Bioeconomy

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bioeconomy (sometimes also known as knowledge-based bio-economy in Europe ) is seen by some as the transformation from a market-based oil-based economy to a market economy in which fossil resources are replaced by various renewable raw materials. It is therefore a component of a post-fossil economy . At the same time, bioeconomy describes all forms of processing renewable raw materials for paper production, pharmaceutical production or food processing.

The bioeconomy should enable products and processes to be produced more sustainably within an economy. In politics, the development of the bioeconomy is usually linked to social goals. The bioeconomy should contribute to sustainable development and green growth . In particular, it is associated with the achievement of the UN sustainability goals for food security , climate protection , sustainable consumption and production conditions and the preservation of the most important natural goods, such as drinking water, fertile soils, clean air and biodiversity .

In Germany, the topic is the motto of the " Science Year 2020".

One of the most important companies in this area is JRS in Rosenberg-Holzmühle, which has been processing fiber materials for decades.

background

The concept of the bioeconomy was originally developed against the background of a rapidly growing world population and the associated expectation that fossil raw materials such as crude oil , natural gas and coal will become scarcer in the future. The Bioeconomy Council states that the bioeconomy today is no longer primarily driven by rising price expectations for fossil raw materials. Rather, the development of further raw material deposits u. a. contributed to the fact that this argument became less urgent. However, in the course of the climate negotiations, great importance was attached to the strategic goal of decarbonization , especially by the G7 industrialized countries.

In this context, the European Commission notes that the bioeconomy concerns the production of renewable biological resources and their conversion into food and feed, bio-based products and bioenergy. The bioeconomy thus includes numerous sectors, such as agriculture, forestry and fishing, the food industry , the wood and paper industry , biotechnology and other process technologies, but also parts of the chemical, textile and energy industries as well as services in the areas of trade, Logistics and environmental technologies. The process of biologization contributes to the further expansion of the bioeconomy.

The bioeconomy is based on the circular principle of nature and sees the change to a circular economy as an essential model. In terms of resource efficiency and sustainability , it aims at the gradual recycling and multiple use of resources.

Until 2005, the term bioeconomy was mainly used in relation to economic activities resulting from new products and processes in biotechnology. These include, for example, biological pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics and immunotherapies , but also technical biopolymers for materials . With the rapid developments in the life sciences , this narrower definition of the bioeconomy has often been extended to the use of biological resources and knowledge.

In 2009, the German Federal Ministries of Education and Research (BMBF) and Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) set up a Bioeconomy Council (BÖR) (previously Bioeconomy Research and Technology Council ) as an independent advisory body for the German Federal Government . The Bioeconomy Council understands the bioeconomy as "the production and use of biological resources (including biological knowledge) in order to provide products, processes and services in all economic sectors within the framework of a sustainable economic system." The Bioeconomy Council thereby emphasizes the potential for developing more sustainable products and processes .

The understanding of bioeconomy is strongly influenced by politics and research and thus differs in the different countries in terms of scope and orientation. While the definition in some countries (e.g. USA , India , South Africa or South Korea ) is heavily oriented towards the life sciences and the health economy, others (e.g. Brazil , Canada , Finland or New Zealand ) refer more to the traditional bioeconomy , i.e. the use of renewable raw materials in industry . A third group of countries (including the Netherlands , China , Malaysia , Thailand , Japan or Russia ) sees the bioeconomy more as a new bio-based industry in connection with high-tech developments.

development

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994) with his main work The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971) is considered a pioneer of bioeconomics . He recognized that economic processes are particularly dominated by thermodynamics . The occasionally so-called "Fourth Law of Georgescu-Roegen" concerns the entropy of matter : The imbalance thermodynamics of living systems can not be adequately described with energetic concepts without the entity information . Formal scientific principles come from cybernetics ( biophysics : Heinz von Foerster ), chaos research ( physical chemistry : Ilya Prigogine ) and synergetics ( non-linearity : Hermann Haken ).

The bioeconomic interest applies to the “conditions of possibility” ( ecological constraints ) on viability , the backflow of information into the ( symbiotic ) products of evolution as “causality from above” ( Rupert Riedl , 1925–2005) and “ downward causality ” as the basis for selection ( Donald T. Campbell , 1916-1996). In physical terms, information is the opposite of entropy. Because of the existential biophysical significance of the law of entropy (second and fourth law of thermodynamics ), bioeconomy is fundamental to the theory of commodity theory (Eberhard K. Seifert and Richard Kiridus-Göller, 2012).

Bioeconomic findings on the dynamics of living systems are used in a variety of ways in the sustainable use of resources . Mathematical bioeconomy discusses more effective methods of resource management (Colin W. Clark, 1976). Its beginnings are related to the theories and mathematical modeling of fisheries science in the mid-1950s (S. Gordon, A. Scott, M. B. Schäfer).

For the use of biomass (raw materials of vegetable, animal and microbial origin) the terms food, feed, fiber and fuel are used in English . In addition, the bioeconomy affects all economic strategies that are derived from basic research on biomolecular processes through to systems biology and complexity research . Bionics illuminates the systemic background of the bioeconomy . Strictly material definitions of bioeconomy are not scientific because their findings are primarily based on biophysical and information-theoretical foundations and their applications are not limited to biochemistry and biotechnology . The aim is to maximize the viability of social systems.

While the basic meaning of bioeconomy in German is gradually in danger of being displaced into its opposite - it is still preserved in comparatively Romance languages ​​(Maurio Bonaiuti 2011): Bioeconomia in the Italian-speaking area addresses the boundary conditions of the biosphere that are ignored by the economic paradigm of the growth society and the necessary ones Interdisciplinarity between economics, politics and culture . Opportunities for encounters with economic methods that are socially, ecologically, economically or politically harmful have been discussed since Georgescu-Roegen (La Décroissance 1979).

In the sense of the expert opinion of the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) from 2011, “ Social Contract for a Great Transformation ” with its postulate of turning away from fossil fuels as the basis of the economy, the term bioeconomy dominated as the new model of global agriculture and Food production the annual international meeting of agriculture ministers at the International Green Week 2015 in Berlin .

Interdisciplinary classification

Describing biological and sociocultural evolution from uniform evolutionary principles is the interdisciplinary concern of the Systemic Theory of Evolution . The ecological economy strives to integrate bio- economy and socio- economy . “Biostrategies” are based on the economic efficiency of biological models, bioeconomic organizational theories on the self-organization processes of evolution. The cybernetic model of viable systems ( Viable System Model ) by Stafford Beer (1926–2002) is important for evolutionary management . In the years 1958–1974, the Biological Computer Laboratory (BCL), under the direction of the biophysicist Heinz von Foerster, focused on the study of self-organizing systems. The Biocybernetics as a path to sustainable development is the legacy of Frederic Vester (1925-2003). Paul Ablay (1987) is considered a pioneer in the application of evolutionary strategies to optimize operational processes in procurement, production and distribution; in materials management, he developed methods for increasing efficiency based on evolutionary patterns. 'The Blue Economy®' stands for the physical optimization of sustainable business design ( Gunter Pauli 2010).

To promote the studies and applications of bioeconomics, the European Association for Bioeconomic Studies (EABS) was founded in Venice in May 1990 with a subsidy from the Dragan Foundation. The Journal of Bioeconomics (organ of the International Society for Bioeconomics), founded by Janet T. Landa and Michael T. Ghiselin, has been published since 1999 . Since the beginning of 2012, the publisher has been Ulrich Witt, director of the Evolutionary Economics department at the Max Planck Institute for Economics , Jena.

For the generalist orientation of the economy and technology on the bio-cultural context to has in the Warenlehre Richard Kiridus-Göller (2002; 2012) used which are organizing models ( KE Boulding 1956, Herman E. Daly 1996). The corresponding socio-ecological model - the organizational logic ("orgware") necessary for sustainability to implement bioeconomic strategies - he has programmatically named " bioware ": The qualitative decision criterion is the compatibility of economic efficiency (performance) and ecological effectiveness (impact): Eco-effectiveness . On the other hand, the ideological entanglement of life as a commodity with money, market and biotechnology is what Kaushik S. Rajan (2006) describes as “biocapitalism”. If there is no biophysical boundary, such an understanding of the bioeconomy leads to “term grabbing” that disrupts the meaning (Christiane Grefe 2016).

The American political scientist Lynton K. Caldwell (1913–2006) describes the resumption of the physiocracy's economic approach on a contemporary, scientific-systemic basis as biocracy. In this respect, bioeconomics also means a paradigm shift in economics. Humans enter into a symbiotic relationship - in cybernetic coevolution - just as they do with society and the biosphere ( Joël de Rosnay 1997). The environmental economist Georg Winter donated a Biocracy Prize, which was awarded for the second time in July 2013.

The sociological criticism of the “ commodification of life” (S. Lettow 2012, Gottwald & Krätzer 2014) is based on the lack of an economic paradigm shift : the mechanistic misinterpretation of bioeconomics / bioeconomics, primarily oriented towards biotechnologies (biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy) instead of bionics.

Socio-political classification

Sociopolitical definition

The bioeconomy, as it is used as a term in the socio-political discussion, extends to all industrial and economic sectors that use renewable biological resources for the manufacture of products and for the provision of services using innovative biological and technological knowledge and processes. The introduction of a bio-based economy is linked to the hope of new, sustainably produced products or sustainable processes.

Political Concepts

The concept of a bio-based economy has been discussed at the European level since the end of the 1990s. EU Research Commissioner Janez Potočnik first presented the concept of a knowledge-based bioeconomy using the above definition in 2005. During the German Council Presidency on May 30, 2007 at the conference "En Route to the Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy", the so-called Cologne Declaration (Cologne Paper) was formulated, which identified biomedicine as a field of action in addition to food, biomaterials, bioprocesses and bioenergy. The areas of the bioeconomy are defined inconsistently in numerous publications. The EU excludes this area. A communication paper by the EU Commission of February 29, 2012 is based on a narrower focus, primarily on agriculture and forestry. Another publication by the EU Commission of February 13, 2012, on the other hand, emphasizes innovation, resource efficiency and sustainability in terms of industrial processes and environmental protection. In contrast to the view of European politics, the US government explicitly added the field of biomedicine to the bioeconomy in 2012, as did the OECD. Germany, on the other hand, only indirectly includes biomedicine in the “National Research Strategy BioEconomy 2030” of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research . This primarily concerns the area of ​​industrial production of biomolecules, to which, in addition to biological, pharmaceutically active substances, food supplements or process enzymes are added. In July 2013, the Federal Ministries for Education and Research as well as Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection also presented the “Bioeconomy Policy Strategy”, which deals in detail with the potential of the bioeconomy, but also with conflicting goals.

The concept of the bioeconomy has gained political dynamism and importance worldwide over the past ten years. At the first Global Bioeconomy Summit (November 2015) it was reported that 45 countries (including the European Union) have already anchored the bioeconomy in their political strategies. The approaches and motivations for promoting the bioeconomy are varied. While the European Union , Germany , Finland , Japan , Malaysia , South Africa , the USA and the West Nordic countries (Faroe Islands, Greenland and Iceland ) have published comprehensive bioeconomy policy strategies, other countries promote bioeconomy from the perspective of a specific policy area. For example, China , Kenya , Russia and South Korea are focusing on policy strategies to promote biotechnology and converging technologies. B. Brazil , Great Britain and India have published bioenergy strategies. Countries with a strong agricultural or forestry sector, such as Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Uruguay or Indonesia , are integrating the bioeconomy into their sector strategies. Finally, there is a group of countries such as Argentina , Austria , Sweden or Namibia that focus on bioeconomic issues in their research strategies.

Economical meaning

Around 13 billion tons of biomass are available globally (2012). Around 60% of them are used for animal feed . 15% of the raw materials are used for food and 25% for energetic and material use. In addition to bioenergy and food, the important bio-based industrial products (so far) are specialty chemicals, bio-based plastics and composites , surfactants , varnishes and paints, lubricants, as well as paper and cellulose , building materials, furniture and pharmaceuticals . The most important energy sources are wood products, biogas and biofuels . It is expected that technological progress, especially in the area of life sciences including the classic chemical industry, will lead to the development of new products that combine sustainability with increased consumer benefits.

The bioeconomy is already an economic factor today . In 2013, the bioeconomy in the EU contributed an estimated total annual turnover of around € 2.1 trillion. and employed around 18.3 million people (around 9% of the workforce in the EU). In the US, bio-based products contributed around $ 370 billion to gross value added in the US (2013). The bio-based industry employed an estimated 4 million workers there and was particularly concentrated in the states of Mississippi, Oregon, Maine, Wisconsin, Idaho, Alabama, North Carolina, Arkan-sas and South Dakota. In addition, Brazil is a pioneer in bioenergy, for example . In 2012 the sugar cane industry alone contributed 2% to GDP and in 2011 employed around 1 million people.

In Germany around 12.5% ​​of employees depend on companies that can be classified as part of the bioeconomy. They generate around 7.6% of the German gross value added. The added value in the bioeconomy is 12% in the primary sector (agriculture and forestry), 52% in the secondary sector (processing industry) and 36% in the tertiary sector (trade and services). The focus areas include the energy industry - 7.6% of energy consumption is covered by renewable raw materials - and the chemical industry : 13% of the raw materials processed here are bio-based.

Pioneering companies in the bioeconomy include: Arkema (France, biopolymers), Bioamber (USA, chemicals), Borregaard (Norway, wood-based biorefinery), Braskem (Brazil, Bio-PE), DSM (Netherlands, enzymes), Evonik (Germany, Chemicals), NatureWorks (USA, bioplastics), Lanza-Tech (USA, bio-based CO 2 processing), Novamont (Italy, bioplastics / biorefinery), Novozymes (Denmark, enzymes), Roquette (France, chemicals), Solazyme (USA, bioenergy ), Virent (France). In addition to these and other corporations, there is also an active scene made up of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs); Examples are c-LEcta GmbH in Leipzig or evoxx technologies GmbH (merger of “evocatal GmbH” and “aevotis GmbH”) in Monheim am Rhein . In January 2016, the biotech company BRAIN AG announced its IPO in the "Prime Standard" on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. This makes the company the first biotech company in almost ten years to venture onto the German stock exchange. BRAIN AG develops and markets a wide range of industrial biotechnology products such as enzymes, microorganisms and natural substances.

It is expected that, with the help of the bioeconomy, answers to the global challenges facing humanity can be found. According to a strategy paper funded by the EU Commission, these are: climate change , safe food for a growing world population , fair distribution of the burdens of globalization, sustainable use of resources, secure energy supplies and the health of an aging population. Above all, the insecure supply of inexpensive fossil resources and their harmful effect on climatic development make a change in the industrial raw material base necessary. According to the OECD, raw material change can be achieved with sustainable production and the processing of biomass using modern biological processes. Today around 6% of the fossil raw materials in chemical production are used to manufacture plastics and lubricants, solvents and surfactants.

Controversy

Controversies and conflicting goals have developed around some aspects of the bioeconomy. Many of these relate to the use of the biomass itself or other natural resources such as soil or water that are required for their production. Critics complain that the intensive management of agricultural land and forests is endangering biodiversity . In the context of the tank-or-plate debate, it is discussed whether the conversion of biomass into biofuels endangers the availability of food. With biogenic residues that are not suitable for human consumption, competition between tank and plate can be avoided. This is what so-called second generation biorefineries rely on . But whether there are enough biogenic residues in Germany for the bio-based economy is controversial.

Since the availability of biomass is limited, at least in Germany and Europe, there is a conflict of objectives between the energetic use of biomass ( biofuels , biogas ) and the material use, i.e. the conversion of biomass into higher-quality products (chemicals, bioplastics ). The Federal Ministry of Education and Research has analyzed the possibility of material use of biomass in the "Biorefineries Roadmap". The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection , on the other hand, has advocated both the energetic and material use of biomass. The Federal Environment Agency , on the other hand, prefers material use. The use of genetically modified plants in the context of the bioeconomy is also often criticized.

See also

literature

  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen : The Entropy Law and the Economic Process. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1971, ISBN 0-674-25781-2 .
  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: La décroissance. Entropy - Ecology - Économie . Presentation et traduction de Jacques Grinevald et Ivo Rens. Éditions Pierre-Marcel Favre, Lausanne, 1re édition 1979 / Nouvelle édition: Éditions Sang de la terre, Paris, 1995, ISBN 2-86985-077-8 .
  • Joseph C. Dragan, Mihai C. Demetrescu: Entropy and Bioeconomics. The New Paradigm of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. 2nd Edition. Nagard Publisher, Rome 1991, OCLC 471618291 .
  • Entropy and bioeconomics, first international conference of the EABS, Rome November 28-30 , 1991. Nagard Publisher, Milan 1993, ISBN 88-85010-11-3 .
  • Implications and applications of bioeconomics: second international conference of the EABS; proceedings; Palma de Mallorca, March 11-13, 1994. Nagard Publisher, Milan 1997, ISBN 88-85010-48-2 .
  • Cybernetics, Ecology and Bioeconomics. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference EABS Dragan European Foundation, Cybernetic Academy "Stefan Odobleja". Palma de Mallorca 7-10 Nov. 1998, Nagard Publisher, ISBN 88-85010-59-8 .
  • Mathias Binswanger : Information and Entropy. Ecological perspectives of the transition to an information economy . Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 1992, ISBN 3-593-34774-1 .
  • Robert U. Ayres : Information, Entropy and Progress. A New Evolutionary Paradigm . American Institute of Physics: AIP Press, Woodbury / New York 1994. ISBN 0-88318-911-9 .
  • Geoffrey M. Hodgson: Economics and Evolution: Bringing Life Back into Economics . The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor 1996, ISBN 0-472-10522-1 .
  • Kozo Mayumi, John M. Gowdy (Eds.): Bioeconomics and Sustainability: Essays in Honor of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 1999, ISBN 1-85898-667-2 .
  • Thomas Randolph Beard, Gabriel A. Lozada: Economics, Entropy and the Environment. The Extraordinary Economics of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 1999, ISBN 1-84064-122-3 .
  • Kozo Mayumi: The Origins of Ecological Economics: The Bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen. Routledge Research in Environmental Economics, London / New York 2001, ISBN 0-415-23523-5 .
  • Mansour Mohammadian: Bioeconomics. Biological Economics. Interdisciplinary Study of Biology, Economics and Education. 2nd Edition. Entrelineas Editores, Madrid 2003, ISBN 84-96190-72-2 .
  • Peter A. Corning: Holistic Darwinism. Synergy, Cybernetics, and the Bioeconomics of Evolution. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2005, ISBN 0-226-11613-1 .
  • Mauro Bonaiuti (Ed.) / Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (Author): From Bioeconomics to Degrowth: Georgescu-Roegen's “New Economics” in eight essays. Routledge (Taylor and Francis), London / New York 2011. ISBN 978-0-415-58700-6 .
    • Maurio Bonaiuti: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: Bioeconomia. Verso un 'altra economia ecologicamente e socialmente sostenibile. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2003. ISBN 88-339-1467-4 .
    • Maurio Bonaiuti: Bioeconomy . - In: Giacomo D'Alisa, Federico Demaria, Giorgos Kallis (eds.): Degrowth. Handbook for a New Era. oekom verlag, Munich 2016, pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-3-86581-767-9 .
  • Janet T. Landa, Michael T. Ghiselin (Eds.): Journal of Bioeconomics. published since 1999, published by Springer, ISSN  1387-6996 .
Translations into German
  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: Afterword. In: Jeremy Rifkin: Entropy. A new worldview. translated by Christa Falk u. Walter Fliss. Ullstein non-fiction book no. 34289, Frankfurt am Main / Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-548-34289-2 , pp. 299-309.
  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: The Entropy Law and the Economic Process in Retrospect. In: Eastern Economic Journal. 1986.
    • German: Entropy law and economic process in retrospect. In: IÖW series of publications. 05/87, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-926930-01-2 , pp. 4-31.
  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: The interplay of institutional and material factors: the problem and its status. translated by Patricia Blaas. In: Egon Matzner u. a. (Ed.): Work is possible for everyone. Ed. Sigma, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-924859-21-3 , pp. 313-340.
  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: Thermodynamics and we, the people. translated by Richard Kiridus-Göller. In: Forum Ware. 28 (2000) No. 1-4, ISSN  0340-7705 , pp. 129-143.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: The minimum bioeconomic program. In: Forum Ware. 28 (2000) No. 1-4, pp. 126-128. (Excerpt from the first German translation by the IÖW Berlin, with prefaces by Eberhard K. Seifert and appendices)
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: In memoriam “NGR” Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994). In: Bioware. Journal of Biology and Commodity Science. 6th vol. (1995) No. 1, pp. 16-19.
  • Herman E. Daly : Economy Beyond Growth. The Economics of Sustainable Development. (American original: Beyond Growth. The Economy of Sustainable Development. Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts 1996). Verlag Anton Pustet, Salzburg 1999, ISBN 3-7025-0375-7 .
Technical article
  • Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen: Bio-Economic Aspects of Entropy. In: Libor Kubat, Jiri Zeman (Eds.): Entropy and Information. Elsevier Pub. Co, Amsterdam / New York 1975, pp. 125-142.
  • Walter Krieg: Information, Entropy and Order. In: Walter Krieg: Cybernetic foundations of corporate design. Verlag Paul Haupt, Bern / Stuttgart 1971, pp. 50–55.
  • Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker : excursus on goods and money. In: Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker: The unity of nature. Studies. Part III.5: The meaning of cybernetics / matter, energy, information. Hanser, Munich 1971, ISBN 3-446-11386-X , pp. 356-360.
  • Kenneth E. Boulding : Commodities as an Evolutionary System . - Evolutionary Economics. Sage Publications: Beverly Hills, London 2nd Ed. 1982, ISBN 0-8039-1648-5 , pp. 49-81.
  • Kenneth E. Boulding: The Economy of Energy and Entropy in Evolutionary Perspective . - In: Evolutionary Economics. Sage Publications: Beverly Hills, London 2nd Ed. 1982, ISBN 0-8039-1648-5 , pp. 147-168.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: On the problem of 'economic theories being forgotten about nature'. Theses of a research program on the future of memory. In: R. Pfriem (Ed.): Ecological corporate policy. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-593-33580-8 , pp. 13-51.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: Entropy and Bioeconomy. In: The Entropy Law and the Economic Process in Retrospect. IÖW series of publications 5/1987, ISBN 3-926930-01-2 , pp. 32–56.
  • Hans Mohr : Biology and Economics - Opportunities for an Interdisciplinarity . In: U. Witt (Ed.): Studies on Evolutionary Economics I. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1990. ISBN 978-3-428-06928-6 , pp. 209-219.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: “Sustainability” from a bioeconomic point of view. Economic ethical implications of a new development policy guiding principle. In: Business Ethical Perspectives. Part I .: Theory, questions of order, international institutions. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-428-07882-9 , pp. 173-210.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas .- In: Forum Ware. 24 (1996) No. 1-4, pp. 172-175.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: Genesis of the bioeconomy, current international status. In: Forum Ware. 28 (2000) No. 1-4, pp. 125-126.
  • Eberhard K. Seifert: Bioeconomics - against mechanistic world views. On the centenary of L. Boltzmann and N. Georgescu-Roegen. In: bioskop. Austrian Biologist Association 9 (2006) No. 4, ISSN  1560-2516 , pp. 16-20.
  • Nikolaus Piper: Before us the decline. Georgescu-Roegen examined the natural boundaries for the economy . DIE ZEIT Feb. 26, 1993.
  • John Gowdy, Susan Mesner: The Evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's Bioeconomics. In: Review of Social Economy. Vol LVI / No. 2: Summer 1998, pp. 136-156.
  • Ulrich Witt: Bioeconomics as Economics from a Darwinian Perspective. In: Journal of Bioeconomics. Vol. 1 / No. 1, 1999, pp. 19-34.
  • Hartmut Weigelt, Udo Glittenberg: Bioeconomy - An interdisciplinary training, research and business concept. In: BTF-Biotech-Forum. 5 (1988) No. 4, pp. 273-275.
  • Hartmut Weigelt, Udo Glittenberg: Living interdisciplinarity - bioeconomy. In: Biology Today. (1989) No. 364, pp. 5-8.
  • Paul Ablay: Optimizing with evolution strategies. In: Spectrum of Science. July 1987, pp. 104-115.
  • Paul Ablay: Construction of controlled evolution strategies to solve difficult optimization problems of the economy. In: Jörg Albertz (Ed.): Evolution and evolution strategies in biology, technology and society. (= Series of publications of the Free Academy. Volume 9). 2nd Edition. Berlin / Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-923834-07-1 , pp. 73-106.
  • Fritz Söllner: Georgescu-Roegen's "fourth law of thermodynamics". In: (Ders., Habilitation thesis University of Bayreuth): Thermodynamics and environmental economics. (= Series Environment and Economy. Volume 17). Physika-Verlag, Springer Heidelberg 1996, ISBN 3-7908-0940-3 , p. 125 ff.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: The importance of the bioeconomy for the theory of commodity theory. In: Forum Ware. 28 (2000) No. 1-4, pp. 128-129.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: The commodity science in its tradition and meaning. In: R. Löbbert, H. Lungershausen (Ed.): The goods being and appearing. Verlag Europa-Lehrmittel Nourney, Vollmer & Co, Haan-Gruiten 2002, ISBN 3-8085-9857-3 , pp. 169-200.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: Viability, the bioeconomic gain. In: bioskop. Austrian Biologist Association 11 (2008) No. 1, ISBN 978-3-9502381-8-1 , pp. 25-28.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: Bioware - program for a viable economy. In: D. Pinter, U. Schubert (Ed.): Economy - Society - Nature. Approaches to sustainable economic activity. Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-89518-841-1 , pp. 223-236.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: On the difference between logos and nomos: what survives is true. In: St. Haltmayer, FM Wuketits, G. Gotz (Ed.): Homo universalis. Erhard Oeser to celebrate his 70th birthday. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2011, ISBN 978-3-631-59177-2 , pp. 27-51.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: About goods, biology and economy and the search for a viable program. In: Forum Ware. 40 (2012) No. 1-4, pp. 24-25.
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller: Thoughts on the ethos of biocracy: on the nomos of the economy and the logos of life. In: Business publications on the rights of nature / biocracy. Published by the House of the Future, Hamburg. Volume 20. Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2015, pp. 59–69. ISBN 978-3-7316-1180-6 .
  • Eberhard Seidel, Eberhard Seifert: 'Biocracy'. Further development of political decision-making. In: E. Seidel (Ed.): Georg Winter - Pioneer of environmentally conscious corporate management. Festschrift for Georg Winter on his 70th birthday. Metropolis-Verlag, Marburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-89518-880-0 , pp. 491-497.
  • Franz M. Wuketits : Keyword bioeconomy. In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau. 65 (2012) issue 8, pp. 441–442 and Forum Ware. 40 (2012) No. 1-4, pp. 26-27.
  • J. Wesseler, P. Aerni: Sustainability and the bioeconomy. In: AgBioForum. 14 (3) 2011, pp. 94-96.
  • S. J Smyth, P. Aerni, D. Castle, M. Demont, JB Falck-Zepeda, R. Paarlberg, PWB Phillips, CE Pray, S. Savastano, J. Wesseler, D. Zilberman: Sustainability and the bioeconomy: Policy recommendations from the 15th ICABR conference. In: AgBioForum. 14 (3) 2011, pp. 180-186.
  • Justus Wesseler, David S. Spielman, Matty Demont (Eds.): The Future of Governance in the Global Bioeconomy: Policy, Regulation, and Investment Challenges for the Biotechnology and Bioenergy Sectors. In: AgBioForum. 13 (4) 2011, pp. 288-290.
  • Christian Marazzi: Bioeconomy and Biocapitalism . - In: Vittoria Borsò, Michele Cometa (ed.): The art of “farming” life. - transcript-Verlag, Bielefeld 2013, ISBN 978-3-8376-1756-6 , pp. 39-51.
  • Ralf Fücks : Bioeconomy . In (der): Growing intelligently. The green revolution . Hanser, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-446-43484-4 , pp. 179-225.
  • Melinda Cooper: Life Beyond Limits. The invention of the bioeconomy . - In: Andreas Folkers, Thomas Lemke (Ed.): Biopolitics. A reader . Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-518-29680-6 , pp. 468-526.
  • Franz-Theo Gottwald , Anita Krätzer: Errweg bioeconomy. In: Franz-Theo Gottwald, Anita Krätzer: Critique of a totalitarian approach . edition unseld, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-518-26051-7 .
  • Franz-Theo Gottwald: Bioeconomy and high-tech strategy: Risks for the biocracy . Book series Rights of Nature / Biocracy, Volume 11: Metropolis, Marburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-7316-1190-5 .
  • Christiane Grefe : Global Gardening. Bioeconomy - New overexploitation or economic form of the future ? Verlag Antje Kunstmann, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-95614-060-0 .
Textbooks
Bioeconomy and management
  • Colin W. Clark: Mathematical Bioeconomics: The Optimal Management of Renewable Resources. 3. Edition. John Wiley & Sons. Hoboken / New Jersey 2010, ISBN 978-0-470-37299-9 .
  • Ulrich Witt: Individualistic foundations of evolutionary economics. Mohr-Siebeck, Tübingen 1987, ISBN 3-16-945063-8 .
  • Leonhard Bauer, Herbert Matis (Ed.): Evolution - Organization - Management. For the development and self-control of complex systems. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-428-06658-8 .
  • Carsten Herrmann-Pillath : Outline of evolutionary economics. New Economic Library, ed. by Birger Priddat. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-8252-2340-X . (UTB 2340)
  • Carsten Herrmann-Pillath: Foundations Of Economic Evolution. A Treatise on the Natural Philosophy of Economics . Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2013, ISBN 978-1-84720-474-5 .
  • Fredmund Malik : Corporate Policy and Corporate Governance. How organizations organize themselves. Campus, Frankfurt / New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-593-38286-9 .
  • Fredmund Malik: Nature thinks cybernetic. Biological systems stand for a new management system. In: Kurt G. Blüchel, Fredmund Malik (Hrsg.): Fascination Bionics: The Intelligence of Creation. Bionik Media, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-939314-00-5 , pp. 80-91.
  • Robert Frenay: The Coming Age of Systems and Machines Inspired by Living Things.
    • German: impulse. The coming age of nature-inspired systems and technologies. Translation by Sebastian Vogel. Berlin-Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-8270-0602-3 .
  • Gunter Pauli : The Blue Economy . translated by Karen Schmiady. Konvergenta Publishing, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-942276-95-5 .
  • Klaus-Stephan Otto, Thomas Speck: Darwin meets business - evolutionary and bionic solutions for the economy . Gabler-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-8349-2443-8 .
  • Richard Kiridus-Göller, Eberhard K. Seifert (eds.): Evolution - goods - economy. Bioeconomic basics for commodity theory. oekom, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-86581-317-6 .
  • Peter Mersch: Systemic Evolution Theory. A system-theoretical generalization of Darwin's theory of evolution . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2012, ISBN 978-3-8482-2738-9 .
  • Holger Wacker, Jürgen Blank: Resource Economics 1: Regenerative Natural Resources . R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich / Vienna 1998. ISBN 978-3-486-23957-7 .
  • Georg Winter (Hrsg./Haus der Zukunft in Hamburg): Rights of nature / biocracy . Book series with 20 volumes: Metropolis, Marburg 2015/2016.
    • Volume 1: Eberhard Seidel: Biocracy and the Brundtland Triad. The rights of nature in economy and organization. ISBN 978-3-7316-1116-5 (February 2015).
    • Volume 2: Thomas Göllinger: Biocracy - The basics of evolutionary economics. ISBN 978-3-7316-1117-2 (February 2015).

Bio-cultural program

  • Lynton K. Caldwell: Biocracy: Public Policy and the Life Sciences. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado 1987, ISBN 0-8133-7363-8 .
  • Jörg Leimbacher: The rights of nature. Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag, Basel 1988, ISBN 3-7190-1041-4 .
  • Helmut Helsper: The rules of evolution for the law. O. Schmidt, Cologne 1989, ISBN 3-504-06106-5 .
  • Erhard Oeser : Evolution and self-construction of the law. Böhlau, Vienna / Cologne 1990, ISBN 3-205-05314-1 .
  • Robert Weimar , Guido Leidig: Evolution, Culture and Legal System . (= Contributions to Political Science, Volume 82). Peter Lang European Science Publishers, Frankfurt am Main 2002, ISBN 3-631-38965-5 .
  • Paul Ekins, Manfred Max-Neef (Ed.): Real-Life Economics. Understanding wealth creation . Routledge, London / Chapman & Hall, New York 1992, ISBN 0-415-07977-2 .
  • Michael L. Rothschild: Bionomics. The Inevitability of Capitalism: The astonishing connections between business management and the natural world . Futura Publications, London 1992, ISBN 0-7088-5244-0 .
  • Hans-Günter Wagner: bio-economy. The sustainable niche strategy of people. Haag and Herchen, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-86137-585-0 .
  • Thomas Lemke: Biopolitics as an introduction. 2nd Edition. Junius-Verlag, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-88506-635-4 .
  • Andreas Weber: Biocapital. The reconciliation of economy, nature and humanity. Berlin-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-8270-0792-6 .
  • László Mérő : The biology of money. Darwin and the Origin of Economics. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-499-62430-8 .
  • Kaushik Sunder Rajan: Biocapitalism. Values ​​in the post-genomic age. From the American by Ilse Utz. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-518-42049-2 .
  • Susanne Lettow (Ed.): Bioeconomy. The life sciences and the management of the body. transcript-verlag, Bielefeld 2012, ISBN 978-3-8376-1640-8 .
  • Franz-Theo Gottwald, Anita Krätzer: Errweg bioeconomy. Criticism of a totalitarian approach . Suhrkamp (edition unseld), Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-518-26051-7 .
  • Hans Immler: Only nature produces. The economy of the future. The future of the economy . NaturUni Verlag, Kassel 2014, ISBN 978-3-00-044085-4 .
Monographs in a bioeconomic context
  • Wilhelm Ostwald : Energetic foundations of cultural studies . Klinkhardt, Leipzig 1909. (Reprint: BiblioLife LCC, 2009), ISBN 1-113-04943-X .
  • Alfred J. Lotka : Elements of Physical Biology . Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore 1925. (Reprint: Nabu Press, 2011), ISBN 1-178-50811-0 .
  • Kenneth E. Boulding: The new models . Econ-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1958. (American original edition: The Image: Knowledge of life in society. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor Paperbacks 1956, ISBN 978-0-472-06047-4 )
  • Hans Hass : Energon. The hidden common . Fritz Molden Verlag, Vienna 1970, DNB 456920994 .
  • Hans Hass: The Hyperzeller. Evolution's new image of man. Carlsen Verlag, Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-551-85017-8 .
  • Andreas Hantschk, Michael Jung: Framework conditions for the development of life. The energon theory of Hans Hass and its position in the sciences . Verlag Natur und Wissenschaft, Solingen 1996, ISBN 3-927889-28-8 .
  • John McHale: The Ecological Context. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1974, ISBN 3-518-06590-4 .
  • Frederic Vester : New territory of thinking. From the technocratic to the cybernetic age . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-421-02703-X .
  • Werner Nachtigall : Bio strategy. A chance for our civilization to survive . Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1983, ISBN 3-455-08697-7 .
  • Joël de Rosnay : The macroscope. Systems thinking as a tool of the ecological society. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1979, ISBN 3-499-17264-X .
  • Joël de Rosnay: Homo symbionticus. Insights into the 3rd millennium. Gerling Akademie Verlag, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-9803352-4-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b National Bioeconomy Policy Strategy. From: bmbf.de , accessed on February 1, 2016.
  2. ↑ a b c Bioeconomy Council "Bioeconomy Policies (Part II): Synopsis of National Strategies around the World" , 2015.
  3. ↑ Home. Accessed April 30, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b BMBF and BMEL Bioeconomy in Germany: Opportunities for a bio-based and sustainable future. , 2014.
  5. ↑ Bioeconomy Council “Positions and Strategies of the Bioeconomy Council” 2014.
  6. ↑ Bioeconomy Council "Bioeconomy Policies (Part 1): Synopsis and Analysis of Strategies in the G7 2015.
  7. ↑ European Commission Communication on Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe. ( Memento of February 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), 2012.
  8. ↑ Recommendations of the Bioeconomy Council (PDF) Office of the Bioeconomy Council. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  9. ^ Van Leeuwen, M., van Meijl, H., Smeets, E. and E. Tabea (Ed.) Overview of the Systems Analysis Framework for the EU Bioeconomy. , 2013.
  10. ↑ Key issues paper of the Bioeconomy Council: “On the way to a bio-based economy.” On: biooekonomierat.de of April 30, 2013
  11. ^ Bioeconomy Council Bioeconomy Policies (Part II): Synopsis of National Strategies around the World. 2015.
  12. ^ Benjamin Dierks, deutschlandfunk.de: Difficult leap from laboratory to industry. Deutschlandfunk , " Background " , January 15, 2015.
  13. ↑ gffa-berlin.de: Review of the Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (GFFA) 2015
  14. ↑ a b J. Enríquez: Genomics and the world's economy. In: Science. Volume 281, Number 5379, August 1998, pp. 925-926, ISSN  0036-8075 . PMID 9722465 .
  15. ^ Website of the Bioeconomy Council. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  16. ↑ EU (2005): Conference Report - New perspectives on the knowledge-based bio-economy. ( Memento of October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3 MB) Retrieved on March 20, 2013.
  17. ^ EU (2007): En Route to the Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy (KBBE). (PDF; 261 kB). Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  18. ↑ EU Commission (2012): Commission Paper on the European Innovation Partnership Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability. (PDF; 42 kB) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  19. ↑ EU Commission (2012): Commission Paper on Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe. ( Memento of May 17, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 90 kB) Retrieved on March 20, 2013.
  20. ^ National Bioeconomy Blueprint. On: obamawhitehouse.archives.gov , April 2012, (PDF; 1.2 MB). Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  21. ^ OECD (2009): The Bioeconomy to 2030. Designing a Policy Agenda. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  22. ↑ National Research Strategy BioEconomy 2030. On: bmbf.de , Berlin 2010, (PDF; 3.4 MB), accessed on April 2, 2018.
  23. ↑ BMBF and BMELV (2013): Political Strategy Bioeconomy. Renewable resources and biotechnological processes as the basis for nutrition, industry and energy. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  24. ↑ a b Federal Environment Agency Using global land and biomass in a sustainable and resource-saving manner. 2013.
  25. ↑ Gunter Festel: Importance of Industrial Biotechnology for the Chemical Industry . In: Chimia . tape 67 , no. 9 , p. 676 .
  26. ↑ Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. Market analysis of renewable raw materials , 2014.
  27. ↑ And soon everything will be organic. Auf Die Zeit Online of September 8, 2010. Accessed March 20, 2013.
  28. ↑ Ronzon, T., Santini, F. and M'Barek, R. [European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Spain, 4p. "The Bioeconomy in the European Union in numbers. Facts and figures on biomass, turnover and employment "], 2015.
  29. ↑ Golden, J. and R. Handfield, "Why Biobased? Opportunities in the Emerging Bioeconomy. USDA BioPreferred Program , 2015.
  30. ↑ UNICA Why advanced sgarcane ethanol is a sweet deal for Brazil , 2015.
  31. ↑ Efken, J. et al. "Economic significance of the bio-based economy in Germany: Working reports from the vTI-Agrarökonomie 07/2012" , 2012.
  32. ↑ Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. "Market analysis of renewable raw materials" , 2014.
  33. ↑ Biofuels Digest LanzaTech, GranBio, Algenol and Novozymes take top slots in The 50 Hottest Companies in Bioenergy for 2014–2015 , 2015.
  34. ↑ c-LEcta GmbH in Leipzig . Retrieved January 15, 2017.
  35. ↑ c-LEcta GmbH - A thick board drill in Leipzig. ( Memento of January 15, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  36. ↑ transcript (August 29, 2012): Evocatal GmbH - The double family father. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  37. ↑ Winter, T. Brain before going public: The order book is full. , 2016.
  38. ↑ ETPs and EUFETEC: The European Bioeconomy in 2030. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  39. ↑ GDCh, DECHEMA, DGmK (2010): Position paper - Raw material base in transition. (PDF; 652 kB) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  40. ↑ Thomas Hirth, University of Stuttgart and Fraunhofer IGB (2011): The challenge of raw material change. ( Memento from October 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 4.5 MB) Retrieved on March 20, 2013.
  41. ↑ OECD: The Bioeconomy to 2030. (PDF; 16 kB) Retrieved on March 20, 2013.
  42. ↑ Achema (2012): Trend Report No. 19: Biobased Chemicals. ( Memento of June 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  43. ↑ a b Global Forest Coalition (2012): Bio-economy versus Biodiversity. (PDF; 3.4 MB) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  44. ↑ Birgit Kamm (2012): Principles of biorefineries - from the raw material mix to the product mix. ( Memento of October 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 2.9 MB) Retrieved on March 20, 2013.
  45. ↑ trankskript (March 13, 2013): Too little biogenic residues. ( Memento of October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  46. ^ Leopoldina (2012): Statement Bioenergy - Chances and Limits. (PDF; 8.8 MB) Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  47. ^ German Federal Government (2012): Roadmap Biorefineries. (PDF; 5.8 MB) Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  48. ↑ BMELV and BMU (2010): National Biomass Action Plan for Germany. Retrieved March 20, 2013.
  49. ↑ German Federal Ministry for Food and Agriculture: Topic service bio-based economy. From: bmel.de.Retrieved on April 2, 2018.
  50. ↑ And soon everything will be organic . Die Zeit Online from September 8, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2013.