Bivio

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Bivio
Coat of arms of Bivio
State : SwitzerlandSwitzerland Switzerland
Canton : canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Graubünden (GR)
Region : Albula
Political community : Sursesi2
Postal code : 7457
former BFS no. : 3531
Coordinates : 769 934  /  148915 coordinates: 46 ° 28 '12 "  N , 9 ° 39' 5"  O ; CH1903:  769934  /  148915
Height : 1769  m above sea level M.
Area : 76.73  km²
Residents: 189 (December 31, 2014)
Population density : 2 inhabitants per km²
Website: www.surses.ch
Bivio to the south

Bivio to the south
map
Map of Bivio
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Bivio ( German and officially Stalla until 1902 , Rhaeto-Romanic Beiva ) is a place in the Grisons municipality of Surses , Switzerland . It lies at the foot of the Julier and Septimer Alpine passes .

Bivio, along with Tarvisio and Luwin, is the only officially Italian-speaking town north of the Alpine watershed and is considered the one in Switzerland with the greatest linguistic diversity.

coat of arms

Blazon : in silver an upright black ibex , armored in red , accompanied by two fallen black horseshoes

The ibex as the traditional coat of arms of the community is complemented by the two horseshoes, which stand for the historical significance of the Julier and Septimer Passes , they also differentiate the coat of arms from that of the Church of God .

geography

Bivio is the uppermost village in the Surses valley (Eng. Oberhalbstein ). The former municipal area encompasses the entire catchment area of ​​the Julia River above the Marmorera reservoir and extends over the watershed at the Septimerpass a good kilometer to the south . This is where the former municipality and district border runs along the Säscel battü, a narrow part of the medieval pass path.

In the as Val d'Agnel northwest of the Julierpass incipient main valley lead from the left side valleys Val Grevasalvas, Val d'Emmat, leading to Septimer Val Tgavretga, Valetta as Beiva and Val Gronda . The steeper right valley slope is poorly structured.

The mountain range that bounds the territory to the west consistently reaches heights of over 2500 m above sea level - also in the three saddles of Stallerberg , Fuorcla da la Valletta and Forcellina . M .; it culminates in Piz Surparé (3,078 m above sea level) and in the far south in Piz Turba (3,018 m above sea level). The Piz Lagrev (3165 m) dominates the south-eastern border . The Piz d'Agnel not only marks the northernmost, but also at 3205 m above sea level. M. also the highest point of the municipality. To the northeast of the village is the Piz Neir (2910 m above sea level).

In addition to the main town, which stretches as a street village on a leveling to the left of the Julia, Bivio also has a few small outlying settlements: Tgavretga, Stalveder with Tges'Alva, Val Beiva and Mot . Extreme forest poverty, caused by increased clearing since the late Middle Ages, characterizes the entire municipal area. The town center itself is safe from avalanches at the foot of a gentle ridge.

In 1997, 48.8% of the municipality's area was used for agriculture, the forest took up 2.2%, the settlements 0.4%. 48.6% were considered unproductive.

The neighboring communities were Marmorera , Bever (exclave), Silvaplana , Sils in Engadin / Segl , Bregaglia , Avers and Mulegns .

  • Bivio to the north

  • Village center with reformed church

  • Bivio village

  • Aerial photo from 3200 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1925)

history

The place can be found for the first time in the first half of the 9th century as stabulum bivio , which means “Herberge an der Wegscheide” (from Latin hospitāle , inn, hostel ”and bivium “ fork, path divide , branch ”) and what the two mean later common name variants Stalla and Bivio developed. The history of the settlement has always been closely linked to the pass traffic via Septimer and Julier . These two passes, at times of European importance, connect Bivio with the Bergell and the Engadin . The Stallerberg, an important regional connection, leads to Avers, which is populated by the Walsers . The place is located at the intersection of different languages ​​and cultures, with the main influences coming from the south, from Bergell.

The close relationships between Bivio and Bergell were not only due to the traffic on the pass. Documents from the 15th century onwards relate to the mining of the Maiensäss and Alps in the Bivio area by Bergell families in the service of the Lords of Salis-Soglio. From the 16th century onwards, these families have demonstrably settled in the outer fractions of Bivio all year round; however, the village center remained purely Romansh for a long time.

As part of the Septimer route, Bivio - the center of the Port Stalla, reloading point and horse changing station - was owned by the Bishop of Chur and later a member of the Church of God . There it formed its own dish together with Marmorera and Avers. With the Bergell neighbors, part of the population converted to the Protestant faith in the 16th century . Since then, both denominations have been represented roughly equally in the community, making Bivio an exception in the otherwise completely Catholic Oberhalbstein.

Like all of Oberhalbstein, the village experienced a recession after the loss of transit traffic at the end of the 19th century. After the first of the meanwhile three ski lifts was built in 1959, a certain tourist development began. In the 1980s, the Plaz area on the right of the Julia was built over.

On January 1, 2016, the previously independent political municipality of  Bivio merged with the municipalities of Cunter , Marmorera , Mulegns , Riom-Parsonz , Salouf , Savognin , Sur and Tinizong-Rona to form the new municipality of Surses .

population

Population development
year 1808 1850 1900 1920 1950 1980 1990 2000 2005 2014
Residents 182 211 141 121 224 238 223 204 220 189

languages

Bivio was originally a Romansh-speaking village. As a result of the settlement of Bergellern , it was a bilingual village from the 16th to the early 20th century, where Romansh and Italian were spoken. Around 1900, 88 people stated Romansh, 52 Italian and 1 German as their mother tongue. Since then, German has been added as a third language.

The local Italian dialect largely corresponds to the Bergell dialect («Bargajot»; in turn a sub-dialect of Lombard ), but has local peculiarities. The Bivio-Romansh, which is spoken by only a few residents, stands between the idioms Surmiran and Putér . In 1984, the Romanist Andres Kristol counted seven languages ​​and dialects spoken locally: written German and Bündnerdeutsch, Italian and Bargajot as well as the Romance varieties Surmiran, Putér and Bivio-Romansh. Bivio is therefore considered to be the “most-lingual” town in Switzerland.

Officially, Italian was the only official language in the municipality, which was independent until the end of 2015, although a majority of the population now stated German as their main language. At the community meeting, for example, German was spoken, but the minutes were still written in Italian. The primary school is bilingual in German and Italian. This made Bivio the only official Italian-speaking community north of the main Alpine ridge, along with Livigno .

The following table shows the linguistic development over the past decades:

Languages ​​in Bivio
languages 1980 census 1990 census 2000 census 2014 census
number proportion of number proportion of number proportion of number proportion of
Italian 100 42.02% 76 34.08% 60 29.41% 25.5%
Graubünden Romance 44 18.49% 20th 8.97% 25th 12.25% 3.8%
German 88 36.97% 120 53.81% 113 55.39% 57.3%
Residents 238 100% 223 100% 204 100% 189 100%

Origin and nationality

Of the 220 residents at the end of 2005, 187 (= 85.00%) were Swiss citizens.

economy

Most jobs are in agriculture, small businesses and crafts, as well as the service sector.

Attractions

  • reformed Church

  • Catholic parish church Son Giagl

  • Interior of the parish church with a late Gothic winged altar

Personalities

gallery

literature

  • Erwin Poeschel : The art monuments of the canton of Graubünden. III. The valley areas Räzünser Boden, Domleschg, Heinzenberg, Oberhalbstein, Upper and Lower Engadine (=  Swiss art monuments. Volume 11). Edited by the Society for Swiss Art History GSK. Bern 1940. DNB 760079625 .
  • Elda Simonett-Giovanoli: "Once upon a time ..." Events from the turbulent past of Bivio, Marmorera and Bergell. Komm. Bündner monthly newspaper, Chur 1994.
  • Andres Max Kristol : Language contact and multilingualism in Bivio (Graubünden). Linguistic inventory in a seven-language village community (=  Romanica Helvetica. 99). Francke, Bern 1984.
  • Jürg Simonett: Bivio. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . 2016 .
  • Jürg Simonett: Septimer pass. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . 2016 .

Web links

Commons : Bivio  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Piz Neir on ETHorama
  2. ^ Rätisches Namenbuch , Volume II: Etymologies. Ed. And ed. by Andrea Schorta . Bern 1964, p. 172 f.
  3. ^ Andres Max Kristol : Language contact and multilingualism in Bivio (Graubünden). Bern 1984, p. 26 ff.
  4. ^ Geographical Lexicon of Switzerland . Volume V: Switzerland - Tavetsch. Attinger Brothers, Neuchâtel 1908, p. 670 (article Stalla ).
  5. ↑ On the linguistic conditions in Bivio see Andres Max Kristol: Sprachkontakt und Mehrsprachigkeit in Bivio (Graubünden). Bern 1984.
  6. ↑ [1]
  7. ↑ Catholic parish church St. Gallus