Thang Long Citadel

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Central area of ​​the Imperial Citadel of Thăng Long
UNESCO world heritage UNESCO World Heritage Emblem
photo
Flag tower of the citadel of Thang Long
National territory: VietnamVietnam Vietnam
Type: Culture
Criteria : ii, iii, vi
Reference No .: 1328
UNESCO region : Asia and Pacific
History of enrollment
Enrollment: 2010  (session 34)

The citadel of Thăng Long ( Hán tự : 黄 城 昇 龍, Vietnamese Hoàng thành Thăng Long , literally: Imperial Citadel of the Rising Dragon ) with the former imperial city was on the west bank of the Sông Hồng in Hanoi , the capital of Vietnam . It was the imperial court of several Vietnamese imperial dynasties , under which Thăng Long was capital between 1010 and 1802 with different names.

Since 2001, 18 parts of the historic site was rediscovered on the road Hoàng Dieu and especially work for the construction of the National Assembly Hoi Trường Ba Dinh over the Ho Chi Minh - Mausoleum big finds were made. Archaeological excavations have been carried out since 2002. The central area of ​​the citadel was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010 . The World Heritage area covers 20 ha of the total area of ​​the citadel of 140 ha.

history

prehistory

The region around the capital Hanoi in the Red River Delta , with its checkered history, is considered the cradle of Vietnamese culture.

The legendary kingdom of Văn Lang ( Hán tự : 文 郎) of the Lạc Việt tribe was ruled in the Hồng Bàng dynasty by the 88 Hùng kings. 257 BC Chr. Suggested Thuc Phan (蜀泮, rulers name to Dương Vương ) from the tribe Âu Việt in Phật Tích in the present province of Bắc Ninh recent of Hùng Kings. Thereupon he united Văn Lang with his country Tây Âu and founded the kingdom Âu Lạc . As the capital, he built the Citadel Cà Loa Thành (Hán Việt: 古 螺, ancient snail castle or spiral castle) near Phong Khê in Hanoi's rural district Đông Anh , north of today's city center . The name indicates the shape of the ramparts around the fortress. Today only a few remains are preserved. After a long war with the Chinese Qín dynasty , Âu Lạc became 208 or 207 BC. Conquered by the north Chinese Qín general Zhào Tuó (Hán tự: 赵佗 / 趙佗 W.- G .: Chao T'o, Vietnamese: Triệu Đà ). When the state of Qín was conquered by the Hàn , Triệu Đà named its independent kingdom Nam Việt (Hán tự: 南越, Pinyin: Nányuè , Southern Việt), adopted the royal name Vũ Vương (Chin. 武王, Wǔ Wáng) and founded the Triệu -Dynasty. Until 203 BC Its capital was established in Phiên Ngung , today's Panyu .

111 BC During the late Han Dynasty , the troops annexed Hàn Wǔdìs Nam Việt and incorporated it into the Chinese Empire as Giao Chỉ prefecture (郡 jùn (quận), 交趾 Jiāozhǐ). During the rebellion of the Trưng sisters against the Chinese occupiers, Mê Linh , 40 km west of today's center of Hanoi, served as the headquarters from 40 to 43 . From 541 the Vietnamese under Lý Bí (Lý Bôn) rebelled against the rule of the Liang dynasty in the then Chinese province of Jiaozhou (交 州, Vietnamese: Giao Châu) . In the course of this Lý rebellion , Lý Bí 544 declared himself with the ruler name Lý Nam Đế to the "southern emperor of the Lý" and called his empire Vạn Xuân (" Ten Thousand Years of Spring"). He placed the government center in Long Biên , today's district of Hanoi, where it remained until 602, during the period of the independence struggle under General Triệu Việt Vương . This period is also referred to by historians as the Earlier Lý Dynasty (Nhà Tiền Lý, 前 李朝).

In 607 the Chinese founded an administrative center called Tống Bình (宋平) at the confluence of the Sông Đuống and the Tô Lịch rivers with the Red River and built the Đại La (大 羅, Large network), which was continuously expanded. 866–870, during the Tang Dynasty , this citadel reached its greatest extent under General Cao Biền (Gāo Pián). According to old chronicles, the six km long and eight m high outer wall was surmounted by 55 watchtowers and had five large gates. During the Chinese occupation, the name Tống Bình changed to Long Đỗ (龍 肚, belly of the dragon). To ward off a Chinese expedition fleet , General Ngô Quyền had bamboo stakes with iron spikes driven into the Bạch Đằng river near Hải Phong in 938. At low tide the ships were pierced by the piles and more than half sank. This ended Chinese rule over North Vietnam for over a thousand years. In 939 Ngô Quyền founded the independent state Đại Cồ Việt and designated the old fortress Cổ Loa as the capital. The founder of the Đinh dynasty and first emperor of Vietnam, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh , moved the capital of the empire in 968 to the vicinity of his birthplace Gia Viên to Hoa L Gemeinde in the municipality of Trường Yên. Here, in the middle of the dry Halong Bay, now in the province of Ninh Bình , it was at a safe distance from the Chinese border, and remained there during the Đinh and the earlier Lê dynasties until 1009.

From Đại La to Thăng Long

The Khuê Văn Các pavilion, entrance to the third courtyard of the Temple of Literature

In 1009 Lý Công Uẩn ascended the royal throne under the ruler's name Lý Thái Tổ and thus established the Lý dynasty . In 1010 he chose Đại La as his residence town and named the place Thăng Long (昇 龍, rising dragon ). According to legend, he is said to have had a vision of a yellow dragon rising from the water on the banks of the Tô Lịch. The new imperial residence , whose architecture was based on Chinese models, was built on the ruins of the Chinese fortress and on drained alluvial land . The most important buildings in the square inner royal city ( Hoàng Thành ) were arranged along a north-south axis, with the throne hall, ministries and administrative buildings in the middle. To the north was the Purple Forbidden City ( Tử Cấm Thành ) , built from 1029 onwards, with ornate palaces and gardens in which the royal family resided. This inner area was enclosed by the outer city ( Kinh Thành ), which was also square, with the quarters of the common people, traders and craftsmen, which was divided into 61 blocks ( Phường ). As a relic of this people's city, which also supplied the palaces, the "Quarter of 36 streets" ( 36 phố phường ) in Hanoi , which was built in the 15th century, can still be visited.

In the beginning of the Lý dynasty, the country flourished in politics, administration, culture and religion, which was also reflected in the expansion of Thăng Long. In 1049, for example, the son of Lý Thái Tổ, King Lý Thái Tông , had the one- pillar pagoda ( Chùa Một Cột ) built. In 1054 his son Lý Thánh Tông changed the name of the empire to Đại Việt (大 越, large Viet). In 1070 he built the Confucian temple of literature , Văn Miếu - Quốc Tử Giám (文廟), as the national academy , the first academy in the country, where the sons of the mandarins were taught from 1076 to 1915 . Initially, only members of the royal family studied at the Academy for the Sons of the Nation , later also the sons of other noble court families . From 1393, members of the landed aristocracy who had passed the imperial official examination were allowed to continue their training here. A collection of 82 stone steles in the Temple of Literature, on which the dates of the graduates of the imperial exams during the Lê and Mạc dynasties from 1442 to 1779 are stamped, was added to the UNESCO World Document Heritage on March 9, 2010 . The builders protected the citadel against the periodically recurring floods by the Red River by creating dikes and canals, an art that has been perfected in the river delta since that time.

Reconstruction of the one-pillar pagoda

In Lý Song war between Đại Việt and the Chinese Song Dynasty General defended Ly Thường Kiệt in 1077 on the river Như Nguyệt Sông , a section of Sông Cầu north of Bắc Ninh, the campaign of General Quach Quy led troops of Emperor Shenzong on exit the citadel. In 1225 the Trần dynasty took over and kept the capital. Between 1257 and 1288, Thăng Long was attacked three times by the Mongols and completely destroyed. In 1288 General Trần Hưng Đạo defeated Kublai Khan's troops on the historic river Bạch Flussng . In 1371, 1377 and 1383, Champa troops under King Chế Bồng Nga (Po Binasuor) conquered the citadel. 1400 Rebel and ended usurper Ho Ly Quý the rule of the Trần Dynasty and led in only seven years of Ho Dynasty that in Dai Ngu renamed Empire. The seat of government was moved to the citadel of the Hồ dynasty ( Thành nhà Hồ ), built in 1397 . Of this fortress in Thành Tây Đô (西 都, western capital) in today's district of Vĩnh Lộc in the province of Thanh Hóa , only ruins have been preserved except for the gates. Thăng Long renamed Hồ Quý Ly in Đông Đô (東 都, eastern city).

From 1406 troops of the Chinese Ming dynasty under Emperor Yongle subjugated the whole of Đại Việt ( Annam War ) and razed the citadel Đông Đô, whose name was changed to Đông Quan (東 東, Gate of the East). In 1428 the founder of the Hậu Lê dynasty , Lê Lợi , who was posthumously given the temple name Lê Thái Tổ , reached an agreement with the Ming emperor Xuande and liberated Vietnam from Chinese rule in return for tribute payments . Nguyễn Trãi is said to have played an important journalistic role . Lê Lợi resided again in the citadel on the Red River, where he had magnificent palaces and temples built, which he renamed from Đông Quan to Đông Kinh (東京, Eastern Royal City) in 1430 . (Note: The Japanese capital Tokyo is also referred to with the Chinese characters or Kanji .. ) The hundred year epoch, which began with the seizure of power by Lê Thái Tổ, is ​​also known as the "golden age" of Vietnamese statecraft, history and culture designated. The troops of the fifth emperor of the later Lê dynasty, Lê Thánh Tông , who ruled from 1460 , succeeded in subjugating Champas in 1471. The Portuguese adventurers and traders who invaded the country from 1516 were followed by Catholic missionaries from several European countries from 1527 . These designated the northern part of Vietnam as Tonkin after Đông Kinh. During the interlude of the Mạc dynasty (1527–1592) and until the end of the second rule of the Hậu Lê dynasty in 1778, the citadel kept this name.

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Đoan Môn - the main gate of the citadel

Division of the country and Phu Xuân

The period of division of Đại Việt began around 1520 with the coup of Mạc Đăng Dung , a captain of the bodyguard at the Lê court. Its strongest opponent in this phase of flagging Later Le Dynasty were the dynasties of Trịnh under Trịnh Duy Dai and Trịnh Duy San and the Nguyễn under Nguyễn Hoàng DU . After a period of increasing tension, they fled south to their common home country in the area of Thanh Hóa , accompanied by Emperor Lê Chiêu Tông "for his protection". In 1522 he was deposed by Mạc Đăng Dung and replaced by his brother Lê Cung Hoàng . Lê Chiêu Tông fell victim to an attack by Mạc forces in 1526. A little later the heads of the Trịnh and Nguyễn were also murdered. In 1527 Mạc Đăng Dung also had the Lê emperor Lê Cung Hoàng murdered and proclaimed himself emperor. With the installation of his son Mạc Đăng Doanh to the emperor Thái Thượng Hoàng , he tried to consolidate the power of the short-lived Mạc dynasty.

Remains of the Kính Thiên temple: dragon sculptures from 1467

Nguyễn Kim , a former high official at the Lê court, revolted against the Mạc and supported King Lê Trang Tông in restoring the rule of the Lê in the area of ​​Thanh Hóa. The Trịnh and the Nguyễn allegedly entered the conflict to support the Lê king, but they pursued their own interests in power. A phase of struggle of these princely families against the Mạc began, which developed into a civil war and ended in 1592 with the suppression of the Mạc. Now the Trịnh dynasty fought for supremacy with temporary support from Dutch traders and the Nguyễn dynasty with the help of Portuguese. This led to a rift through the country around 1600, when Nguyễn Hoàng moved the capital of his southern empire to Phú Xuân , today's Huế in central Vietnam. Trịnh Tráng continued to rule the northern kingdom from Đông Kinh. The power struggle escalated from 1627 into an open war, in the course of which seven offensives by Trịnh armies against Phú Xuân failed. From 1651 the Nguyễn also went on the offensive, but were repulsed by Trịnh Tạc in1655. In 1672 he concludedan armisticewith Nguyễn Phúc Tần , which sealed the division of the country. In the following hundred years both parts of the country developed independently of each other.

In 1771 the agricultural workers' rebellion broke out among the Tây Sơn brothers (西山), who took Phú Xuân in 1775 and established their seat of government there. One of the three brothers who led the uprising, General Nguyễn Huệ (阮 惠, 1753–1792), united the country in 1775 and became the second king of the Tây Sơn-Nguyễn dynasty (1778-1802) as Quang Trung . As a result of the unrest, Chinese invaders again occupied the Đông Kinh citadel in 1780, but were driven from Đông Kinh and the country Đại Vi Landt by Quang Trung in 1789 . During the brief reign of the Tây Sơn dynasty, the citadel was named Bắc Thành (北 城, Northern Fortress). The epoch from 1533 to 1789, in which the later Lê dynasty in the north of the divided country placed the emperors, but who had no power, is called Nhà Lê trung hưng in Vietnamese , and historians refer to it as the Renewed or Restored Lê Dynasty . From the civil war that followed the Tây Sơn rebellion, Prince Nguyễn Phúc Ánh from the influential merchant family Nguyễn emerged victorious in 1789 with French help and was crowned King Gia Long . In 1802 his troops took Bắc Thành, but for fear of uprisings, Gia Long also moved the residence of the empire, which he named in coordination with the Chinese emperor Jiaqing Việt Nam , in his hometown of Huế in 1804 .

Nguyễn Dynasty and Colonial Era

Map of Hanoi, 1890

Under the Nguyễn dynasty (1802-1945), the citadel became the second royal seat and was again given the name Thăng Long. However, the meaning changed slightly. The characters 昇 隆 now used brought “ascending” into connection with increasing prosperity, and the character for “dragon” was replaced by that for “blossoming”. While Gia Long was splendidly expanding the main residence Huế, he had Thăng Long dismantled. Between 1802 and 1812 the citadel was rebuilt according to plans by French fortress builders. In 1831, under Emperor Minh Mạng , the current name Hà Nội (河内, city within the rivers) was used for the first time , as the dragon in the classical name was to be reserved for the capital Huế as a symbol of the imperial power. The empire was renamed Đại Nam in 1820 , but was again called Việt Nam from 1839.

In 1872/73 the French adventurer and trader Jean Dupuis triggered an incident through his arms deals with southern China, which were not approved by the Vietnamese, in the course of which he occupied the citadel with his private army of mercenaries and 100 French soldiers. The governor of Cochinchina , Admiral Marie-Jules Dupré , whom he asked for support , sent troops to mediate under the explorer and officer Francis Garnier , who, against his instructions, took the city on November 20, 1873 and destroyed large parts of the citadel. The Vietnamese side, whose poorly equipped and trained army was unable to provide effective resistance to the French, called on the black flags under Liú Yǒngfú (vn. Lưu Vĩnh Phúc ), which actually defeated the French. In the course of the fighting, Garnier fell on December 21st.

In 1881, due to repeated Vietnamese complaints about the activities and behavior of French traders, the French government sent a small force under Henri Laurent Rivière to Hanoi to investigate the incidents. After there was resistance to the presence of the French troops, Rivière stormed the citadel on April 25, 1882, disregarding orders to the contrary. Although the French withdrew immediately afterwards and returned control of the citadel to the Vietnamese, they were just as alarmed by Rivière's aggressive action as their protecting power, China. The Vietnamese government again called the black flags in support. On May 10, 1883, Liú Yǒngfú had an overly large invitation to the French posted on the city walls of Hanoi to face battle. This was followed by the Battle of the Paper Bridge on May 19 (vn. Cầu Giấy , fr. Pont de Papier ), in which the French troops suffered a heavy defeat and Rivière fell.

The following period is also called Tứ nguyệt tam vương (“four moons, three kings”) in Vietnam . After signing the preliminary, yet with Emperor Tự Đức negotiated protectorate - contract by its Dục Đức following brother Hiệp Hòa August 25, 1883 in Hue and after the Black Flags had been decisively weakened by a major French offensive, declared the French towards the end in 1883 Hà Nội became the capital of Tonkin and in 1887 the administrative headquarters of the Union Indochinoise ( French Indochina ). The colonial rulers built a modern administrative city south of Old Hanoi, for which parts of the citadel and the imperial palaces were also demolished. On January 1, 1902, the capital of the Union Indochinoise was moved from Sài Gòn to Hanoi.

House D67

To the north of the current Museum of Military History, on the area of ​​the former Forbidden City, is the tunneled house D 67 (Nhà D67) , next to other buildings from the colonial era, in which the North Vietnamese General Staff under General Võ Nguyên Giáp had its headquarters from 1954 to 1975 . The up to 70 m deep bunker network with 60 cm thick walls and evacuation tunnels was built in 1967 under the remains of the Kính Thiên temple. During the Vietnam War , the Politburo also withdrew from it for a time. The facility has been open to visitors since 2004.

  • Entrance to house D 67

  • Stairs to the bunker

  • The conference room in the bunker

  • On the left is the entrance to the conference room

  • Equipment that was used during the war

Worth seeing

The remains of the citadel of Thăng Long and the finds on Hoàng Diệu Street are specific to a regional culture that developed on the lower reaches of the Sông Hồng under influences from China in the north and Champa in the south. The relics of different epochs are now mostly in the Ba Đình district .

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Covered excavation site on Hoàng Diệu 18

gallery

  • Political map of Asia around 1200

  • Historical map, 1873, colored

  • Hanoi on a map of the Japanese Ministry of Railways from 1920

  • North gate of the Hanoi Citadel from the outside ...

  • ... and from the inside (1884/1885)

  • Current picture of the north gate

  • Kính Thiên Temple, Late Lê Dynasty , destroyed in the 19th century

  • Main hall of the Temple of Literature

  • Tile with chrysanthemum motifs, 11th-12th centuries

  • at the Hoàng Diệu 18

See also

Web links

Commons : Citadel of Hanoi  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nguyễn Hoàng Điệp, GS Đặng Vũ Khiêu et al. (Ed.): The collective culture of 1000 years of Tăng Long . NXB Văn Hóa - Thông Tin, 2009 ( National Library of Vietnam [accessed June 3, 2012] Vietnamese: Tổng tập Nghìn năm văn hiến Thăng Long .).
  2. ^ The Long Lost Treasures Revealed (photos of excavation and finds) ( English , PDF) skyscrapercity.com / vietology.com. 2005. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved on August 6, 2010.
  3. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage 1328. whc.unesco.org, 2010, accessed on August 6, 2010 (English).
  4. ^ Charles Higham: The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia . Ed .: Cambridge world archeology. Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-56505-7 , pp. 122 ff . (English: The bronze age of Southeast Asia .).
  5. ↑ Michael Waibel: Urban Development of Hanoi (Dissertation) (=  European University Papers . Series IV, No. 22 ). 1st edition. Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2002, ISBN 978-3-631-39029-0 , chap. 2.1.5 ( GWDG.de [PDF; accessed on June 5, 2012]).
  6. ↑ Temple of literature (Văn Miếu), Ha Noi. (No longer available online.) VietnamNet.com, archived from the original on July 24, 2011 ; accessed on September 1, 2010 (English).
  7. ↑ UNESCO: First inscription from Macao on Memory of the World Register at MOWCAP 4. portal.unesco.org, 2010, accessed on March 27, 2018 (English).
  8. ↑ Auguste Thomazi: La conquête de l'Indochine: Avec vingt-deux croquis. 1934, pp. 140-157.
  9. ^ Louis Roger Gérard de Marolles: La dernière Campagne du Commandant Rivière 1881-1883. 1932, pp. 75-92.
  10. ^ Loyd E. Eastman: Throne and Mandarins: China's Search for a Policy during the Sino-French Controversy. 1967, pp. 51-57.
  11. ^ Thang Long Imperial Citadel - a new world cultural heritage site in Vietnam. (No longer available online.) VietnamTourAsia.com, archived from the original on September 11, 2010 ; accessed on September 1, 2010 (English).
  12. ^ Citadel named World Heritage Site. VietnamNews, 2010, accessed August 19, 2010 .

Coordinates: 21 ° 2 ′ 11.2 "  N , 105 ° 50 ′ 24.8"  E