Empire and Communications and Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Biography articles by quality/463: Difference between pages
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[[Image:Empire and communications.jpg|thumb|The latest edition of Harold Innis's ''Empire and Communications''.]] |
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'''''Empire and Communications''''' is a book published in [[1950]] by [[University of Toronto]] professor [[Harold Innis]]. It is based on six lectures Innis delivered at [[Oxford University]] in 1948.<ref>Watson, John Alexander. (2006) ''Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.224.</ref> The series, known as the Beit Lectures, was dedicated to exploring British imperial history. Innis however, decided to undertake a sweeping historical survey of how communications media influence the rise and fall of empires. He traced the effects of media such as stone, clay, [[papyrus]], [[parchment]] and [[paper]] from ancient to modern times.<ref>Innis, Harold. (2007) ''Empire and Communications''. Toronto: Dundurn Press, p.23. ISBN 13: 978-1-55002-662-7. This is the fourth and latest edition of Innis's book. The original edition of 1950 published by Oxford University Press was reissued in 1972 by University of Toronto Press, edited by Mary Quayle Innis with an introduction by Marshall McLuhan. An illustrated third edition was published by Press Porcepic in 1986.</ref> |
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Innis argued that the "bias" of each medium either toward space or toward time helps determine the nature of the civilization in which that medium dominates. "Media that emphasize time are those that are durable in character such as [[parchment]], clay and stone," he writes in his introduction.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.26.</ref> These media tend to favour decentralization. "Media that emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character, such as papyrus and paper."<ref> Innis (Empire), p.26.</ref> These media generally favour large, centralized administrations. Innis believed that to persist in time and to occupy space, empires needed to strike a balance between time-biased and space-biased media.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.27.</ref> Such a balance is likely to be threatened however, when [[monopolies of knowledge]] exist favouring some media over others.<ref> See, for example, Innis's discussion of the priestly monopoly over writing that undermined the Egyptian empire. Innis (Empire) pp.44-45.</ref> |
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<noinclude>== [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Biography]] ==</noinclude> |
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{{assessment header|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Biography|WP Biography}} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cannibal & the Headhunters]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannibal_%26_the_Headhunters&oldid=75428155 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cannibal Ox]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannibal_Ox&oldid=162704646 ] | importance= | date=November 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cannonball Titcomb]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cannonball_Titcomb&oldid=107972091 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cano Estremera]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cano_Estremera&oldid=135132866 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canon Horace Baugh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon_Horace_Baugh&oldid=183003376 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canon John Collins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon_John_Collins&oldid=117919849 ] | importance= | date=March 26, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canon John Hayes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon_John_Hayes&oldid=122505710 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canon Noel Duckworth]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canon_Noel_Duckworth&oldid=92929947 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canonicus]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canonicus&oldid=137238003 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canray Fontenot]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canray_Fontenot&oldid=156391207 ] | importance= | date=September 7, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cansin Ozkur]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cansin_Ozkur&oldid=140070732 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cantacronache]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantacronache&oldid=50591348 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canterbury Effect]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canterbury_Effect&oldid=122771018 ] | importance= | date=April 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canti Lau]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canti_Lau&oldid=113819084 ] | importance= | date=March 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cantika Felder]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantika_Felder&oldid=76817018 ] | importance= | date=October 5, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cantius, Cantianius, and Cantianella]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantius%2c_Cantianius%2c_and_Cantianella&oldid=130690847 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cantuar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantuar&oldid=109294004 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canuplin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canuplin&oldid=122587978 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canute Curtis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canute_Curtis&oldid=184661441 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canute II of Sweden]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canute_II_of_Sweden&oldid=128336176 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canute IV of Denmark]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canute_IV_of_Denmark&oldid=106667231 ] | importance= | date=May 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canute V of Denmark]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canute_V_of_Denmark&oldid=103026408 ] | importance= | date=February 15, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canute VI of Denmark]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canute_VI_of_Denmark&oldid=100844964 ] | importance= | date=February 15, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canute, Duke of Reval]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canute%2c_Duke_of_Reval&oldid=115023527 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canvas (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canvas_%28band%29&oldid=79070596 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canvass White]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canvass_White&oldid=70637290 ] | importance= | date=August 30, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canyon (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canyon_%28band%29&oldid=138717526 ] | importance= | date=June 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Canário]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%c3%a1rio&oldid=114533208 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Anmin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Anmin&oldid=81099788 ] | importance= | date=October 16, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Bao]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Bao&oldid=111806593 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Bá Quát]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_B%C3%A1_Qu%C3%A1t&oldid=98359239 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Dayuan]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Dayuan&oldid=110733497 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Hamburger]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Hamburger&oldid=108820380 ] | importance= | date=March 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Jie (eunuch)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Jie_%28eunuch%29&oldid=148478494 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Lei]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Lei&oldid=79753982 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Qi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Qi&oldid=155590244 ] | importance= | date=September 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Rulin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Rulin&oldid=53333470 ] | importance= | date=March 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Shuang]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Shuang&oldid=108538982 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Song]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Song&oldid=117710860 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Xi]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Xi&oldid=93893098 ] | importance= | date=March 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Xiong]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Xiong&oldid=123325134 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Xueqin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Xueqin&oldid=143682047 ] | importance= | date=July 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Xun]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Xun&oldid=121145502 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Yang]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Yang&oldid=110391218 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cao Ying]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cao_Ying&oldid=196478080 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caoilfhionn Nic Pháidín]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caoilfhionn_Nic_Ph%C3%A1id%C3%ADn&oldid=112128718 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caoimhín Ó Raghallaigh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caoimh%c3%adn_%c3%93_Raghallaigh&oldid=163599135 ] | importance= | date=December 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cap Boso]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_Boso&oldid=109455829 ] | importance= | date=March 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cap Clark]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_Clark&oldid=234574052 ] | importance= | date=September 2, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cap Raeder]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_Raeder&oldid=107045090 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cap of Britain]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap_of_Britain&oldid=111230395 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cap'n Jazz]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cap%27n_Jazz&oldid=142370994 ] | importance= | date=July 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caparezza]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caparezza&oldid=121725547 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cape May (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_May_%28band%29&oldid=67202004 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capel Lofft]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capel_Lofft&oldid=63023589 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capel Pownall]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capel_Pownall&oldid=120073835 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capell Lane Weems]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capell_Lane_Weems&oldid=63963326 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capercaillie (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capercaillie_%28band%29&oldid=79122609 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capers Jones]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capers_Jones&oldid=149752767 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capil Rampersad]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capil_Rampersad&oldid=155396865 ] | importance= | date=November 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capillaro]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capillaro&oldid=186073754 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capillary Action (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capillary_Action_%28band%29&oldid=175955309 ] | importance= | date=December 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capistrano de Abreu]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capistrano_de_Abreu&oldid=171751531 ] | importance= | date=November 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capital Inicial]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_Inicial&oldid=68997695 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capital J]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_J&oldid=104666870 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capital Punishment Organization]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_Punishment_Organization&oldid=74573290 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capitalist Casualties]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitalist_Casualties&oldid=70280711 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capitol K]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitol_K&oldid=112668910 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capitol v. Thomas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitol_v._Thomas&oldid=164386080 ] | importance= | date=October 11, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capitão Brasil (character)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capit%c3%a3o_Brasil_%28character%29&oldid=201657229 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capone (footballer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capone_%28footballer%29&oldid=157262524 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cappelen (family)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappelen_%28family%29&oldid=243261693 ] | importance= | date=October 6, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cappella]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappella&oldid=131528850 ] | importance= | date=May 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cappella Paolina]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappella_Paolina&oldid=81497315 ] | importance= | date=April 2, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cappella Romana]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappella_Romana&oldid=72761911 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cappie Pondexter]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cappie_Pondexter&oldid=136496003 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caprasius of Lérins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprasius_of_L%c3%a9rins&oldid=106462268 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caprice Benedetti]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprice_Benedetti&oldid=113001198 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caprice Crane]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprice_Crane&oldid=194584289 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capriciouz]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capriciouz&oldid=93909434 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capsule (group)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capsule_%28group%29&oldid=163372490 ] | importance= | date=October 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Capt. Marty Welch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capt._Marty_Welch&oldid=131610791 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Ahab (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Ahab_%28band%29&oldid=78942179 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Beany]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Beany&oldid=197554686 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Beyond]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Beyond&oldid=111632252 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Chaos (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Chaos_%28band%29&oldid=91513011 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Costentenus]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Costentenus&oldid=138208983 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain D'Agoust]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_D%27Agoust&oldid=137050473 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Gallagher]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Gallagher&oldid=127705167 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Go]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Go&oldid=60384717 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Henry Dudley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Henry_Dudley&oldid=96754130 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Hollywood Project]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Hollywood_Project&oldid=112349412 ] | importance= | date=March 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Jacobs]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Jacobs&oldid=134193740 ] | importance= | date=October 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain John Handy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_John_Handy&oldid=203556070 ] | importance= | date=April 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Kirk Douglas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Kirk_Douglas&oldid=122368999 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Miller]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Miller&oldid=136760288 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Satellite]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Satellite&oldid=119521940 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Stu]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Stu&oldid=167448130 ] | importance= | date=October 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain Wahid Baksh Sial Rabbani]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Wahid_Baksh_Sial_Rabbani&oldid=125249444 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captain William Johnson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_William_Johnson&oldid=131024770 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Captured! by Robots]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captured%21_by_Robots&oldid=185521559 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Capuano]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Capuano&oldid=165306588 ] | importance= | date=October 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Dunne-Yates]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Dunne-Yates&oldid=204708362 ] | importance= | date=April 17, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Gorges]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Gorges&oldid=128605623 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Heads]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Heads&oldid=110122405 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Horgan]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Horgan&oldid=244683500 ] | importance= | date=October 13, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Lockwood]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Lockwood&oldid=119864869 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Luft]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Luft&oldid=102362301 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Mia Wayans]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Mia_Wayans&oldid=127817192 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Michelle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Michelle&oldid=111044407 ] | importance= | date=June 27, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Pifko]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Pifko&oldid=116243511 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Readle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Readle&oldid=107622816 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Seymour]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Seymour&oldid=95856724 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Tivey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Tivey&oldid=233203012 ] | importance= | date=September 10, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Wakelin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Wakelin&oldid=105095368 ] | importance= | date=February 26, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Williams]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Williams&oldid=129654268 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara Zavaleta]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara_Zavaleta&oldid=132543839 ] | importance= | date=May 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cara-Beth Burnside]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cara-Beth_Burnside&oldid=139545910 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carah Faye Charnow]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carah_Faye_Charnow&oldid=112715067 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caralee McElroy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caralee_McElroy&oldid=110561562 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carallyn Bowes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carallyn_Bowes&oldid=111189206 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caranus (hetairos)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caranus_%28hetairos%29&oldid=54491418 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caranus (king)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caranus_%28king%29&oldid=88524036 ] | importance= | date=December 18, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carasso family]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carasso_family&oldid=142741619 ] | importance= | date=July 19, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carausius II]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carausius_II&oldid=38165539 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caravan (Thai band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caravan_%28Thai_band%29&oldid=86741014 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caravan of Dreams (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caravan_of_Dreams_%28band%29&oldid=178925198 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caravelli]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caravelli&oldid=218643024 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carbon Based]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_Based&oldid=53119020 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carbonized]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonized&oldid=67817095 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carbonized (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonized_%28band%29&oldid=68159567 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carcinus (writer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carcinus_%28writer%29&oldid=118133650 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Card Mondor]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Card_Mondor&oldid=115852630 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardale Babington]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardale_Babington&oldid=115223738 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardboard Citizens New Music Ensemble]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardboard_Citizens_New_Music_Ensemble&oldid=212564355 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardell Butler]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardell_Butler&oldid=72709432 ] | importance= | date=August 30, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardell Camper]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardell_Camper&oldid=231316455 ] | importance= | date=August 12, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardenas J. Alban]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardenas_J._Alban&oldid=108767634 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardigan Connor]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardigan_Connor&oldid=141974857 ] | importance= | date=July 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardin&oldid=121333084 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardinal Gualo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_Gualo&oldid=137704717 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardinal Sin (band)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinal_Sin_%28band%29&oldid=223482856 ] | importance= | date=July 14, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardinal-Infante Afonso of Portugal]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardinal-Infante_Afonso_of_Portugal&oldid=109138261 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cardis Cardell Willis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardis_Cardell_Willis&oldid=190561130 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Careen M. Gordon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Careen_M._Gordon&oldid=153465695 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Careena Collins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Careena_Collins&oldid=131480018 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Career Suicide]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Career_Suicide&oldid=70510828 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel Balth]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_Balth&oldid=193149971 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel Boshoff]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_Boshoff&oldid=169313481 ] | importance= | date=November 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel Weight]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_Weight&oldid=137472930 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel Willink]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_Willink&oldid=117898447 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel de Moor]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_de_Moor&oldid=44459959 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel de Vogelaer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_de_Vogelaer&oldid=171624503 ] | importance= | date=December 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carel van Nievelt]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carel_van_Nievelt&oldid=133146377 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carelton Delbridge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carelton_Delbridge&oldid=59824416 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caren Jungjohann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caren_Jungjohann&oldid=81172600 ] | importance= | date=December 7, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caren Kaye]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caren_Kaye&oldid=199171513 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caren Lissner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caren_Lissner&oldid=70370634 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caren Metschuck]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caren_Metschuck&oldid=180503834 ] | importance= | date=December 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carenza Lewis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carenza_Lewis&oldid=146769701 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carew Arthur Meredith]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carew_Arthur_Meredith&oldid=87893906 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carew Rice]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carew_Rice&oldid=92029471 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Baker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Baker&oldid=195714841 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Blyton]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Blyton&oldid=116906136 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Cavanaugh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Cavanaugh&oldid=171823937 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Contois]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Contois&oldid=74701361 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Davis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Davis&oldid=191048001 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Green]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Green&oldid=199822243 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Harrison]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Harrison&oldid=119168999 ] | importance= | date=May 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Holzman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Holzman&oldid=122167029 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Joyce]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Joyce&oldid=237909765 ] | importance= | date=September 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Landry]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Landry&oldid=119902340 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Lee]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Lee&oldid=225428376 ] | importance= | date=July 24, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Lloyd]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Lloyd&oldid=124343070 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Loftin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Loftin&oldid=107491344 ] | importance= | date=February 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Lowell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Lowell&oldid=130479842 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey May Edge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_May_Edge&oldid=119023532 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Means]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Means&oldid=121215512 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Mercer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Mercer&oldid=111317053 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Meyer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Meyer&oldid=85408562 ] | importance= | date=November 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey More]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_More&oldid=112326873 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Nelson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Nelson&oldid=119025984 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Scurry]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Scurry&oldid=185823874 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey W. Barber]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_W._Barber&oldid=167374301 ] | importance= | date=October 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carey Wilson (writer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carey_Wilson_%28writer%29&oldid=170796482 ] | importance= | date=November 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carfax Abbey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carfax_Abbey&oldid=72768989 ] | importance= | date=October 2, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cargill Gilston Knott]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargill_Gilston_Knott&oldid=117450880 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cargo Cult (musician)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargo_Cult_%28musician%29&oldid=70598753 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cari Groce]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cari_Groce&oldid=204031136 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cari Lekebusch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cari_Lekebusch&oldid=108679447 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cari M. Dominguez]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cari_M._Dominguez&oldid=97085493 ] | importance= | date=December 29, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cari Read]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cari_Read&oldid=210685490 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[CariDee English]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CariDee_English&oldid=139079734 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Cariba Heine]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cariba_Heine&oldid=159853245 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caribbean Jazz Project]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribbean_Jazz_Project&oldid=99780294 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caribert of Laon]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caribert_of_Laon&oldid=116503404 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caridad Bravo Adams]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridad_Bravo_Adams&oldid=110674593 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caridad Svich]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caridad_Svich&oldid=99942205 ] | importance= | date=January 11, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carien Kleibeuker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carien_Kleibeuker&oldid=164475250 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Caril Ann Fugate]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caril_Ann_Fugate&oldid=149898077 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments={{Talk:Caril Ann Fugate/Comments}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Caril_Ann_Fugate/Comments&action=edit edit comment]) }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carilda Oliver Labra]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carilda_Oliver_Labra&oldid=111199618 ] | importance= | date=May 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carin Cone]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carin_Cone&oldid=209892541 ] | importance= | date=May 12, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carin Jennings-Gabarra]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carin_Jennings-Gabarra&oldid=101239701 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carin Jämtin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carin_J%C3%A4mtin&oldid=62533048 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carin Mincemoyer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carin_Mincemoyer&oldid=169729097 ] | importance= | date=May 12, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carin Nilsson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carin_Nilsson&oldid=132367364 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carin Runeson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carin_Runeson&oldid=115164629 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Afable]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Afable&oldid=120777942 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Andersson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Andersson&oldid=60427497 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Benninga]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Benninga&oldid=123939555 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Christensen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Christensen&oldid=107857570 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Damm]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Damm&oldid=212911634 ] | importance= | date=May 26, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Görlin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_G%c3%b6rlin&oldid=188803516 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Hägg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_H%c3%a4gg&oldid=199334661 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Johansson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Johansson&oldid=108688912 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Ljungdahl]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Ljungdahl&oldid=132367345 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Moberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Moberg&oldid=115064437 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Ohlsson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Ohlsson&oldid=115058570 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Persson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Persson&oldid=108441389 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carina Round]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carina_Round&oldid=113711727 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carine Adler]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carine_Adler&oldid=119509391 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carisa Ashe]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carisa_Ashe&oldid=40247315 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carissa's Wierd]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carissa%27s_Wierd&oldid=122429514 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl "Spider" Lockhart]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_%22Spider%22_Lockhart&oldid=118043669 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl A. P. Ruck]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_A._P._Ruck&oldid=106548080 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl A. Weeden]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_A._Weeden&oldid=110689142 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl A. Wirtanen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_A._Wirtanen&oldid=110082092 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Aage Hilbert]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Aage_Hilbert&oldid=128033268 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ablett]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ablett&oldid=135550992 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Abrahams]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Abrahams&oldid=119167157 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Adam Petri]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Adam_Petri&oldid=101982835 ] | importance= | date=February 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Adams (NASCAR driver)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Adams_%28NASCAR_driver%29&oldid=119508151 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Adolf Seebold]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Adolf_Seebold&oldid=94878121 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Adolph Agardh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Adolph_Agardh&oldid=67498376 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Adolph Douai]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Adolph_Douai&oldid=157760126 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Aeschbacher]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Aeschbacher&oldid=65598588 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ahasver von Sinner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ahasver_von_Sinner&oldid=97701345 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ahues]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ahues&oldid=100523701 ] | importance= | date=January 17, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Airey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Airey&oldid=136944654 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Albert Andersen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Albert_Andersen&oldid=102452261 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Alfred Meier]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Alfred_Meier&oldid=145521531 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Alfred Pedersen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Alfred_Pedersen&oldid=174646435 ] | importance= | date=December 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Allen (drummer)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Allen_%28drummer%29&oldid=97606059 ] | importance= | date=March 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ally]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ally&oldid=92854959 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Almenräder]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Almenr%C3%A4der&oldid=116861208 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Alphonce]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Alphonce&oldid=187675121 ] | importance= | date=February 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Amery]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Amery&oldid=95898411 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Andersen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Andersen&oldid=129792593 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Anderson (football coach)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Anderson_%28football_coach%29&oldid=212621829 ] | importance= | date=May 19, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Andreas Duker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Andreas_Duker&oldid=104069428 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Andreas Koefoed]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Andreas_Koefoed&oldid=84484656 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Andrews]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Andrews&oldid=122451124 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Andrews (Actor)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Andrews_%28Actor%29&oldid=116776383 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Anton Ewald]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Anton_Ewald&oldid=171376378 ] | importance= | date=June 30, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Anton Larsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Anton_Larsen&oldid=122471260 ] | importance= | date=May 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Anton von Meyer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Anton_von_Meyer&oldid=140922427 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Archer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Archer&oldid=132658060 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Arnold Kortum]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Arnold_Kortum&oldid=185452920 ] | importance= | date=April 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Arthur Pollock]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Arthur_Pollock&oldid=113865053 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Asaba]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Asaba&oldid=127476237 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Dohrn]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Dohrn&oldid=110960434 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Ehrensvärd]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Ehrensv%c3%a4rd&oldid=136529036 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Ehrensvärd (1858-1944)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Ehrensv%c3%a4rd_%281858-1944%29&oldid=172461409 ] | importance= | date=December 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Petersen Wright]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Petersen_Wright&oldid=167426057 ] | importance= | date=June 9, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Tidemann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Tidemann&oldid=132700745 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Walbrodt]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Walbrodt&oldid=139977047 ] | importance= | date=June 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_August_Wilhelm_Schwacke&oldid=68107391 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Augustus Heber]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Augustus_Heber&oldid=122589657 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Axel Setterberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Axel_Setterberg&oldid=133657049 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl B. Hamilton]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_B._Hamilton&oldid=136628426 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bailey]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bailey&oldid=156471834 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Baker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Baker&oldid=197519546 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ballantine]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ballantine&oldid=98014508 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Banks]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Banks&oldid=123378894 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Barger]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barger&oldid=93229166 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Barisich]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barisich&oldid=154320295 ] | importance= | date=August 31, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Barker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barker&oldid=138278920 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Barriteau]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barriteau&oldid=209767448 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Barron]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barron&oldid=105181031 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Barzilauskas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Barzilauskas&oldid=175110269 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Beane]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Beane&oldid=135356917 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bearden]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bearden&oldid=65200170 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bechler]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bechler&oldid=75556682 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bell (musician)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bell_%28musician%29&oldid=132171407 ] | importance= | date=May 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bell (physician)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bell_%28physician%29&oldid=192605056 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Benjamin Boyer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Benjamin_Boyer&oldid=123914245 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Benton Reid]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Benton_Reid&oldid=115635048 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Berendsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Berendsen&oldid=68615742 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Berg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Berg&oldid=193922144 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Berg (airship builder)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Berg_%28airship_builder%29&oldid=218986251 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bergmann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bergmann&oldid=121496177 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Berman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Berman&oldid=157320186 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bernard Bartels]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bernard_Bartels&oldid=130874711 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Berner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Berner&oldid=70025086 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bertelsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bertelsen&oldid=199784791 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Beukes]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Beukes&oldid=151903171 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bezold]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bezold&oldid=69862086 ] | importance= | date=August 30, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bialik]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bialik&oldid=93901422 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Binder]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Binder&oldid=129124467 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Birdsong]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Birdsong&oldid=132554948 ] | importance= | date=May 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Björkman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bj%C3%B6rkman&oldid=95149611 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Blasco]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Blasco&oldid=107346293 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bohm]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bohm&oldid=79806151 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bolle]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bolle&oldid=49518146 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Borivoj Presl]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Borivoj_Presl&oldid=122114286 ] | importance= | date=April 14, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bosch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bosch&oldid=82944508 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Braaten]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Braaten&oldid=156421315 ] | importance= | date=September 21, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bradshaw]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bradshaw&oldid=123137152 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Braun (basketball)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Braun_%28basketball%29&oldid=121620288 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Braun (bass)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Braun_%28bass%29&oldid=81681147 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brazley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brazley&oldid=185959944 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Breeze]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Breeze&oldid=137943110 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brettschneider]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brettschneider&oldid=167759091 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brewer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brewer&oldid=131058875 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brewer (politician)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brewer_%28politician%29&oldid=140379989 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brigham]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brigham&oldid=93676386 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brinkmann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brinkmann&oldid=63277988 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brisson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brisson&oldid=173741752 ] | importance= | date=November 28, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brockelmann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brockelmann&oldid=121793386 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments={{Talk:Carl Brockelmann/Comments}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_Brockelmann/Comments&action=edit edit comment]) }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Broemel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Broemel&oldid=206547748 ] | importance= | date=April 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brouard]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brouard&oldid=89844829 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brown]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brown&oldid=139498089 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Brumbaugh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Brumbaugh&oldid=178565445 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Buchheister]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Buchheister&oldid=68197799 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bulfin]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bulfin&oldid=124324172 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Bunch]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Bunch&oldid=105260486 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Cachopa]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cachopa&oldid=108618739 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Carls]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Carls&oldid=151966280 ] | importance= | date=September 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Carlsson Mörner]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Carlsson_M%c3%b6rner&oldid=102180303 ] | importance= | date=July 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Carlton]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Carlton&oldid=106494554 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Cederschiöld]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cederschi%C3%B6ld&oldid=108756447 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Cederström]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cederstr%c3%b6m&oldid=102168804 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Chang (tennis)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Chang_%28tennis%29&oldid=96521608 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Charlier]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Charlier&oldid=118867914 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Christian Anton Christensen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christian_Anton_Christensen&oldid=101718913 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Christian Rafn]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christian_Rafn&oldid=107057866 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Christian Reindorf]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christian_Reindorf&oldid=74261877 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Christian Vilhelm Liebe]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christian_Vilhelm_Liebe&oldid=219499841 ] | importance= | date=June 16, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christoffer_Georg_Andr%C3%A6&oldid=65230382 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Christoffer Gjörwell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Christoffer_Gj%c3%b6rwell&oldid=82800772 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Chun]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Chun&oldid=70040624 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Civella]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Civella&oldid=138978368 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Clarence Kiess]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Clarence_Kiess&oldid=110960810 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Clinton Van Doren]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Clinton_Van_Doren&oldid=114069797 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Cohen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cohen&oldid=122859595 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Concelman]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Concelman&oldid=100212769 ] | importance= | date=April 24, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Conrad Theodor Litzmann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Conrad_Theodor_Litzmann&oldid=182906719 ] | importance= | date=June 5, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Corazzini]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Corazzini&oldid=101592777 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Coulter]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Coulter&oldid=182985178 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Crafar]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Crafar&oldid=167893079 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Cranke]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Cranke&oldid=175900429 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Crennell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Crennell&oldid=182351463 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Crow]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Crow&oldid=135840354 ] | importance= | date=June 4, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Culmann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Culmann&oldid=131652229 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Curtis]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Curtis&oldid=109906967 ] | importance= | date=March 30, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl D. Perkins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_D._Perkins&oldid=74158280 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments={{Talk:Carl D. Perkins/Comments}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_D._Perkins/Comments&action=edit edit comment]) }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Dahlhaus]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Dahlhaus&oldid=81869209 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Dalemo]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Dalemo&oldid=138425830 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Daniel Gioia]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Daniel_Gioia&oldid=203868334 ] | importance= | date=April 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Daniels]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Daniels&oldid=119471674 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl David Bouché]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Bouch%c3%a9&oldid=223001689 ] | importance= | date=July 3, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl David Tolmé Runge]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Tolm%c3%a9_Runge&oldid=80391868 ] | importance= | date=October 21, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments={{Talk:Carl David Tolmé Runge/Comments}} ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Carl_David_Tolm%c3%a9_Runge/Comments&action=edit edit comment]) }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl DePasqua]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_DePasqua&oldid=86193218 ] | importance= | date=March 8, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Degelow]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Degelow&oldid=48698289 ] | importance= | date=October 16, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Deuker]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Deuker&oldid=70534312 ] | importance= | date=August 30, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ditterich]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ditterich&oldid=65219277 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Dix]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Dix&oldid=70534323 ] | importance= | date=August 30, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Dobkins, Jr.]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Dobkins%2C_Jr.&oldid=103512796 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Donnelly]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Donnelly&oldid=180961142 ] | importance= | date=April 17, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Douglas]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Douglas&oldid=115094865 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Doy]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Doy&oldid=95405258 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Dudley]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Dudley&oldid=128850103 ] | importance= | date=June 10, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Duisberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Duisberg&oldid=110961416 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl E. Olsen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_E._Olsen&oldid=121895705 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl E. Vuono]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_E._Vuono&oldid=64171700 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl E. Walsh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_E._Walsh&oldid=117932939 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl E. Wang]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_E._Wang&oldid=191940672 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Edouarde]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Edouarde&oldid=152930587 ] | importance= | date=August 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Eduard Cramer]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Eduard_Cramer&oldid=119506221 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Edvard Johansson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Edvard_Johansson&oldid=121231629 ] | importance= | date=April 12, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Edvard Rotwitt]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Edvard_Rotwitt&oldid=56816772 ] | importance= | date=September 17, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Edward Hellmayr]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Edward_Hellmayr&oldid=61156373 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ehrenberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ehrenberg&oldid=208514187 ] | importance= | date=May 7, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ekern]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ekern&oldid=112184079 ] | importance= | date=March 6, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Eldh]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Eldh&oldid=98899754 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Elliott]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Elliott&oldid=77173861 ] | importance= | date=November 11, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Elliott (philosopher)]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Elliott_%28philosopher%29&oldid=121914146 ] | importance= | date=April 16, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Elmer Jenkins]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Elmer_Jenkins&oldid=174819956 ] | importance= | date=January 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Emberson]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Emberson&oldid=196778122 ] | importance= | date=March 23, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Emil Christiansen]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Emil_Christiansen&oldid=115755107 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Emil Schorske]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Emil_Schorske&oldid=120182773 ] | importance= | date=June 22, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Enckell]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Enckell&oldid=126869029 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Engel]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Engel&oldid=122798876 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl English]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_English&oldid=122465443 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Epling]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Epling&oldid=129919458 ] | importance= | date=August 25, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Erdmann]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Erdmann&oldid=70534352 ] | importance= | date=August 30, 2006 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Eric Stålberg]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Eric_St%c3%a5lberg&oldid=138465274 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Erik Soya]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Erik_Soya&oldid=218600364 ] | importance= | date=June 12, 2008 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Ernst]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Ernst&oldid=139332442 ] | importance= | date=June 20, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment | page=[[Carl Esmond]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Esmond&oldid=100411349 ] | importance= | date=April 18, 2007 | class={{Stub-Class}} | version= | comments= }} |
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{{assessment footer|seealso=See also: [[:Category:Biography articles by quality|assessed article categories]]. |lastdate=}} |
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<noinclude> |
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''Empire and Communications'' examines the impact of media such as stone, clay, papyrus and the [[alphabet]] on the empires of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Babylonia]]. It also looks at the oral tradition in [[ancient Greece]]; the written tradition and the [[Roman Empire]]; the influence of parchment and paper in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] and the effects of paper and the [[printing press]] in modern times. |
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==Chapter 1. Introduction== |
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Harold Innis's highly-condensed prose style, in which he frequently ranges over many centuries and several key ideas in one or two sentences, can make his writing in ''Empire and Communications'' difficult to understand. Biographer Paul Heyer recommends that readers use Innis's introduction as a helpful guide.<ref>Heyer, Paul. (2003) ''Harold Innis''. Lanham, MD.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., p.45.</ref> |
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[[Image:Roman-empire-mod.jpg|thumb|Harold Innis noted that papyrus documents enabled Rome to administer its huge empire.]] |
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===Empire, bias and balance=== |
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In his introduction, Innis promises to examine the significance of communications in a small number of empires. "The effective government of large areas," he writes, "depends to a very important extent on the efficiency of communication."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.26.</ref> He argues for example, that light and easily-transported papyrus enabled Rome to govern a large, centralized empire. For Innis, papyrus is associated with the political and administrative control of space. It, therefore, is a space-biased medium. Parchment, dominant after the breakup of the Roman Empire, was a durable medium used for hand copying manuscripts in medieval monasteries. For Innis, parchment favours decentralization and is associated with the religious control of time. It, therefore, is a time-biased medium. |
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Innis argues that in order to last, large-scale political organizations such as empires must balance biases toward time and space. "They have tended to flourish under conditions in which civilization reflects the influence of more than one medium and in which the bias of one medium towards decentralization is offset by the bias of another medium towards centralization."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.27</ref> |
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===Writing, printing and speech=== |
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Innis divides the history of the empires and civilizations he will examine into two periods, one for writing and the other for printing. "In the writing period we can note the importance of various media such as the clay tablet of [[Mesopotamia]], the papyrus roll in the Egyptian and in the Graeco-Roman world, parchment [[codex]] in the late Graeco-Roman world and the early Middle Ages, and paper after its introduction in the Western world from China."<ref> Innis (Empire), p.27</ref> Innis notes that he will concentrate on paper as a medium in the printing period along with the introduction of paper-making machinery at the beginning of the 19th century and the use of wood pulp in the manufacture of paper after 1850.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.27</ref> |
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He is quick to add however, that it would be presumptuous to conclude that writing alone determined the course of civilizations. Historians naturally focus on writing because it endures. "We are apt to overlook the significance of the spoken word," he writes, "and to forget that it has left little tangible remains."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.27.</ref> For Innis, this tendency poses a problem. "It is scarcely possible for generations disciplined in the written and the printed tradition to appreciate the oral tradition."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.28.</ref> Therefore, the media biases of one civilization make understanding other peoples difficult, if not impossible. |
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"A change in the type of medium implies a change in the type of appraisal and hence makes it difficult for one civilization to understand another." As an example, Innis refers to our tendency to impose a modern conception of time on past civilizations. "With the dominance of arithmetic and the decimal system, dependent apparently on the number of fingers or toes, modern students have accepted the linear measure of time," he writes. "The dangers of applying this [[Procrustes|procrustean]] device in the appraisal of civilizations in which it did not exist illustrate one of numerous problems."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.29.</ref> |
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Innis also contrasts the strikingly different effects of writing and speaking. He argues that "writing as compared with speaking involves an impression at the second remove and reading an impression at the third remove. The voice of a second-rate person is more impressive than the published opinion of superior ability.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.31.</ref> |
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==Chapter 2. Egypt: From stone to papyrus== |
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Harold Innis traces the evolution of ancient Egyptian dynasties and kingdoms in terms of their use of stone or papyrus as dominant media of communication. His outline of Egyptian civilization is a complex and highly-detailed analysis of how these media, along with several other technologies, affected the distribution of power in society. |
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===Influence of the Nile=== |
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[[Image:Funerary stele of Intef II.jpg|thumb|A funerary stele from ancient Egypt's Middle Kingdom. Innis believed that hieroglypics engraved in stone originally perpetuated the divine power of Egyptian kings.]] |
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Innis begins, as other historians do, with the crucial importance of the [[Nile]] as a formative influence on Egyptian civilization. The river provided the water and fertile land needed for agricultural production in a desert region.<ref>O'Brien, Patrick K., general editor. (1999) ''Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press, p.30.</ref> Innis writes that the Nile therefore, "acted as a principle of order and centralization, necessitated collective work, created solidarity, imposed organizations on the people, and cemented them in a society."<ref> Innis (Empire), p.32.</ref> This observation is reminiscent of Innis's earlier work on the economic influence of waterways and other geographical features in his book, [[Harold Innis and the fur trade|''The Fur Trade in Canada'']], first published in 1930.<ref>Innis, Harold. (1970) ''The Fur Trade in Canada''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. See for example, Chapter 4, ''The Struggle for the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay (1663-1713)'', pp.43-83.</ref> However, in ''Empire and Communications'', Innis extends his economic analysis to explore the influence of the Nile on religion, associating the river with the sun god, [[Ra]], creator of the universe. In a series of intellectual leaps, Innis asserts that Ra's power was vested in an absolute monarch whose political authority was reinforced by specialized astronomical knowledge. Such knowledge was used to produce the calendar which could predict the Nile's yearly floods.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.32.</ref> |
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===Stone, hieroglyphics and absolute monarchs=== |
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As the absolute monarchy extended its influence over Egypt, a pictorial [[hieroglyph|hieroglyphic]] writing system was invented to express the idea of royal immortality.<ref>"Hieroglyphics was the Greek name for sacred, engraved writing." Innis (Empire), p.34.</ref> According to Innis, the idea of the divine right of autocratic monarchs was developed from 2895 BC to 2540 BC. "The [[Egyptian pyramids|pyramids]]," Innis writes, "carried with them the art of pictorial representation as an essential element of funerary ritual." The written word on the tomb, he asserts, perpetuated the divine power of kings.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.33.</ref> |
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Innis suggests that the decline of the absolute monarchy after 2540 BC may have been related to the need for a more accurate calendar based on the solar year. He suggests that priests may have developed such a calendar increasing their power and authority.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.34.</ref> After 2000 BC, peasants, craftsmen and scribes obtained religious and political rights. "The profound disturbances in Egyptian civilization," Innis writes "involved in the shift from absolute monarchy to more democratic organization coincided with a shift in emphasis on stone as a medium of communication or as a basis of prestige, as shown in the pyramids, to an emphasis on papyrus."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.35.</ref> |
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===Papyrus and the power of scribes=== |
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Innis traces the influence of the newer medium of [[papyrus]] on political power in ancient Egypt. The growing use of papyrus led to the replacement of cumbersome hieroglyphic scripts by cursive or [[hieratic]] writing. Rapid writing styles made administration more efficient and highly-trained scribes became part of a privileged civil service.<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.36-37.</ref> Innis writes however, that the replacement of one dominant medium by another led to upheaval. |
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<blockquote>The shift from dependence on stone to dependence on papyrus and the changes in political and religious institutions imposed an enormous strain on Egyptian civilization. Egypt quickly succumbed to invasion from peoples equipped with new instruments of attack. Invaders with the sword and the bow and long-range weapons broke through Egyptian defence, dependent on the battle-axe and the dagger. With the use of bronze and possibly iron weapons, horses and chariots, Syrian Semitic peoples under the [[Hyksos]] or Shepherd kings captured and held Egypt from 1660 to 1580 BC.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.39.</ref></blockquote> |
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Hyksos rule lasted about a century until the Egyptians drove them out.<ref>O'Brien, p.37.</ref> Innis writes that the invaders had adopted hieroglyphic writing and Egyptian customs, "but complexity enabled the Egyptians to resist." The Egyptians may have won their victory using horses and light chariots acquired from the Libyans.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.39.</ref> |
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===Empire and the one true god=== |
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Innis writes that the military organization that expelled the Hyksos enabled the Egyptians to establish and expand an empire that included [[History of Syria|Syria]] and [[Palestine]], and that eventually reached the [[Euphrates]]. Egyptian administrators used papyrus and a postal service to run the empire, but adopted [[cuneiform]] as a more efficient script. The pharaoh [[Akhnaton]] tried to introduce [[Aten]], the solar disk as the one true god, a system of worship that would provide a common ideal for the whole empire. But the priests and the people resisted "a single cult in which duty to the empire was the chief consideration."<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.40-41.</ref> Priestly power, Innis writes, resulted from religious control over the complex and difficult art of writing. The monarch's attempts to maintain an empire extended in space were defeated by a priestly monopoly over knowledge systems concerned with time --- systems that began with the need for accurate predictions about when the Nile would overflow its banks.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.44.</ref> Innis argues that priestly theocracy gradually cost Egypt its empire. "Monopoly over writing supported an emphasis on religion and the time concept, which defeated efforts to solve the problem of space."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.45.</ref> |
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==Chapter 3. Babylonia: The origins of writing== |
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[[Image:Sumerian MS2272 2400BC.jpg|thumb|Clay tablet with Sumerian cuneiform script listing gods in order of seniority, 2400-2200 BC]] |
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In this chapter, Innis outlines the history of the world's first civilizations in [[Mesopotamia]]. He starts with the fertile plains between the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers, but as the history unfolds, his discussion extends to large parts of the modern [[Middle East]]. Biographer Paul Heyer's warning that Innis's work can be challenging applies to this three thousand year history. Innis's condensed, elliptical prose demands careful reading as he traces the origins of writing from [[clay tablet]] and [[cuneiform script]] to the efficient [[Phoenician alphabet]] written on parchment and papyrus.<ref>Heyer, pp.34&48.</ref> Along the way, Innis comments on many aspects of the ancient Middle Eastern empires, including power struggles between priests and kings, the evolution of military technologies and the development of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. |
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===History begins at Sumer=== |
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Innis begins by observing that unlike in Egypt where calculating the timing of the Nile's flooding was a source of power, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southern Mesopotamia were used for irrigation. Therefore the ability to measure time precisely was somewhat less critical. Nevertheless, as in Egypt, the small city-states of [[Sumer]] depended on the rivers and so, the cycles of agricultural production were organized around them.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.46.</ref> The rivers also provided communications materials. In Egypt, the Nile's papyrus became a medium for writing while in Mesopotamia, the rivers yielded the [[alluvium|alluvial sediments]] the Sumerians used to fashion the clay tablets on which they inscribed their wedge-shaped, cuneiform script.<ref>Heyer, p.48.</ref> Their earliest writing recorded agricultural accounts and economic transactions.<ref>Innis, (Empire), p.46.</ref> |
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Innis points out that the tablets were not well suited to pictographic writing because making straight lines "tended to pull up the clay." Therefore Sumerian scribes used a cylindrical reed stylus to stamp or press wedges and lines on the moist tablet. Scribes gradually developed cuneiform signs to represent syllables and the sounds of the spoken language.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.47-48.</ref> Innis writes that as a heavy material, clay was not very portable and so was not generally suited for communication over large areas. Cuneiform inscription required years of training overseen by priests. Innis contends therefore, that as a writing medium, clay tended to favour decentralization and religious control.<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.48-49.</ref> |
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===From city-states to empires=== |
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Innis suggests that religious control in Sumer became a victim of its own successes. "The accumulation of wealth and power in the hands of priests and the temple organizations," he writes, "was probably followed by ruthless warfare between city-states."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.49.</ref> The time-bound priests, unskilled in technological change and the military arts, lost power to spatially-oriented kings intent on territorial expansion. Around 2350 BC, the Sumerians were conquered by their northern, Semitic neighbours the [[Akkad|Akkadians]]. Under [[Sargon of Akkad|Sargon the Great]], the empire expanded to include extensive territories reaching northwest as far as [[Turkey]] and west to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].<ref>Innis (Empire), p.50 and O'Brien, p.28.</ref> Thus begins the rise and fall of a series of empires over approximately two thousand years. Innis mentions many of them, but focuses more attention on innovations that facilitated their growth. These include the advancement of civil law under [[Hammurabi]], the development of [[mathematics]] including fixed standards of [[units of measurement|weights and measures]], as well as the breeding of horses that combined speed with strength and that, along with three-man [[chariots]], helped deliver spectacular military victories to the [[Assyria|Assyrians]].<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.51-60.</ref> |
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===Alphabet, empire and trade=== |
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[[Image:Phoenizisches alphabet.jpg|thumb|350px|The Phoenician alphabet. The Phoenicians were sailors and traders who travelled widely taking their versatile alphabet with them. ]] |
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In discussing the advent and spread of the [[alphabet]], Innis refers to what he sees as the subversive relationship between those at the centre of civilizations and those on their fringes or margins. He argues that monopolies of knowledge develop at the centre only to be challenged and eventually overthrown by new ideas or techniques that take shape on the margins.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.62.</ref> Thus, the [[Phoenicia|Phoenician]] alphabet, a radically-simplified writing system, undermined the elaborate hieroglyphic and cuneiform scripts overseen by priestly elites in Egypt and Babylonia. "The Phoenicians had no monopoly of knowledge," Innis writes, "[which] might hamper the development of writing."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.64.</ref> As a trading people, the Phoenicians needed "a swift and concise method of recording transactions."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.64.</ref> The alphabet with its limited number of visual symbols to represent the primary elements of human speech was well suited to trade. "Commerce and the alphabet were inextricably interwoven, particularly when letters of the alphabet were used as numerals."<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.64-65.</ref> The alphabet, combined with the use of parchment and papyrus, Innis argues, had a decentralizing effect favouring cities and smaller nations over centralized empires.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.65.</ref> He suggests that improved communication, made possible by the alphabet, enabled the Assyrians and the Persians to administer large empires in which trading cities helped offset concentrations of power in political and religious organizations.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.76.</ref> |
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===Alphabet, the Hebrews and religion=== |
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Innis sketches the influence of the alphabet on the [[Hebrews]] in the marginal territory of [[Palestine]]. The Hebrews combined oral and written traditions in their scriptures.<ref>See also, Innis, Harold. (1951) ''The Bias of Communication''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p.6. Innis provides a concise, one-paragraph summary of the alphabet's impact on the Hebrew religion in this later work.</ref> Innis points out that they had previously acquired key ideas from the Egyptians. "The influence of Egypt on the Hebrews," he writes, "was suggested in the emphasis on the sacred character of writing and on the power of the word which when uttered brought about creation itself. The word is the word of wisdom. Word, wisdom, and God were almost identical theological concepts."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.65.</ref> The Hebrews distrusted images. For them, words were the true source of wisdom. "The written letter replaced the graven image as an object of worship."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.66.</ref> In a typically complex passage, Innis writes: |
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<blockquote>"Denunciation of images and concentration on the abstract in writing opened the way for advance from blood relationship to universal ethical standards and strengthened the position of the [[Nevi'im|prophets]] in their opposition to absolute monarchical power. The abhorrence of [[idolatry]] of graven images implied a sacred power in writing, observance of the law, and worship of the one true God."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.66.</ref></blockquote> |
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The alphabet enabled the Hebrews to record their rich oral tradition in poetry and prose. "Hebrew has been described as the only [[Semitic]] language before Arabic to produce an important literature characterized by simplicity, vigour and lyric force. With other Semitic languages it was admirably adapted to the vivid, vigorous description of concrete objects and events."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.67.</ref> Innis traces the influence of various [[Documentary hypothesis|strands in scriptural writing]] suggesting that the combination of these sources strengthened the movement toward [[monotheism]].<ref>Innis (Empire), p.67.</ref> |
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In a summary passage, Innis explores the wide-ranging influence of the alphabet in ancient times. He argues that it enabled the Assyrians and Persians to expand their empires, allowed for the growth of trade under the [[Arameans]] and Phoenicians and invigorated religion in Palestine. As such, the alphabet provided a balance. "An alphabet became the basis of political organization through efficient control of territorial space and of religious organization through efficient control over time in the establishment of monotheism."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.77.</ref> |
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==Chapter 4. Greece and the oral tradition== |
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"Greek civilization," Innis writes, "was a reflection of the power of the spoken word."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.78.</ref> In this chapter, he explores how the vitality of the spoken word helped the ancient Greeks create a civilization that profoundly influenced all of Europe. Greek civilization differed in significant ways from the empires of Egypt and Babylonia. Innis biographer John Watson notes that those preceding empires "had revolved around an uneasy alliance of absolute monarchs and scholarly theocrats."<ref>Watson, p.368.</ref> The monarchs ruled by force while an elite priestly class controlled religious dogma through their monopolies of knowledge over complex writing systems. "The monarch was typically a war leader whose grasp of the concept of space allowed him to expand his territory," Watson writes, "incorporating even the most highly articulated theocracies. The priests specialized in elaborating conceptions of time and continuity."<ref>Watson, p.368.</ref> Innis argues that the Greeks struck a different balance, one based on "the freshness and elasticity of an oral tradition" that left its stamp on Western poetry, drama, sculpture, architecture, philosophy, science and mathematics.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.89.</ref> |
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===Socrates, Plato and the spoken word=== |
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[[Image:La mort de Socrate avec sa fourchette.jpg|thumb|Detail of the painting ''The Death of Socrates'' by Jacques-Louis David.]] |
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Innis begins by examining Greek civilization at its height in the [[5th century BC]]. He points out that the philosopher [[Socrates]] (c. 470 BC–399 BC) "was the last great product and exponent of the oral tradition."<ref>p.79.</ref> Socrates taught using a question and answer technique that produced discussion and debate. His student, [[Plato]] (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), elaborated on these Socratic conversations by writing dialogues in which Socrates was the central character. This dramatic device engaged readers in the debate while allowing Plato to search for truth using a [[dialectic|dialectical]] method or one based on discussion.<ref>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (second edition 1989, v.4, p.599) defines ''dialectic'' in this sense as, "The art of critical examination into the truth of an opinion; the investigation of truth by discussion...Originally, the art of reasoning or disputation by question and answer, 'invented', according to Aristotle, by Zeno of Elea, and scientifically developed by Plato."</ref> "The dialogues were developed," Innis writes "as a most effective instrument for preserving [the] power of the spoken word on the written page."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.79.</ref> He adds that Plato's pupil, [[Aristotle]] (384 BC – 322 BC), regarded the Platonic dialogues as "half-way between poetry and prose."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.79.</ref> Innis argues that Plato's use of the flexible oral tradition in his writing enabled him to escape the confines of a rigid philosophical system. "Continuous philosophical discussion aimed at truth. The life and movement of dialectic opposed the establishment of a finished system of dogma."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.79.</ref> This balance between speech and prose also contributed to the immortality of Plato's work.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.79.</ref> |
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Innis writes that the power of the oral tradition reached its height in the tragedies of [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]] and [[Euripides]] when "drama became the expression of Athenian democracy."<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.100-101.</ref> He argues that tragedy attracted the interest and participation of everyone. "To know oneself was to know man's powerlessness and to know the indestructible and conquering majesty of suffering humanity."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.101.</ref> |
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For Innis, the fall of Athens to Sparta in 404 BC and the [[Trial of Socrates|trial and execution]] of Socrates for corrupting Athenian youth were symptoms of the collapse of the older oral culture. That culture had sustained a long poetic tradition, but Plato attacked poetry as a teaching device and expelled poets from his ideal [[The Republic (Plato)|republic]]. According to Innis, Plato and Aristotle developed prose in defence of a new culture in which gods and poets were subordinated to philosophical and scientific inquiry.<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.79-80.</ref> Innis argues that eventually, the spread of writing widened the gap between the city-states hastening the collapse of Greek civilization.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.104.</ref> |
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===The Greek alphabet=== |
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Innis notes that the early [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean Greeks]] of the [[Bronze Age]] developed their own styles of communication because they escaped the cultural influence of the [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]] they had conquered on the island of [[Crete]]. "The complexity of the script of Minoan civilization and its relative restriction to Crete left the Greeks free to develop their own traditions."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.80.</ref> Innis adds that the growth of a strong oral tradition reflected in Greek epic poetry also fostered resistance to the dominance of other cultures. This led the Greeks to take over and modify the [[Phoenicia]]n alphabet possibly around the beginning of the 7th century BC.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.81. In a marginal note, Innis indicates that the Phoenician alphabet had been influenced by Canaanite script. See Innis (Empire), p.237.</ref> The Greeks adapted this 24-letter, [[Semitic alphabet]] which consisted only of [[consonants]] to their rich oral tradition by using some of its letters to represent [[vowel]] sounds. Innis writes that the vowels in each written word "permitted the expression of fine distinctions and light shades of meaning."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.81.</ref> The classics professor, [[Eric Havelock]], whose work influenced Innis, makes a similar point when he argues that this alphabet enabled the Greeks to record their oral literary tradition with a "wealth of detail and depth of psychological feeling" absent in other Near Eastern civilizations with more limited writing systems.<ref>Havelock, Eric. (1986) ''The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present''. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.8-9.</ref> Innis himself quotes scholar [[Richard Claverhouse Jebb|Richard Jebb's]] claim that the Greek language "'responds with happy elasticity to every demand of the Greek intellect...the earliest work of art created by the spontaneous working of the Greek mind.'"<ref>Innis (Empire), p.81 and endnote p.204: "Sir Richard Jebb, ''Essays and Addresses'' (Cambridge, 1907), 573."</ref> |
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===Poetry, politics and the oral tradition=== |
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"The power of the oral tradition," Innis writes, "implied the creation of a structure suited to its needs."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.81.</ref> That structure consisted of the metres and stock phrases of [[epic poetry]] which included the Homeric poems, the ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]''. The epics were sung by professional minstrels who pleased audiences by reshaping the poems to meet the needs of new generations. Innis points out that music was central to the oral tradition and the [[lyre]] accompanied the performance of the epic poems.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.84.</ref> He argues that the Homeric poems reflected two significant developments. The first was the rise of an aristocratic civilization which valued justice and right action over the traditional ties of kinship. The second was the humanization of the Greek gods whose limited powers encouraged belief in rational explanations for the order of things.<ref>Innis (Cmpire), pp.83-85.</ref> "Decline of belief in the supernatural led to the explanation of nature in terms of natural causes," Innis writes. "With the independent search for truth, science was separated from myth."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.85.</ref> |
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[[Image:Head of Sappho Smyrna Istanbul Museum Hellenistic period.JPG|150px|thumb|Head of the poet Sappho.]] |
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Gradually, the flexible oral tradition gave rise to other kinds of poetry. Innis notes that these new kinds of literature "reflected the efficiency of the oral tradition in expressing the needs of social change."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.85.</ref> [[Hesiod]] wrote about agricultural themes, becoming the first spokesman for common people.<ref>Bury, J.B. (undated) ''A History of Greece''. New York: The Modern Library, Random House, Inc. p.100.</ref> Innis writes that his poems were produced "by an individual who made no attempt to conceal his personality."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.84.</ref> In the seventh century BC, [[Archilochos]] took poetry a step further when he contributed to breaking down the heroic code of epic poetry.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.84.</ref> Innis suggests he responded to a rising public opinion while historian [[J.B. Bury]] describes him as venting his feelings freely and denouncing his enemies.<ref>Bury, p. 112.</ref> Innis argues that these changes in poetic style and form coincided with the replacement of Greek kingdoms by republics in the 8th and 7th centuries BC.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.84.</ref> Finally, he mentions the development of shorter, [[lyric poetry]] that could be intensely personal as shown in the work of [[Sappho]]. This profusion of short personal lyrics likely coincided with the spread of writing and the increasing use of papyrus from Egypt.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.84.</ref> |
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===Greek science and philosophy=== |
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Innis credits the oral tradition with fostering the rise of Greek science and philosophy. He argues that when combined with the simplicity of the alphabet, the oral tradition prevented the development of a highly-specialized class of scribes and a priestly monopoly over education. Moreover, unlike the Hebrews, the Greeks did not develop written religious texts. "The Greeks had no Bible with a sacred literature attempting to give reasons and coherence to the scheme of things, making dogmatic assertions and strangling science in infancy."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.88.</ref> Innis contends that the flexibility of the oral tradition encouraged the introduction of a new medium, [[mathematics]]. [[Thales]] of [[Miletus]] may have discovered [[trigonometry]]. He also studied [[geometry]] and [[astronomy]], using mathematics as "a means of discarding allegory and myth and advancing universal generalizations."<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.86-87.</ref> Thus, mathematics gave rise to philosophical speculation. The map maker, [[Anaximander]] also sought universal truths becoming "the first to write down his thoughts in prose and to publish them, thus definitely addressing the public and giving up the privacy of his thought."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.87.</ref> According to Innis, this use of prose "reflected a revolutionary break, an appeal to rational authority and the influence of the logic of writing."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.87.</ref> |
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==Chapter 5. Rome and the written tradition== |
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In this chapter, Harold Innis focuses on the gradual displacement of oral communication by written media during the long [[history of the Roman Empire]]. The spread of writing hastened the downfall of the [[Roman Republic]], he argues, facilitating the emergence of a [[Roman Empire]] stretching from [[Great Britain|Britain]] to [[Mesopotamia]].<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.122 & 125.</ref> To administer such a vast empire, the Romans were forced to establish centralized [[bureaucracy|bureaucracies]].<ref>Innis (Empire), p.122.</ref> These bureaucracies depended on supplies of cheap [[papyrus]] from the [[Nile Delta]] for the long-distance transmission of written rules, orders and procedures.<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.125 & 129.</ref> The bureaucratic Roman state backed by the influence of writing, in turn, fostered absolutism, the form of government in which power is vested in a single ruler.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.125.</ref> Innis adds that Roman bureaucracy destroyed the balance between oral and written law giving rise to fixed, written decrees. The torture of Roman citizens and the imposition of [[capital punishment]] for relatively minor crimes became common as living law "was replaced by the dead letter."<ref>Innis (Rmpire), pp.126-127.</ref> Finally, Innis discusses the rise of [[Christianity]], a religion which spread through the use of [[Religious text|scripture]] inscribed on [[parchment]].<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.130-131.</ref> He writes that the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the east eventually flourished because of a balance in media biases. Payprus enabled the governing of a large spatial empire, while parchment contributed to the development of a religious hierarchy concerned with time.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.137.</ref> |
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===Rome and Greece=== |
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"The achievements of a rich oral tradition in Greek civilization," Innis writes, "became the basis of Western culture."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.106.</ref> He asserts that Greek culture had the power "to awaken the special forces of each people by whom it was adopted" and the Romans were no exception.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.106.</ref> According to Innis, it appears Greek colonies in [[Sicily]] and [[Italy]] and Greek traders introduced the Greek alphabet to Rome in the [[7th century BC]]. The alphabet was developed into a Graeco-Etruscan script when Rome was governed by an [[Etruscan]] [[Roman kingdom|king]]. The Etruscans also introduced Greek gods in the [[6th century BC]] apparently to reinforce their own rule.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.106.</ref> Rome became isolated from Greece in the [[5th century BC|5th]] and [[4th century BC|4th]] centuries BC and overthrew the monarchy. A [[patrician]] aristocracy took control, but after prolonged class warfare, gradually shared power with the [[plebs|plebians]].<ref>Innis (Empire), pp.107-108.</ref> Innis suggests that [[Roman law]] flourished at this time because of its oral tradition. A priestly class, "equipped with trained memories," made and administered the laws, their power strengthened because there was no body of written law.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.107.</ref> Although plebian pressure eventually resulted in the adoption of the [[Twelve Tables]], a written constitution, interpretration remained in the hands of priests in the [[College of Pontiffs]]. One of Roman law's greatest achievements, Innis writes, lay in the development of civil laws governing families, property and contracts. Paternal rights were limited, women became independent and individual initiative was given the greatest possible scope.<ref>Innis (Empire), pp. 110-111.</ref> |
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[[Image:Romeinse vlag.jpg|thumb|The initials ''[[SPQR]]'' stood for ''Senātus Populusque Rōmānus'' ("The Senate and the People of Rome"). They were emblazoned on the standards of [[Roman legion]]s.]] |
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Innis seems to suggest that political stability coupled with strong oral traditions in law and religion contributed to the unity of the Roman Republic.<ref>Innis (Empire), p.110. "The relations of the state to religious institutions and of political philosophy to philosophy, which had scarcely been problems in the unity of the Greek ''polis'', were vital to the Romans."</ref> He warns however, that the growing influence of written laws, treaties and decrees in contrast to the oral tradition of civil law "boded ill for the history of the republic and the empire."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.111.</ref> |
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===Roman expansion and the spread of writing=== |
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Innis quickly sketches the Roman conquest of Italy and its three wars with [[Carthage]] in northern Africa. The [[Punic Wars]] ended with the [[Battle of Carthage (c.149 BC)|destruction of Carthage]] in 146 BC. At the same time, Rome pursued military expansion in the eastern Mediterranean eventually conquering [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]] and [[Roman Greece|Greece]] as well as extending Roman rule to [[Pergamum]] in modern-day [[Turkey]]. Rome's military success in the eastern Mediterranean brought it under the direct influence of Greek culture. Innis quotes the Roman poet [[Horace]]: "Captive Greece took captive her proud conqueror."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.117.</ref> Innis outlines various examples of Greek influence in Rome. They include the introduction of Greek tragedies and comedies at Roman festivals to satisfy the demands of soldiers who had served in Greek settlements as well as the translation of the ''[[Odyssey]]'' into Latin as a foundational work of [[Latin literature|Roman literature]].<ref>Innis (Empire), p.117-118.</ref> At the same time, Innis records opposition to this spread of Greek culture. He reports for example, that [[Cato the Elder]] responded by laying the foundations for a dignified and versatile Latin prose while the [[Roman Senate]] empowered officials to expel those who taught [[rhetoric]] and [[philosophy]]. Nevertheless Greek influence continued, although Innis notes that Roman prose "gained fresh power in attempts to meet problems of the Republic."<ref>Innis (Empire), p.118.</ref> |
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==From Chapter 6: Paper and the Printing Press== |
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{{cquote | Monopolies of knowledge had developed and declined partly in relation to the medium of communication on which they were built, and tended to alternate as they emphasized religion, decentralization and time; or force, centralization, and space. Sumerian culture based on the medium of clay was fused with Semitic culture based on the medium of stone to produce the Babylonian empires. Egyptian civilization, based on a fusion of dependence on stone and dependence on papyrus, produced an unstable empire which eventually succumbed to religion. The Assyrian and Persian empires attempted to comnine Egyptian and Babylonian civilization, and the latter succeeded with its appeal to toleration. Hebrew civilization emphasized the sacred character of writing in opposition to political organizations that emphasized the graven image. Greek civilization based on the oral tradition produced the powerful leaven that destroyed political empires. Rome assumed control over the medium on which Egyptian civilization had been based, and built up an extensive bureaucracy, but the latter survived in a fusion in the Byzantine Empire with Christianity based on the parchment codex. |
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In the United states the dominance of the newspaper led to large-scale developments of monopolies of communication in terms of space and implied a neglect of problems of time...The bias of paper towards an emphasis on space and its monopolies of knowledge has been checked by the development of a new medium, the radio. The results have been evident in an increasing concern with problems of time, reflected in the growth of planning and the socialized state. The instability involved in dependence on the newspaper in the United States and the Western world has facilitated an appeal to force as a possible stabilizing factor. The ability to develop a system of government in which the bias of communication can be checked and an appraisal of the significance of space and time can be reached remains a problem of empire and of the Western world.}} |
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== Recent critical opinion == |
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{{cquote | Innis's research findings, however dubiously achieved, put him far ahead of his time. Consider a paragraph written in 1948: "Formerly it required time to influence public opinion in favour of war. We have now reached the position in which opinion is systematically aroused and kept near boiling point. … [The] attitude [of the U.S.] reminds one of the stories of the fanatic fear of mice shown by elephants." Innis's was a dark vision because he saw the "mechanized" media as replacing ordinary face-to-face conversation. Such conversations since Socrates had helped equip free individuals to build free societies by examining many points of view. Instead we were to be increasingly dominated by a single point of view in print and electronic media: the view of the imperial centre. Would Innis have been cheered by the rise of the Internet and its millions of online conversations? Probably not. As Watson observes, the advent of the web is eradicating margins. The blogosphere simply multiplies the number of outlets for the same few messages. If we are to hope for new insights and criticism of the imperial centre, Watson says, we will have to turn to marginal groups: immigrants, women, gays, First Nations, francophones and Hispanics. They are as trapped in the imperial centre as the rest of us, but they still maintain a healthy alienation from the centre's self-referential follies. — Crawford Kilian<ref>{{cite web |
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| last = Killian |
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| first = Crawford |
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| title = Innis Found Truth on the Edge |
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| work = |
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| publisher = Tyee Books |
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| date = [[2006-09-16]] |
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| url = http://thetyee.ca/Books/2006/09/12/HaroldInnis/ |
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| accessdate = 2007-11-15 }} |
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</ref>}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[Harold Innis's communications theories]] |
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*[[Harold Innis]] |
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*[[Time- and space-bias]] |
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*[[Monopolies of knowledge]] |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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==References== |
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* Bury, J.B. (undated) ''A History of Greece: To the Death of Alexander the Great''. New York: The Modern Library. {{OCLC|71398015}} |
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* Havelock, Eric. (1986) ''The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from Antiquity to the Present''. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04382-1 |
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* Heyer, Paul. (2003) ''Harold Innis''. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-7425-2484-1 |
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* O'Brien, Patrick K., general editor. (1999) ''Atlas of World History''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-521567-2 |
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* Roberts, J.M. (1992) ''History of the World''. Oxford: Helicon Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-09-175392-9 |
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* Watson, Alexander, John. (2006) ''Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-3916-2 |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Innis, Harold. (2007) ''Empire and Communications''. Toronto: Dundurn Press. ISBN 1-55002-662-3 |
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* Innis Harold. (1951) ''The Bias of Communication''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. {{OCLC| 4128437}} |
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* Innis, Harold. (1970) ''The Fur Trade in Canada''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6001-3 |
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==Further reading== |
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* James, T.G.H. (1979) ''An Introduction to Ancient Egypt''. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers. ISBN 0-06-430196-6 |
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* Jean, Georges. (1992) ''Writing: The Story of Alphabets and Scripts''. Translated from the French by Jenny Oates. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-2893-0 |
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* Man, John. (2001) ''Alpha Beta: How Our Alphabet Shaped the Western World''. London: Headline Book Publishing. ISBN 0-7472-6447-3 |
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* Martin, Henri-Jean. (1994) ''The History and Power of Writing''. Translated from the French by Lydia G. Cochrane. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-50836-6 |
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[[Category:Canadian non-fiction books]] |
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Revision as of 18:09, 13 October 2008
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