management of the animal species while minimizing conflicts in populated areas with grazing animals .

Wolf evidence

According to the monitoring standards set by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation , wolf records are categorized in three levels from C3 to C1, with the C1 certificate having the highest quality. The requirements in detail:

C1 proof

Secure evidence through

Saliva samples only provide accurate analysis results when they are fresh. In the case of saliva samples taken after 1 to 24 hours, 83% of the complete genotypes could be determined, in the case of samples taken after 48 hours only 50%, of which 7% were incorrect, even if 9 PCR methods were mutually exclusive provided corresponding results.

C2 verification

C3 proof

  • Unconfirmed references: Due to insufficient evidence, a wolf can neither be confirmed nor excluded by an experienced person. This includes visual observations without photographic evidence; also notes that are too old, insufficiently or incompletely documented, that contain too little information, e.g. B. Traces without sufficiently long characteristic tracks. C3 evidence can be divided into “likely” and “unlikely”.

Information about wolves must be reported to the competent authorities in the federal states in order to enable wolf monitoring across the board. Every detected wolf receives a code number. In this way, interactive maps can be created that show where a certain wolf or crack has been detected. The abbreviation GW stands for "gray wolf". "Gray wolf" is not a scientific name for a subspecies of Canis lupus , but a common name , it is nevertheless used by the Lausitz Wolf Office. The lowercase letter m stands for engl. male male, the lowercase letter f stands for engl. female female.

Genetic Studies

Complete sequencing of the dog's genome resulted in the identification of nearly 19,000 genes and over 2.1 million nucleotide polymorphisms (see also Genetic Variation ), many of which are considered genetic markers in studies of wolf populations . For wolf monitoring , three parts of the canid genome are examined: The mitochondrial DNA , on the basis of which only the ancestry in the maternal line can be determined, in males the Y chromosome in order to examine genetic material that comes almost exclusively from the paternal lines, also autosomal microsatellites inherited from both parents and certain single nucleotide polymorphisms .

For example, after the discovery of a dead wolf in the Black Forest in the summer of 2017, the combined monitoring methods established that the animal came from Lower Saxony and was a descendant of a wolf from the Gartow pack.

Legal basis and organization

In Germany, the responsibility for monitoring lies with the federal states . In some cases, the state authorities coordinate the monitoring themselves with their own experts. Others, such as Saxony, have commissioned specialist institutions to do this. More and more people are using technical expertise across borders and have outsourced data evaluation or the organization of monitoring to specialists who mainly work in other countries. Lower Saxony has entrusted wolf monitoring to the State Hunters' Association (LJN). Since then, he has been responsible for the data evaluation as well as the coordination and guidance of the trained people. In Saxony, the hunters are participating in the establishment of a monitoring network. In Brandenburg's wolf management plan, the hunters are also integrated into the monitoring, since the interests of game, hunting and hunters are affected; the State Hunting Association and the State Office for the Environment work together here. In Baden-Württemberg, the Forestry Experimental and Research Institute in Freiburg (FVA) is responsible for monitoring .

In Switzerland, the office for hunting and fishing responsible for the canton prepares an annual report on wolf monitoring.

Nature conservation associations such as IFAW and NABU , WWF and the Society for the Protection of Wolves, as well as the Friends of Wild Wolves, support wolf monitoring.

Capture problems

Wolf monitoring can only record animals that have been observed directly or recorded by a camera or for which other evidence is available. Traces such as wild animals or wolf droppings (solution) are seldom discovered, at least in lonely forest areas, so that some wolves go unnoticed for a long time. The wolf offices responsible for monitoring, wolf competence centers, wolf advisors and large carnivore officers, forestry offices and police stations receive information from the population in order to supplement existing records. Sometimes it is necessary to change entries retrospectively when a new pack has been reported, if it must be concluded that a pair was in the area in the previous year without being noticed. There are currently changes in the records of wolves in Germany

Lower Saxony: Stock development 2012–2020

Report fatigue among the hunters from the wolf area in the district of Celle . The sight of sneaked wild animals is part of everyday life there. Pet tears are also not reported if no compensation is expected. Wolf advisers rarely come to the scene. The state hunters continue to call for reports, because effective management can only be carried out with verifiable figures for monitoring. Possibly there would be more than the packs recorded by the monitoring. Celles district hunter Hans Knoop cites another reason for the declining willingness to report evidence of wolfs, that one wants to avoid unrest in the forest, since the wolf tourists specifically go to areas where a particularly large number of wolves have been reported. Markus Henke, Vice President of the Bremen State Hunters' Association, reports a fluctuating number of reports and an unreported number because not all puppies can be recorded. It is typical of wolf monitoring that not every observation is reported anymore. Rural People's Vice President Jörn Ehlers reports that not every crack is reported by animal keepers and villagers, because the reports are not always treated with the necessary seriousness in public.

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Contact office Wölfe in Sachsen: traces, cracks, excrement ( memento of the original from October 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wolf-sachsen.de
  2. ^ Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe: Guidelines for Population Level Management Plans for Large Carnivores, page 19, pages 36–37
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  6. ↑ Ettore Randi: Genetics and conservation of wolves Canis lupus in Europe ( Memento of the original from November 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.allthingscanid.org archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Mammal Review 2011, Volume 41, No. 2, 99-111
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  93. ↑ Carsten Nowak, Verena Harms: Genetic Wolf Monitoring in Germany - Findings on the origin, degree of hybridization and spreading behavior of the German wolf population Berlin, March 21, 2014, PDF page 20
  94. ↑ Carsten Nowak, Anne Jarausch, Berardino Cocchiararom, Alina von Thaden: How much dog is there in our wild wolves?
  95. ↑ German Bundestag: Verbatim minutes of the 8th meeting of the Committee on the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety, Berlin, April 18, 2018, pp
  96. ^ Böhme Zeitung: Zoff about the wolf-dog mixes
  97. ↑ IR online: Experts argue about hybrid wolves in Lusatia
  98. ↑ Hunter: Wolf or Wolf Hybrid?
  99. ↑ Contact office Lausitz: Genetic investigations
  100. ↑ Ilka Reinhardt, Gesa Kluth: Genetic identity - hybridization, pages 49 and 105-106.
  101. ^ Ansorge H., Holzapfel M., Kluth G, Reinhardt I., Wagner C .: The return of the wolves Biology of our time, 2010, Volume 40, page 250
  102. ↑ Christian Voigt: These wolf pups are to be killed
  103. ↑ NABU: The Ohrdrufer she-wolf got involved with a house dog
  104. ^ Elli H. Radinger : Wolf hybrids
  105. ↑ DBBW: Dealing with hybrids - problem
  106. ↑ MDR: Pet owners expect millions of dollars in damage due to wolf packs
  107. ↑ MDR: So far, no shooting decision by the Ministry of the Environment ( memento of the original from November 7, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mdr.de archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. The parents of the Ohrdrufer wolf mix are a wolf and a poaching black dog.
  108. ↑ Thüringer Allgemeine: Photo of the possible father of the Ohrdrufer Wolfsmischlinge emerged
  109. ↑ Alfons Deter: Ohrdrufer hybrid wolves still free
  110. ↑ MDR Thuringia: Unknowns prevent the capture of mixed wolves ( memento of the original from March 14, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mdr.de
  111. ^ Ostthüringer Zeitung: Wolf attacks stress Thuringian sheep
  112. ↑ Three wolf-dog mixed breeds shot
  113. ↑ MDR Thuringia: Ohrdruf military training area Wolf hybrids may continue to be shot
  114. ↑ MDR JUMP: Ohrdruf military training area Hunting for mixed-breed wolves in Thuringia expanded
  115. ↑ Wolf rips foals in Ohrdruf ( Memento of the original from March 29, 2019 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. MDR.de (accessed March 30, 2019) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mdr.de
  116. ↑ MDR: Fourth wolf hybrid shot at Ohrdruf
  117. ↑ Thüringen24: New wolf hybrids in Ohrdruf? Incest fear! She-wolf lives with one of her mixed breed sons
  118. ^ In Südthüringen.de: She- wolf von Ohrdruf: Suspicion of possible offspring
  119. ↑ Ostthüringer Zeitung: She- wolf has more mixed breed puppies than expected
  120. ↑ MDR Thuringia: Because of offspring: Increased wolf attacks on grazing animals
  121. ↑ Thüringer Allgemeine: Ohrdrufer she-wolf has offspring again
  122. ↑ [1]
  123. ↑ Katherine V. Wolley: A Policy Analysis of Large Carnivore Responses to Habitat Fragmentation and Human - Carnivore Conflicts in the High Divide University of Colorado, Boulder CU Scholar 2016. Page 20, PDF Page 21: "The conservation strategies detailed in the plan include not only monitoring wolf numbers and populations, but also include protecting the habitat of prey species ... and implementing nonlethal methods to reduce and prevent conflicts. "
  124. ↑ Map of the wolf cracks in Lower Saxony
  125. ↑ Wildlife Management Lower Saxony: Farm animal damage in Lower Saxony
  126. ↑ Wolf cracks in Brandenburg
  127. ^ Compensations for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
  128. ↑ Jawina: Brandenburg: Wolf tears 18 sheep in the Spreewald
  129. ↑ LR-online: dogs attacked in Weißkeißel and Krauschwitz
  130. ^ Sächsische Zeitung: Stud wants compensation for dead horses
  131. ↑ German Bundestag: Wolf management plans of the federal states
  132. ↑ Weser Kurier: Wolf from Lower Saxony kills sheep and deer in the Black Forest
  133. ↑ Wildlife Management Lower Saxony: Overview of reported livestock cracks in Lower Saxony
  134. ↑ Contact office Wölfe in Saxony: Damage statistics Saxony ( Memento of the original from December 5, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wolf-sachsen.de
  135. ↑ Verena Harms, Carsten Nowak et al .: Experimental evaluation of genetic predator identification from saliva traces on wildlife kills Journal of Mammalogy 2015
  136. ^ RB Wielgus, KA Peebles: Effects of wolf mortality on livestock depredations. In: PLOS ONE . Volume 9, number 12, 2014, p. E113505, doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0113505 , PMID 25470821 , PMC 4254458 (free full text).
  137. ^ Luigi Boitani: Action Plan for the conservation of the wolves (Canis lupus) in Europe, page 31
  138. ↑ Maris Hindrikson, Jaanu Remm et al .: Wolf population genetics in Europe: a systematic review, meta-analysis and suggestions for conservation and management
  139. ↑ LCIE: Guidelines for Population Level Management Plans for Large Carnivores
  140. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation : BfN Script 251: Monitoring of Large Carnivores in Germany, pp. 53–61, PDF pp. 57–65
  141. ↑ Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel: The wolf (Canis lupus L. 1758) - statement on the handling of this animal species in the cultural landscape of Germany, pp. 69-70
  142. ↑ Cellesche Zeitung: Wolf spotted at Winser Kita ( memento of the original from December 17, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cellesche-zeitung.de
  143. ↑ Snapshot - Is it the she-wolf Gloria von Wesel?
  144. ↑ Hunting life: wolves and hoofed game
  145. ↑ Verena Harms, Carsten Nowak et al .: Experimental evaluation of genetic predator identification from saliva traces on wildlife kills Journal of Mammalogy 2015
  146. ↑ Robert HS Kraus et al .: A single-nucleotide polymorphism-based approach for rapid and cost-effective genetic wolf monitoring in Europe based on noninvasively collected samples Molecular Ecology Resources 2015
  147. ↑ Luis Llaneza, Emilio J. García, José Vicente López-Bao: Intensity of Territorial Marking Predicts Wolf Reproduction: Implications for Wolf Monitoring PLOS 2014
  148. ↑ Verena Harms, Carsten Nowak et al .: Experimental evaluation of genetic predator identification from saliva traces on wildlife kills Journal of Mammalogy 2015
  149. ↑ Wolf Information Center Schleswig Holstein: Report wolf notices
  150. ^ Bavarian State Office for the Environment : Wolf Monitoring
  151. ↑ WWF : Protection of farm animals from the wolf, page 35
  152. ↑ Daniela Passilongo, Luca Mattioli et al .: Visualizing sound: counting wolves by using a spectral view of the chorus howling BioMed Central, Frontiers in Zoology 2015
  153. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation : BfN Script 251: Monitoring of Large Carnivores in Germany, pp. 53–61, PDF pp. 57–65
  154. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation : BfN Script 251: Monitoring of Large Carnivores in Germany, pp. 53–61, PDF pp. 57–65
  155. ↑ Circle of Friends of Wild Wolves: Wolf evidence - real and false
  156. ↑ Klaus von der Brelie: Wolves prevent suckler cow husbandry
  157. ↑ Saxony Fachstelle Wolf: Report Wolf notes
  158. ↑ DBBW: Contact person in the federal states
  159. ^ Daniel Kummetz, Jörn Schaar, Nikolai Hotsch, Jörg Jacobsen: Interactive map: Wolves in Schleswig-Holstein
  160. ↑ Contact office Wölfe in Saxony: Portrait of the europ. Gray wolf
  161. ^ Welt N24: Schluchseewolf comes from Lower Saxony
  162. ↑ Landesjägerschaft Niedersachsen e. V .: Wolves on the trail - information on the wolf population in Lower Saxony
  163. ↑ Wildlife Management Lower Saxony: Wolf Monitoring Lower Saxony
  164. ↑ TU Dresden: Establishment of a permanent game monitoring network by the hunters in the Free State of Saxony ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / tu-dresden.de
  165. ↑ Wolf Management Plan Brandenburg draft version 2018 page 7.
  166. ↑ Transfer and communication project on dealing with large carnivores in Baden-Württemberg
  167. ↑ Dr. Georg Brosi and Hannes Jenny: Wolves in the Canton of Graubünden 2017
  168. ↑ KORA report no. 68: Wolf monitoring using photo traps: Results from the photo trap test pilot study in Calanda
  169. ↑ German Bundestag 2015: Report of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety on the way of life, status and management of the wolf (Canis lupus) in Germany, Committee printed matter 18 (16) 313
  170. ↑ Documentation and advice center of the federal government on the subject of wolves (DBBW): contact person in the federal states
  171. ↑ Contact office Wölfe in Sachsen: Monitoring and research in general ( Memento of the original from 23 August 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wolf-sachsen.de
  172. ↑ Christopher Quantity: New pack in Wietze
  173. ↑ DBBW updates of the confirmed territories
  174. ↑ Wolf Monitoring Wildlife Management Lower Saxony
  175. ↑ Carsten Richter: Celle hunters are "tired of reporting"
  176. ↑ Michael Ende: Riss in Rixförde: Wolf on the advance towards Hanover
  177. ↑ Justus Randt: Bremer Landesjägerschaft advocates shooting wolves
  178. ↑ Celle today: Discussions about the wolf - Animal owners do not want another arms race