35th century BC Chr.

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The 35th century BC Chr. Began on January 1 v 3500th And ended on December 31, 3401 BC. This corresponds to the period 5450 to 5351 before today or the interval 4715 to 4605 radiocarbon years .

Drawing on a jug from Bronocice (southern Poland). The detail on the left is the world's oldest representation of a four-wheeled cart .

Age / Epoch

• Subboreal (from 3710 to 450 BC).
• The late Neolithic (3500 to 2800 BC) sets in.

Events / developments

• Starting from a semi-arid savannah landscape , the Sahara turns into a desert through desertification .
• Around 3500 BC The first zoo was founded in Hierakonpolis in the 3rd century BC .
• Second wave of emigration from the area of spa culture .
• Beginning of the construction of the megalithic systems of the funnel beaker culture .
• In Mesopotamia , around 3500 BC. The city of Tell Hamoukar destroyed by siege and conquest. It is the first evidence of an organized war.

Inventions and discoveries

• In what is now Kazakhstan people began the Botai culture with the domestication of horses for milk production and as a mount.
• Since at least 3500 BC BC (possibly much earlier) wagons are used in Mesopotamia , Central Europe and Northern Europe .
• The transformation of the Sumerians' pictographic proto-writing into a writing system creates real history .
• around 3500 BC The Egyptian hieroglyphs were developed in Egypt .
  To this day it is controversial whether the cuneiform script was first used in Sumer or the Egyptian hieroglyphic system. The proto-cuneiform is very likely older than the hieroglyphs, since the beginnings of the Sumerian pictograms, which later led to the proto-cuneiform, were already in the early 4th millennium BC. BC , whereas the oldest hieroglyphic finds from Abydos only date back to 3500 BC. To be dated.
• First cotton plantings in America .

Archaeological cultures

Cultures in North Africa

• Tenerife (5200 to 2500 BC) in the Ténéré desert with Gobero site

Cultures in Egypt

Mummy from Gebelein with typical Naqada pottery, approx. 3400 BC Chr.

• Around 3500 BC The Naqada II period begins in Egypt , whose cultural agglomeration was in Hierakonpolis . The foundations for later kingship were probably laid here. Amazingly well-preserved, pre-dynastic mummies from the end of the century have been discovered in Gebelein .

Cultures in Mesopotamia and the Middle East

• Ghassulia culture (4500 to 3500 BC) in Israel
• Jiroft culture (4000 to 1000 BC) in Iran
• The Middle Uruk Period (3800 to 3400 BC - Uruk VIII to Uruk VI or LC-3) - comes to an end in Mesopotamia.
• Individual sites:
  • Nineveh (from 6500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Nineveh 3 or Gaura A.
  • Tappe Sialk (6000 to 2500 BC) in Iran - Sialk III
  • Amuq (6000 to 2900 BC) in Turkey - Amuq F.
  • Tell Brak (6000 to 1360 BC) in Syria - TW 18-19
  • Mersin (5400 to 2900 BC) in Anatolia - Mersin 15
  • Eridu (from 5300 to approx. 1950 BC) in Mesopotamia - Eridu 8-6
  • Tappa Gaura (5000 to 1500 BC) in northern Mesopotamia - Gaura 11-10
  • Tell Chuera (5000 to 1200 BC) in Syria
  • Tell Hamoukar (4500 to 2000 BC) in Syria
  • Arslantepe in Turkey - Period VII
  • Tepe Yahya in Iran - Period V of the Yahya culture (3800 to 3400 BC)
  • Susa in Iran (from 4000 BC) - Susa II
  • Tell Hammam et Turkman in Syria - vb

Cultures in East Asia

• China
  • Dadiwan culture (5800-3000 BC), upper Yellow River
  • Yangshao culture (5000 to 2000 BC), central and northern China
  • Hongshan Culture (4700-2900 BC), Northeast China
  • Daxi culture (4400 to 3300 BC), middle Yangtze River
  • Dawenkou culture (4100 to 2600 BC), along the Yellow Sea
  • Beiyinyangying culture (4000 to 3000 BC), Lower Yangtze River
  • Songze culture (3900-3200 BC), Lower Yangtze River
  • Miaozigou culture (3500 to 3000 BC).
• Vietnam :
  • Đa Bút culture (4000 to 1700 BC)
• Korea :
  • Early Jeulmun period (6000 to 3500 BC)
• Japan :
  • Early Jōmon period (Jōmon III - 4000 to 3000/2500 BC) with the first larger settlements

Cultures in South Asia

• Indus Valley :
  • Amri culture (4th and 3rd millennium BC)
• Balochistan :
  • Mehrgarh -
  • Nal culture (3800 to 2200 BC)

Cultures in North Asia

• Kazakhstan :
  • Botai culture (3700-3100 BC)
• Siberia :
  • Afanassjewo culture in southern Siberia (3500 to 2500 BC)

Cultures in Europe

• Northern Europe :
  • Boat ax culture (4200 to 2000 BC) in Scandinavia and the Baltic States
• Northeast Europe :
  • Neman culture (7000 to 3000 BC) in Poland , Lithuania and Belarus
  • Pit ceramic culture (4200 to 2000 BC - radiocarbon method : 5600 to 2300 BC) in Norway , Sweden , the Baltic States, Russia and Ukraine
  • Rzucewo culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in the Baltic States and Poland
  • Narva culture (5300 to 1750 BC) in Estonia , Latvia, and Lithuania
• Eastern Europe :
  • Kurgan cultures (5000 to 3000 BC) in Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine
  • Yamnaya culture (3600 to 2300 BC) in Russia and Ukraine
• Southeast Europe :
  • Cucuteni culture (4800 to 3200 BC) in Romania , Moldova and Ukraine
  • Cernavodă culture (4000 to 3200 BC) in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine
  • Crete - Early Minoan pre-palace period according to Warren and Hankey (1989) - FM I (3650/3500 to 3000 BC). According to Manning (1995), however, the beginning of FM I is much later, namely at 3100/3000 BC. Chr .; in the low and high dating it occurs at 3300 BC. Chr.
• Central Europe :
  • Altheimer Group - Bavaria - 3800 to 3400/3300 BC Chr.
  • Beginning of the Cham culture - Bavaria, Czech Republic , Austria - 3500 to 2700 BC Chr.
  • Baden Culture - Central Danube Region - Earliest Boleraz (3517 to 3373 BC)
  • Mondsee culture - Salzkammergut - 3770 to 3200 BC Chr.
  • Start of the Wartberg culture in Northern Hesse - 3500 to 2800 BC Chr.
  • Funnel Beaker Culture (Northern Central Europe) - 4200 to 2800 BC Chr.
  • Disappearance of the Baalberg culture (3800 to 3400 BC) towards the end of the century.
• Western Europe :
  • Chassey-Lagozza-Cortaillod culture (4600 to 2400 BC) in France, Switzerland and Italy
    • Lagozza culture (3900 to 3400 BC) in northern Italy
  • Megalithic cultures :
    • France (4700 to 2000 BC)
    • Iberian Peninsula (4000 to 2000 BC)
    • Sardinia : Ozieri culture (4000 to 3200 BC)
    • Malta : Ġgantija phase of the temple period (3600 to 3300/3000 BC).

Cultures in america

• North and Central America :
  • Archaic period . Establishment of mounds in the eastern forest areas from 4000 BC. Chr.
  • Coxcatlán phase (5000–3400 BC) in Tehuacán ( Mexico )
• South America :
  • Chinchorro culture (7020 to 1500 BC) in northern Chile and southern Peru
  • Valdivia culture (3950 to 1750 BC) in Ecuador

Individual evidence

1. ^ David A. Anthony: The horse, the wheel, and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-691-05887-3 .
2. ↑ Süddeutsche Zeitung of March 6, 2009, issue 54, page 18, "The first riders in the world", "Even 5500 years ago people bred, rode and milked horses"
3. ↑ Thilo Jordan: Bike and Car? The origin of an innovation ( Memento from December 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). In: archaeologie-online.de , March 18, 2004. Accessed March 7, 2012.
4. ↑ Michael Zick: Who invented the wheel . In: Der Tagesspiegel , August 16, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
5. ↑ Johannes Hoops : Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde: Euhemerism - Fichte, Volume 8. Walter de Gruyter, 1994, ISBN 3-11-013188-9 , p. 153
6. ↑ Thomas Schneider : The 101 most important questions. Ancient Egypt. CH Beck, 2010, ISBN 3-406-59983-4 , p. 114
7. ↑ Robert Morkot: The Egyptians: an introduction. Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-27103-7 , p. 222
8. ↑ Ivan Van Sertima: Egypt Revisited, Volume 10. Transaction Publishers, 1989, ISBN 0-88738-799-3 , p 133
9. ^ Steven Snape, Ancient Egyptian Tombs: The Culture of Life and Death. John Wiley & Sons, 2011, ISBN 1-4051-2089-4 , Chapter 1
10. ^ Warren, P. and Hankey, V .: Aegean Bronze Age Chronology . Bristol Classical Press, Bristol 1989, ISBN 0-906515-67-X .
11. ^ Manning, S .: The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age . In: Archeology, Radiocarbon and History . Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield 1995.

Web links

Commons : 35th century BC Chr.  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files