Bavarian Franciscan Province

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The Bavarian Franciscan Province of St. Anthony of Padua ( Bavaria ) was a religious province of the Franciscans . It was created in 1625 through the spin-off of seven Bavarian convents from the Strasbourg order province, which had joined the newly formed reform movement of the Reformates . The Bavarian province joined the other German provinces in 2010 to form the German Franciscan Province of St. Elisabeth together.

history

Custody of the Strasbourg Province (until 1625)

After a first unsuccessful attempt in 1217, the brothers of the founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi and in 1210 by Pope Innocent III succeeded. confirmed the Franciscan Order from 1221 to gain a foothold in Germany. In that year the first German branch opened in Augsburg , followed by Würzburg and Regensburg . Because the Franciscan movement also developed with astonishing speed in Germany, the Teutonia order province, founded in 1221, was divided into a Rhenish province ( Provincia Rheni ) and a Saxon province ( Provincia Saxonia ) as early as 1230 . Another rewrite of the German provinces after 1239 resulted in the division of the Rhenish into the Upper German Provincia Argentina (Strasbourg) and the Low German Provincia Colonia .

Because of its rapid growth, the Strasbourg province was soon organized into administrative districts called " custodians ", including a "Bavarian custody". In the area of ​​today's Bavaria, in addition to Augsburg, Würzburg and Regensburg, branches were founded in Bamberg , Nuremberg , Lindau and Munich in the 1220s , and by 1350 the monasteries in Nördlingen , Coburg , Ingolstadt , Landshut , Rothenburg ob der Tauber , Hof , Amberg , Tölz and Cham .

The Franciscans in Bavaria were in the favor of the noble Wittelsbach family from the start . Duke Ludwig the Strict had called the Friars Minor to Ingolstadt and Landshut; In 1284 they were able to move their branch in Munich from the Anger to a new convent in the vicinity of the ducal residence in the Alter Hof. In the 14th century, the Franciscans' proximity to Duke Ludwig the Bavarian acquired political importance and explosiveness. On the one hand, Ludwig the Bavarian was in dispute with Pope John XXII, who lived in Avignon . because he refused recognition as a Roman-German king after the king's election in 1314 and the battle of Mühldorf and excommunicated him in 1324 . On the other hand, the Franciscan order was in a poverty dispute with the Pope, who rejected the strict ideal of poverty of the Franciscans and declared it heretical. The order general Michael von Cesena and his theological advisor Wilhelm von Ockham had to flee from the Pope from Avignon in 1328 and were able to live and work for a few years in the Franciscan monastery in Munich under the protection of King Ludwig.

From the founding of the province in 1625 to the 18th century

In March 1625, against the resistance of the observants in the mother province, the custody of the Strasbourg province became an independent Reformate province , the Bavarian Franciscan Province of St. Antonius ( Bavaria ); the provincial patron resulted from the patronage of the monastery in Munich, which became the seat of the provincial. Pope Urban VIII issued the relevant bull "Sacrosanctum Apostolatus Ministry" on March 1, 1625. On March 29, 1625 the first provincial chapter met and elected Antonius a Galbiato as provincial minister, an Italian reformate from the Milan province, who had already visited the Strasbourg province on behalf of the pope and was supposed to implement the reformate's reform concept. During a visitation in 1620, he began reforming the Bavarian monasteries, initially in Munich and Landshut. Only 32 fathers and 10 lay brothers of the Bavarian Custody were willing to accept the reform and solemnly signed a waiver from all income from foundations. Nine novices resigned, and the superiors, deposed by Antonius a Galbato, turned to Duke Maximilian - albeit unsuccessfully, as he advocated the reform. There were also Freising, Ingolstadt and Kelheim, and in 1624 two newly founded Reformate monasteries in Tölz and Hedingen. With 7 convents, the prerequisites were met for the custody to become a province.

The Bavaria was the first Reformatenprovinz the Franciscan order at all. To it belonged the monasteries in Munich, Freising, Ingolstadt, Kelheim, Landshut, Tölz, Hedingen , up to the 1660s the province with Amberg and Pfreimd, Weilheim and Dingolfing, Schrobenhausen, Stadtamhof, Eggenfelden and Altötting, Reutberg, Neuburg ( Donau), Kemnath, Cham, Neukirchen in the Bavarian Forest and Dietfurt to more than 20 branches. The province made an important contribution to recatholicization , especially in the Upper Palatinate, by founding monasteries . Berchtesgaden was added in 1695, and Schleissheim in 1702 .

The 18th century was a heyday for the province. It was initially supported by the Wittelsbach electors , on whose side the Franciscans had stood in the War of the Spanish Succession , and also by the responsible bishops. In 1762 the province had 27 branches; in Kurbayern it comprised 586 fathers, 97 clergy, 173 lay brothers and 8 lay novices, as the provincial stated in a list for the state. With the brothers in the seven monasteries outside of Spa Bavaria , over 1000 Franciscans are likely to have belonged to Bavaria . In some years 20 to 25 novice clergymen entered the province, so that the number of study houses for the next generation of the order increased. The brothers were mainly active in pastoral care and took over preaching and auxiliary activities in the pastoral care and founded and supervised brotherhoods in their monastery churches. In particular, they propagated the veneration of the Way of the Cross and consecrated over a thousand ways of the Cross in churches between 1730 and 1750. The Franciscans worked as confessors and preachers in several women's convents and were confessors for bishops and nobles. The cathedral preachers at Freising Cathedral came from the ranks of the Franciscans at that time. They supervised the pilgrimages in Altötting , Neukirchen , Amberg and Freystadt , while the popular mission was mostly carried out by Jesuits . Overall, the provincial historian Bernardin Lins calculated that between 1752 and 1861 the brothers gave an average of 7234 sermons, 2123065 confessions, 606 catechesis and 1316 deaths per year. Most of the monasteries were heavily involved in feeding the poor ; The monasteries had commissioned their own brothers, known as operarii , to take care of the sick and caring for the terminal . In the turmoil of the Austrian Wars of Succession , the province lost 134 brothers in the care of the sick in 1742 and 1743.

Several lay brothers in the province were builders, craftsmen and architects. So it was possible for the province to build two or three monasteries at the same time. The brothers Hugolin Partenhauser († 1681) and Philipp Plank († 1720) each led the construction of five to seven monasteries. Other brothers worked as carpenters to create the altars of the new monastery churches.

In the field of education, the province limited itself to the philosophical and theological training of its own young religious. The Bavaria has had no schools and high schools, in contrast to the Saxonia , which had 12 schools at the end of the 18th century. Only a few members of the province emerged as scholars such as the moral theologian and canon lawyer Anaklet Reiffenstuel (1641 / 2–1703) and the dogmatist Dalmatius Kick (1721–1769), who was also Provincial of Bavaria from 1753 to 1756 . The philosophical and theological courses were held in Latin in several convents in the province, and the lecturers had generally not graduated from a university outside the order. Only the study houses in Freising and Ingolstadt had a significance beyond the province and were recognized by the order's leadership as Studium generale in 1685 , in Freising from 1691 to 1713 the diocese of Freising also had its priestly candidates trained. According to the provincial statutes, teaching had to be based on the medieval scholastic Franciscan Johannes Duns Scotus . No member of the province was beatified or canonized .

secularization

In the reign of Elector Maximilian III. Joseph , the state increasingly intervened in the interests of the Church and also of the Franciscan Province. On July 3, 1769, the priest's clerical council forbade the Franciscans to provide pastoral care in women's monasteries; by decrees of November 2 and December 30, 1769, collecting alms was forbidden, connections to monasteries outside of spa Bavaria and to the management of the entire order were prohibited, and higher offices were allowed can only be exercised by brothers born in Kurbayern and the number of "foreigners" in the convents was limited. Overall, the number of provincial members should be reduced to 400. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Minister Maximilian von Montgelas implemented the secularization of the monasteries on January 25, 1802 and condemned the Franciscan province to extinction by closing most of the monasteries and forbidding new entrants. “Foreign” brothers were expelled, for the others, unless they left the order, central or extinction monasteries were set up in the convents in Ingolstadt, Dietfurt, Füssen, Altstadt, Klosterlechfeld, Marienweihe, Volkersberg and Neukirchen. 32 Bavarian Franciscan monasteries were affected; among the Capuchins there were 23 monasteries. The number of staff in the Bavarian Franciscan monasteries fell from 558 in 1802 (401 clergy and fathers, 157 lay brothers) to 62 in 1827 (23 fathers, only six of them under 60 years of age and 39 lay brothers). Some monasteries were formally abolished, but the brothers retained their right of residence and in fact remained in existence until a revival in the 1820s.

19th and 20th centuries

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In the Bavarian Concordat of 1817 between the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Holy See , the Kingdom of Bavaria declared itself ready in Article VIII, "in view of the advantages which the religious orders have brought to the Church and the State, and can subsequently also bring" "To have some monasteries of the religious orders of both sexes built either for teaching the youth in religion and the sciences, or for help in pastoral care, or for the care of the sick ... with an appropriate amount". King Maximilian I Joseph implemented this reluctantly. It was only his son Ludwig I who made the restoration of monasteries a concern. In 1827 the Franciscans took over the monastery of St. Anna in Münchem at his express instruction , which they still hold today. After the secularization , the king wanted to bring religious people back into the city and decided in favor of the Franciscans, initially against the advice of his "Supreme Church and School Council" Eduard von Schenk , who had concerns that the popular, habit- wearing Franciscans were among the higher Social circles could find less appeal, and advocated the settlement of oratorians . The decisive factor for the king was that in 1330 the Franciscan theologian Wilhelm von Ockham had found asylum with Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian in Munich and then defended the emperor against the Pope . On All Saints Day , November 1, 1827, the Franciscans solemnly took over their St. Anna monastery, a little later the library came to Munich from the abolished Ingolstadt monastery . On July 2, 1838, they were also given pastoral care in the St. Anna parish. The monastery became the main monastery of the subsequently flourishing Bavaria and the seat of the provincial council .

In 1995 Bavaria had 138 members, on January 1, 2010 there were 81, half of them older than 70, 56 fathers and 27 lay brothers . At the time, the province had offices in 11 locations.

After several years of preparation from the end of the 1990s, the Bavarian Franciscan Province ( Bavaria ) merged on July 1, 2010 with the Cologne Franciscan Province ( Colonia ), the Saxon Franciscan Province (Saxonia) and the Thuringian Franciscan Province (Thuringia) to form the German Franciscan Province of St. Elisabeth . The four provinces had different legal statuses. The legal form of Bavaria as a corporation under public law (KdöR) appeared to be the more favorable legal status for tax purposes and was therefore transferred to the new province. The General Minister of the Order decreed the merger on July 8, 2008 in the form that the Colonia , Saxonia and Thuringia were dissolved; their rights and duties were transferred to Bavaria , the brothers of the dissolved provinces were incorporated into Bavaria . The name of Bavaria was changed to "German Franciscan Province" with the short title Germania and the patronage of St. Elisabeth of Thuringia, the provincialate remained in Munich.

Branches

Existing, now German Franciscan Province

Formerly part of the Bavarian Province or Bavarian Custody (before 1625)

Well-known provincial ministers

  • Antonius a Galbiato (1625-1635)
  • Augustine a Mondolpho (1635–1638)
  • Johannes Ketterle (1638–1641, 1647–1650)
  • Ludwig Gerlsboeck (1641–1644, 1656–1659)
  • Ambrosius Eder (1644–1647)
  • Ambrosius Kirchmayr (1650–1653, 1659–1662)
  • Modestus Reichhardt (1653–1656, 1662–1665)
  • Boniface Sutor (1665–1668, 1674–1677)
  • Balthasar Weinhardt (1668–1671, 1686–1689)
  • Athanasius Faber (1671–1674)
  • Fortunatus Hueber (1677–1680)
  • Barnabas Kirchhuber (1680–1683, 1695–1698)
  • Paulus Agricola (1683–1686)
  • Benno Mayr (1689–1692, 1698–1701)
  • Anselm Furtmayr (1692–1695)
  • Honoratus Schmid (1701–1704)
  • David Winter (1704-1703)

...

  • Dalmatius Kick (1753–1756)

...

  • Taurinus Rauchmann (1771–1774)
  • Edmund Schmaus (1774–1777, previously 1769–1771 provincial vicar)
  • Synesius Geiger (1777–1780)
  • Sigismund Zächerl (1780–1783, 1789–1792)
  • Expedit Walter (1783–1786, 1792–1795, 1801–1809)
  • Ludger Faustner (1786–1789, 1795–1798)
  • Gabriel Dietrich (1798–1801, 1809–1812 provincial vicar)
  • Dominikus Seitz (Provincial Vicar, 1812–1817)
  • Johannes Nepomuk Glöttner (1829–1835, previously 1817–1829 provincial vicar)

...

...

  • Franz Sales Aschenauer (1946–1952)
  • Tharsicius Sibold (1952–1961)
  • Wilhelm Forster (1961–1967)
  • Moritz Steinheimer (1967–1976)
  • Arno Mühlrath (1976–1985)
  • Heinrich Fürst (1985–1995)
  • Benedikt Grimm (1995-2004)
  • Maximilian Wagner (2004-2010)

Well-known members of the province

literature

  • Parthenius Minges: History of the Franciscans in Bavaria. Edited from printed and unprinted sources. Munich 1896.
  • Bernardin Lins: History of the Bavarian Franciscan Province. Landshut / Munich 1926–1939.
    • Part 1: History of the Bavarian Franciscan Province of St. Anthony of Padua from its foundation to secularization 1620-1802 (1926)
    • Part 2: 1802-1827 (1931)
    • Part: 3: 1827-1938 (1939)
  • Bavarian Franciscan Province (Ed.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. MDV Maristen Druck & Verlag, Furth 2010.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Willibald Kullmann: The Saxon Franciscan Province, a tabular guide to its history. Düsseldorf 1927, 9.14-20.
  2. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here p. 6f.
  3. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here p. 7f.
  4. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here pp. 11–19.26.
  5. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here pp. 19ff. 24–27.
  6. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here p. 27ff.
  7. ↑ Raynald Wagner: On the history of the Bavarian Franciscan Province from 1625 to 1802. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 6–29, here p. 21f.
  8. ↑ Christiane Schwarz: The Bavarian Franciscan Province from Secularization to 1933. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 30–49, here p. 31.
  9. ↑ Christiane Schwarz: The Bavarian Franciscan Province from Secularization to 1933. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625 - 2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 30–49, here pp. 31–35.
  10. ↑ Maximilian Wagner: The unification process of the four German (4D) Franciscan provinces. In: Bayerische Franziskanerprovinz (Hrsg.): 1625-2010. The Bavarian Franciscan Province. From its beginnings until today. Furth 2010, pp. 72–81, here p. 80.