Center point (character)
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·
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|---|---|
| Punctuation marks | |
| Comma, comma | , |
| Semicolon, semicolon | ; |
| Colon, colon | : |
| Point | . |
| Ellipsis | ... |
| Focus | · |
| bullet point | • |
| Question mark | ? |
| Exclamation, exclamation, call signs | ! |
| Apostrophe, apostrophe | ' |
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- - Hyphen ; Hyphen ; Supplementary line |
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| Indent ; Up line | - |
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quotation marks "" »« / «» ‚'› ‹ / ‹ › |
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| Slashes / \ | |
| Brackets () [] | |
The center point (also half high point , also high point , also called center point or point on center by typesetters ) is a character that is similar in shape and size to the point (punctuation mark) used as a punctuation mark , but lies well above the baseline . In the running text in Latin script , it is usually about half the height of the capital letters (uppercase height ) - i.e. about the middle of the text line (hence the name).
The symbol is used as an arithmetic symbol for the basic arithmetic method multiplication ( painting point ), as well as for structuring word sequences and in some orthographies for special markings within words; in some non-Latin writing systems also as punctuation marks. In chemistry it is used in special formulas . It is often used to represent similar characters when these (although defined as separate characters) are not available on the keyboard used or in the selected font .
Typography and appearance
The shape and size of the center point usually follow the punctuation mark on the baseline. For example, if this is square in a font (as in Arial ), the center point is also square. In Latin script and related writing systems, the character (based on the center of the glyph ) can be between half the capital letter height and half the x height (lower case letter height ) depending on the font . In fonts without lowercase letters (e.g. Chinese , Japanese or runes ) the center point is regularly halfway up the letter.
use
Marking of word boundaries
Latin
In the written Latin language, which was initially only written with capital letters and without spaces between words, the center originally served to mark word boundaries. It was later replaced with a space . A center point was also used as a word separator for other writing systems , for example runes .
Japanese and Chinese
The written Japanese and Chinese languages use the center point to separate words, especially foreign language names. This is due to the fact that these languages typically do not use separators between words. Examples: Chinese 威廉 ・ 莎士比亞 / 威廉 ・ 莎士比亚 (wēilián · shāshìbǐyà) for “William Shakespeare” or Japanese フ ラ ン ク フ ル ト ・ ア ム ・ マ イ ン ( Furankufuruto · amu · Main ) for “ Frankfurt am Main ”.
Marking of letters to be read separately
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In the spelling of some languages in which specific sequences of letters as grapheme a single sound mark (like "sh" for [ ʃ ] in German), the center is inserted in those letters consequences if the individual parts can be read separately ( analogously one would write in German “Kreis · chen” (= “small circle”) as opposed to “screeching”).
Catalan
In Catalan , the symbol is called punt volat (literally "flown point") or punt alçat ("raised point"). It is placed between two l ( l·l ; Catalan: ela geminada ) if these belong to two different syllables , for example in col·lecció (collection) or paral·lel (parallel, also the name of a main street in the center of Barcelona ). This is primarily used as an indication of the correct pronunciation [ ³ ] because "ll" otherwise [ ʎ ] is pronounced. The punt volat is sometimes temporarily replaced by an ordinary point ("ll").
Gaskognisch
Similarly, in Gaskognischen the center point ( punt interior "inner point", ponch naut "high / upper point") distinguishes the graphemes s · h [sh] from sh [ʃ] and n · h [nh] from nh [ɲ]. Examples:
- castanha [kas'taɲɔ] / in · hèrn [in.'hɛɾ].
- floreish [flu'ɾejʃ] / des · har [des.'ha].
As a diacritical mark (Franco-Provencal)
In Franco-Provencal , a trailing center point serves to distinguish the following graphemes :
- ch · [ ʃ ] , opposite ch [ ts ]
- j * [ ʒ ] , compared to j [ dz ]
- g · (before e, i ) [ ʒ ] , opposite g (before e, i ) [ dz ]
Text structure
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The center point can be used as a typographical element between words of the same rank that appear without a connected sentence. For example, address information shown in one line can be structured as follows:
- Erika Mustermann · Mustergasse 67 · 12345 Musterstadt
In advertising materials, shop signs, etc. Such a line can also be framed by centers. In such contexts, the eye-catching point or suitable decorative symbols can be used instead of the center.
Structure
The center point can be used to emphasize the structure in verse poems, for example to separate Anvers and Abvers in Nibelung stanzas .
Media point
Mediopoint in easy language
Easy language is an officially applicable language variety of German in the interests of the social inclusion of people with reduced language skills and accessibility . The rules provide for words consisting of several word modules ( compound words ) to be broken down with a hyphen or center point (word component boundaries); the center point is referred to as the media point in these regulations . The use of the center point should be preferred where the use of the hyphen differs from the standard orthography (as in the lawyer example ), since the unorthographic use of the hyphen creates false learning impulses here. The center, however, is used without the following capitalization (lawyer) in order to signal lexeme boundaries wherever a hyphen does not correspond to the standard orthography. Both characters can thus appear in a word composition, for example: easy language rules .
Mediopoint in gender-sensitive language
The Duden Handbook gender-inclusive language mentioned in April 2020 that the Medio point (·) in places as a means of gender-sensitive in German 'm used to even further in abbreviating Beidnennungen besides the linguistic equal treatment of women and men gender and gender identities include: Student · inside ( compare social inclusion , diverse , non-binary ). The center is expressed as gender break as a hyphen: Student-innen. It is pointed out that the use of the mediopoint is not part of the official spelling .
In August 2020, the Society for German Language (GfdS) rejected the mediopoint in its guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering in addition to gender asterisks , underscores , colon and interior I : “The Society for German Language does not use the middle point recommended. It is not part of the German spelling and causes quite a few grammatical problems: This is the case with umlauts: not: Ärzt · in, Bauer · in . It is also problematic if female and male forms have different endings, for example in inflected forms: not: colleague, doctors, students . [...] If personal designations with mediopoint are read out, they give the impression that only the female gender is meant. Practicability: The media point is not a special character on the computer keyboard and can be used indirectly ”(see also GfdS criticism of gender characters ).
As a decimal separator (British English)
In older British prints, the center point was regularly used as the decimal separator . In some specifications for scientific publications this is still common today.
chemistry
In chemical formulas, the center point is used as a separator between sub-formulas for single molecules when such molecules form a substance (e.g. a crystal ) in a fixed numerical ratio . In addition to sodium sulphate ( anhydrate ), Na 2 SO 4, which is free of water of crystallization, there is also the decahydrate Glauber's salt with 10 water molecules per formula unit: Na 2 SO 4 · 10 H 2 O. Other spellings use the cross × or the lowercase letter "x" instead of the center . The center does not represent a painting point here, even if the sign is occasionally read as “mal”; this way of speaking is not common in chemistry.
In old lexicons you can find line-oriented notation structured by central points between sub-formulas, especially for organic chain molecules, e.g. CH 3 · CO · CH 3 for acetone . It saves space and says nothing about existing multiple bonds.
arithmetic
See in detail under Malzeichen for the terms used in connection with calculations.
The focus in different writing systems
In Unicode are for different writing systems has different characters, where the center point with respect to the precise position, distance to neighboring characters and varying the form of special requirements suffice.
- U + 00B7 middle dot is the center point for the Latin writing system and numerous other writing systems with a similar structure (e.g. Cyrillic ).
- U + 30FB katakana middle dot is the center point for the Japanese script . The character contains white space on the side in order to have the same uniform width as the other Japanese characters in the body text .
- U + FF65 halfwidth katakana middle dot is a character adopted from the Japanese 8-bit character coding standard JIS X 0201 from 1969 for half-width representations of katakana texts that are used in special applications in connection with older data terminals .
- U + 16EB runic single punctuation is used in the runic script .
- U + 2E31 word separator middle dot is a special word separator for the Avestian script and similar writing systems.
- U + 10101 aegean dot word separator is a special word separator for fonts Linear A and Linear B .
Representation variants
At the beginning of the 20th century, the lyricist Stefan George developed his own font for his texts, in which he often used an elongated form of the high point (so-called in comments on his work) instead of the comma .
Similar characters
Here dot-like characters are described, the center of which is higher than that of the dot punctuation mark above the baseline. Such characters can be definitely circular (solid or hollow), follow the shape of the period punctuation mark (which in individual fonts can be other than circular), or have a special shape (such as the IPA symbol for "half-length").
Paint point variants
With U + 22C5 dot operator, Unicode contains a dedicated painting point . This is a symbol similar to the center point, but can be designed to be a little leaner, have wider white space and its position can be adapted to other arithmetic symbols (vertical position same as the crossbar of the plus sign ). This character is only available in a few fonts (as of the beginning of 2018) as an independent character; This means that the center point, which is present in all common fonts, remains the appropriate symbol in non-special mathematical texts to represent the point of interest for the basic arithmetic operation multiplication . In mathematical texts, the dot operator is especially suitable for the scalar product of vectors in semantic differentiation for the multiplication of simple numbers .
Another variant is the Unicode character U + 2219 bullet operator , which is also not widely used outside of special fonts for the mathematical formula set. Alternatively, it can be displayed with the bullet point that is somewhat bolder than the midpoint .
In fonts designed for mathematical applications, both the dot operator and the bullet operator should always be circular.
Eye catcher
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The eye-catching point (Unicode: U + 2022 bullet ), also known as a bullet point , is a bold variant of the center point (see the font examples above under typography and appearance ). It is used, for example, to frame product names or product labels in advertising in order to draw attention to them (hence the name Blickfangpunkt ). It is also often used as a bullet , i.e. to mark list lines such as:
- • This
• and that.
It is also used to list terms in a line if these are not included in a grammatically complete sentence. The focal point is to be surrounded by spaces. Example:
- Today on offer:
sausage • fresh fish • cheese
If the focal point in an application appears too intrusive, but the center point in its place appears too inconspicuous, the following variants are available:
- The hollow eye-catching point (Unicode: U + 25E6 white bullet ), which is the same size as the eye- catching point, but appears less “black” as an open circle.
- The semi-bold center point (Unicode: U + 1F784 black slightly small circle ), the size of which should lie between the center point and the eye- catching point. However, this character is hardly available in any font (as of early 2017).
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Separation point
The cut-off point (Unicode: U + 2027 hyphenation point ) serves to mark hyphenation points in words, especially in dictionaries. In the Unicode Standard, this is expressly mentioned as the only purpose of the character: “a raised dot to indicate correct word breaking, as in diction aries”. The character can deviate from the center point and be specially designed for this purpose, for example the point can be thicker and a little deeper (half the x-height) in order to visually emphasize the separating points within a sequence of lowercase letters. The dividing point is not available in all common fonts (as of early 2017), so the center point is often used in its place.
In contrast to its intended purpose in the Unicode standard, the separating point is used as the center in the Chinese script . This use is standardized in Taiwan . In Chinese fonts, the separating point is therefore equipped with white space in its character definition, so that the character in the running text has the same width as the Chinese characters, which are always the same width. The actual center, on the other hand, is narrow and therefore does not fit in with the even flow of the Chinese characters, while it is suitable for interspersed text passages in Latin.
Greek colon
This Greek punctuation mark (Unicode: U + 0387 greek ano teleia , modern Greek άνω τελεία áno teleía ) is typically on the x-line , i.e. higher than the center point. It is therefore a different character typographically. In Unicode, however, the center point and the Greek colon are defined as “canonical equivalent” and can therefore be equated by application systems. The typographical differentiation can then only be made using smart font technologies such as OpenType , which select the correct character height based on the neighboring letters (Greek or other).
Raised point
Since version 6.1, Unicode contains a raised point (U + 2E33 raised dot ), which is displayed at half the x-height . This was needed to represent the different high points in Coptic manuscripts next to the normal (on the baseline) point and the Greek colon lying at full x-height.
IPA symbol for "half length"
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) knows two length characters which , as suprasegmental characters, specify the preceding phonetic character in more detail. These are the lower-case, colon-like characters consisting of two triangles pointing towards the center of the character for "long" (Unicode: U + 02D0 modifier letter triangular colon , IPA: 503 Length mark ) and the character for "half-long" (Unicode: U + 02D1 modifier letter half triangular colon , IPA: 504 Half-length mark ), which consists of the upper half of the "Lang" character. The symbol for “half-length” is therefore a small triangle with the tip pointing down at x-height.
Sinological point
The sinological point (Unicode: U + A78F latin letter sinological dot ) is a letter of the Latin writing system for the transliteration of the Phagpa script and the phonetic transcription of the Xixia script (Tangut script). It consists of a circular point that is significantly thicker than the center point and is at x-height (i.e. higher than the center point). The inclusion as an independent character in Unicode was the subject of controversial discussions and finally took place in 2015 in Unicode version 8.0.
Diacritical marks in Hebrew
In Hebrew points are used near the center of a letter as a diacritical mark, to indicate the duplication or a pronunciation variant of a consonant ( Dagesh , for example: תּ), a Vav as u (וּ, Schuruq ) or a final He marked as consonant (הּ , Mappiq ). Unicode has the common character U + 05BC hebrew point dagesh or mappiq to represent the Dagesch, the Mappiq and the point in Schuruq .
Keyboard input
Under Microsoft Windows , the center point can be entered by Alt-Code using Alt+ 0183; under macOS with ⌥+ ü, under Linux with AltGr+ ,.
On keyboards with the assignment E1 according to DIN 2137 : 2018-12, the center point is entered with the key combination Alt Gr+ .(point).
On keyboards with the assignment T2 according to the previous version of the standard DIN 2137 : 2012-06, the center point is entered with the key sequence Gruppenumschaltung ⇨followed by .(point).
If the Compose key is available, the center point can be created with the key combination Compose ^ ..
Centers and similar characters in Unicode
| character | HTML name | Numerically | Unicode | Latex | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| · |
·
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·
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U + 00B7 middle dot |
\textperiodcentered
|
Focus |
| · |
·
|
U + 0387 greek ano teleia | Greek colon, high point (άνω τελεία) | ||
| ּ |
ּ
|
U + 05BC hebrew point dagesh or mappiq | Dagesch , Schuruq, Mappiq | ||
| ᛫ |
᛫
|
U + 16EB runic single punctuation | Runic script punctuation marks | ||
| • |
•
|
•
|
U + 2022 bullet | Eye catcher | |
| ‧ |
‧
|
U + 2027 hyphenation point |
\textbullet
|
Separation point | |
| ∘ |
∘
|
U + 2218 ring operator |
\circ
|
(mathematical symbol) | |
| ∙ |
∙
|
U + 2219 bullet operator |
\bullet
|
special mark for dot product | |
| ⋅ |
⋅
|
⋅
|
U + 22C5 dot operator |
\centerdot, \cdot, \cdotp
|
Painting point |
| ● |
●
|
U + 25CF black circle | Full circle | ||
| ◦ |
◦
|
U + 25E6 white bullet | Hollow eye-catching point | ||
| ⦁ |
⦁
|
U + 2981 z notation spot | Special characters for the Z notation | ||
| ⸰ |
⸰
|
U + 2E30 ring point | avestic punctuation marks | ||
| ⸱ |
⸱
|
U + 2E31 word separator middle dot | Word separator ( Avestian and other scripts) | ||
| ・ |
・
|
U + 30FB katakana middle dot | Full-width katakana center | ||
| ꞏ |
ꞏ
|
U + A78F latin letter sinological dot | Sinological point | ||
| ･ |
&65381;
|
U + FF65 halfwidth katakana middle dot | Half-width katakana center | ||
| ? |
𐂧
|
U + 10101 aegean word separator dot | Word separator for Linear A and Linear B | ||
| ? |
𐬹
|
U + 10B39 avestan abbreviation mark | Aesthetic abbreviation | ||
| ? |
🞄
|
U + 1F784 black slightly small circle | semi-bold center point |
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ Character names beginning with "upper-" suggest that the character is adjacent to the H-line (see system of lines (typography) ), see e.g. B. apostrophe . This is the case for the character U + 02D9 ˙ dot above (free-standing point (upper character) ), or for the Greek punctuation mark high point in special contexts. Those in the DIN 5008 chosen designation half high point , however, points to the fact "medium-high" altitude over other characters.
- ↑ See the discussion on the topic » Is“ painting point ”a correct name for the symbol in formulas such as“ Na 2 SO 4 · 10 H 2 O ”? « In Wikipedia editors chemistry , April 13, 2017, discussion contribution “ a small survey at a meeting with representatives of the GDCh, GÖCh, IUPAC, editors VCH / Wiley and editors Römpp was also completely at odds, nobody knew a source. After all, Römpp confirmed to me that the midpoint is also typographically implemented there using Alt + 0183 ”.
Individual evidence
- ↑ DIN 5008 : 2020-03
- ↑ New topics in DIN 5008 (information flyer , PDF) Westermann Group , March 11, 2020, p. 2 , accessed on March 20, 2020 . (in the section "Multiplication Sign")
- ^ Franz W. Kuck: The icing on the cake. Instructions for use for microtypography . Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-8307-1427-9 , page 33
- ↑ Paolino Mingazzini : Iscrizioni di S. Silvestro in Capite. In: Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. Volume 51, 1923 pp. 63–145, here: p. 97 ( digitized version )
- ↑ Domergue Sumien: Preconizacions del Conselh de la Lenga Occitana. (PDF) 2007, p. 26 , archived from the original on March 3, 2016 ; Retrieved April 25, 2017 (Occitan).
- ^ Friedrich Forssman, Ralf de Jong: Detail typography. 2nd edition, Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 2004, ISBN 3-87439-642-8 , p. 186
- ↑ Andreas Heusler (Ed.): Das Nibelungenlied - Urtext with translation. Darmstadt 1994, ISBN 3-89350-845-7 , p. 6
- ↑ Law on Equal Opportunities for People with Disabilities (Disabled Persons Equality Act - BGG) in the version dated July 19, 2016. (PDF) p. 5, § 11: Comprehensibility and easy language , accessed on April 26, 2016 .
- ↑ a b Ursula Bredel , Christine Maaß: Ratgeber Leichte Sprache - The most important rules and recommendations for practice. Dudenverlag Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-411-75618-6 , p. 73
- ↑ Christiane Maass: Medio point instead of hyphen. Research Center for Light Language at the University of Hildesheim, May 31, 2014, accessed on June 6, 2014 .
- ↑ Gabriele Diewald , Anja Steinhauer : Duden handbook gender-equitable language: How to gender appropriately and understandably. Published by the Duden editorial team. Dudenverlag, Berlin April 2020, ISBN 978-3-411-74517-3 , pp. 126–127: Underline u. A .: "Students, students" .
- ^ Society for German Language : Guidelines of the GfdS on the possibilities of gendering. In: GfdS.de. August 2020, accessed on August 28, 2020 (first published in: Der Sprachdienst. No. 1–2, 2020).
- ↑ Thomas Henderson: On the Parallax of α Centauri . In: Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society . tape 11 , January 3, 1839, p. 64 , bibcode : 1840MmRAS..11 ... 61H (English).
- ^ Formatting guidelines for electronic submission of manuscripts. (PDF) The Lancet , p. 1 , accessed on May 5, 2019 : “ Type decimal points midline (ie, 23 · 4, not 23.4). "
- ↑ The Unicode Standard Version 9.0 - Core specification , Mountain View CA (USA) 2016, ISBN 978-1-936213-13-9 ( unicode.org (PDF), p. 698, Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms )
- ↑ a b c d Michael Everson et al .: Proposal to add Medievalist and Iranianist punctuation characters to the UCS (UTC Document L2 / 07-004, ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2 Document N3193). (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, January 9, 2007, accessed April 25, 2017 . - U + 2E30 ring point is suggested there at position 10B39 as a circular shape lying on the baseline (page 6 below). - U + 2E31 word separator middle dot is proposed there as 10B37 avestan separation point as a small point shape lying just above the baseline (page 6 bottom; page 21 Figure 15). - U + 10B39 avestan abbreviation mark is proposed there at position 10B38.
- ↑ a b c The Unicode Standard Version 9.0 - Core specification , Mountain View CA (USA) 2016, ISBN 978-1-936213-13-9 ( unicode.org (PDF), p. 276, Other Punctuation )
- ↑ a b Deborah Anderson, Michael Everson: N2378: Final proposal to encode Aegean scripts in the UCS. (PDF; 0.15 MB) ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2, October 3, 2001, accessed on February 4, 2013 (English).
- ↑ Stefan George: The books of shepherds and price poems. The sagas and songs and the hanging gardens . In: All works in 18 volumes . 2nd Edition. tape 3 . Klett-Cotta, 2006, ISBN 978-3-608-95110-3 , variants and explanations, p. 115 ff .
- ↑ Font and Character - George Fonts. textkritik.de, accessed on February 4, 2013 .
- ^ Mathematical Operators. (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, accessed on January 11, 2018 : "22C5 DOT OPERATOR - preferred to 00B7 · for denotation of multiplication"
- ↑ a b Barbara Beeton, Asmus Freytag, Murray Sargent III: Unicode Support for Mathematics, Revision 14: Unicode Technical Report # 25 (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, July 31, 2015 page 20 (table row "circle") , accessed on April 27, 2017 .
- ↑ Michel Suignard et al .: Proposal to add Wingdings and Webdings Symbols (UTC Document L2 / 11-196, ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2 Document N4022). (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, May 21, 2011, p. 33 , accessed April 27, 2017 . (The symbol is suggested there at position 17F86.)
- ↑ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary , 11th Edition, Springfield MA (USA) 2003, ISBN 0-87779-807-9 , p. 105 (detail)
- ↑ CNS11643 中文 全 字庫 - 字 碼 查詢 與 下載. cns11643.gov.tw, 2014, accessed April 27, 2017 .
- ^ John Hudson: Greek ano teleia (semicolon) punctuation dot in use. (PDF; 32 kB) Tiro Typeworks, accessed on February 5, 2013 .
- ↑ Michael Everson et al .: N3873R: Proposal to add additional characters for Greek, Latin, and Coptic to the UCS. (PDF, 1.57 MB) ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2, August 5, 2010, accessed on February 4, 2013 (English).
- ↑ Handbook of the International Phonetic Association , Cambridge (Great Britain) 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 , pp. 15, 174
- ^ Andrew West: Proposal to encode a Middle Dot letter for Phags-pa transliteration (UTC Document L2 / 09-031R, ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2 Document N3567). (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, April 4, 2009, accessed April 25, 2017 .
- ↑ Ken Whistler: Comments in Response to Irish Comments on Middle Dot (UTC Document L2 / 12-368, ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2 Document N4340). (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, September 28, 2012, accessed April 26, 2017 .
- ↑ Michael Suignard (Ed.): Disposition of comments on SC2 N4239 (PDAM 2.2 text to ISO / IEC 10646 3rd edition) - (UTC Document L2 / 12-371, ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2 Document N4377). (PDF) Unicode Technical Committee, October 24, 2012, pp. 4/5 (T1), 12 (TE.1) , accessed on April 26, 2017 .
- ↑ Ken Whistler: WG2 Consent Docket (UTC Document L2 / 13-154). Unicode Technical Committee, July 22, 2013, accessed on April 26, 2017 : “ WG2 reached a compromise on the long-fought-over additional middle dot letter. The compromise consisted of yet another name change and an agreement to make the dot large enough to not be easily confused for the existing U + 00BF middle dot . "
- ↑ Scott Pakin: The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List. (PDF, 8.7 MB) January 19, 2017, archived from the original on September 28, 2017 ; Retrieved on September 28, 2017 (English, linking the original results in a mirror of CTAN , the archive link compare file: Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol list.pdf ).
- ↑ Jonathan P. Bowen: Glossary of Z notation. (PDF; 66 kB) University of Reading (UK), accessed on April 25, 2017 (English).