Bubble cherries

Bubble cherries
Cape gooseberry ( Physalis peruviana ), blossom and shell of the unripe fruit
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons Asterids Euasterids I Order : Nightshade (Solanales) Family : Nightshade family (Solanaceae) Genre : Bubble cherries
Scientific name
Physalis
L.

Physalis crassifolia

The bladder cherries ( Physalis ), also called Jewish cherries , are a genus from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Most of the approximately 75 to 90 species are native to the American continent , while only the Chinese lantern flower ( Physalis alkekengi ) occurs in Europe . The fruits, which are completely enclosed by an enlarging, lantern-shaped calyx, are particularly striking. Some species of the genus, for example the Cape gooseberry , often referred to as physalis , are grown as fruit and vegetable plants, while others are used for decorative purposes.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Bladder cherries are annual or (more rarely) perennial herbaceous plants that grow upright, prostrate, bushy or, in exceptional cases, weakly creeping. Depending on the species, the plants are between 0.2 and 0.6 m (rarely 0.1 to 0.7 m) tall. The stem axis , which is probably hollow in all species, branches sympodially . Individual species of the genus show hairs on the leaves, stem axis and sometimes also inside the flower. This hairiness often varies greatly even within a species. The trichomes are straight or curved, short or long, the growth forms can be simple, forked, branched or head-shaped with single or multicellular heads, in exceptional cases the base of the trichomes can consist of several cells. For example, while P. alkekengi is almost insensitive to frost and can survive harsh winters, there are other species that cannot tolerate frost.

The perennial representatives usually form thick, woody beet roots, but more or less horizontally growing, brood-bud-forming roots can be found in the genus , which are deeply anchored in the ground and lead to agglomerations of rhizomes . The entire underground part of the plant can extend over an area several meters in diameter.

The alternate or often paired leaves are simply built, with entire to roughly toothed or lobed margins, they can be elliptical, ovoid, elongated ovoid, spatulate or, rarely, linear. They are usually relatively thin, only thick in exceptional cases. The tip of the leaf is blunt, sharp-pointed or pointed. The leaf base is asymmetrical, tapering to a point and descending on the stem or heart-shaped. The leaf blade is 5 to 11 cm (1.5 cm) long and 4 to 6 cm (1 cm) wide. The petiole is 2–4 cm (0.7–6 cm) long.

Inflorescences and flowers

Blossom of a Tomatillo Physalis philadelphica

The axillary flowers stand individually or in groups of two to seven flowers, mostly they are drooping and are on 1.5–5 mm short or 11–35 mm (50 mm) long pedicels, which occasionally arise from a very short peduncle. The bell-shaped and radially symmetrical calyx has five calyx lobes or is deeper divided into five parts, the separation never being more than two thirds of the length of the calyx. These parts are triangular, half-ovoid or long and linearly shaped, 4–10 mm (2–14 mm) long and usually inversed at the base. The crown is radially symmetrical, wheel-shaped to bell-shaped, in exceptional cases ( Physalis solanacea ) also urn-shaped. The diameter is 10–20 mm (5–35 mm). The coronet is usually yellow, rarely white, in exceptional cases ( Physalis solanacea ) lavender to violet. The crown is monochrome or provided with five purple, purple-brown or greenish points, these are inconspicuous, confluent or consisting of several smaller points. The rim is provided with five short teeth, lobes or lobes, or five longer sections that are less than half the length of the crown. Inside the corolla tube there is usually a ring of trichomes that can have different shapes and dimensions. It is continuous or interrupted so that the individual sectors alternate with the stamens.

The five stamens are 1.5–3.5 mm (0.75–4.6 mm) long and within a flower are the same or only slightly different in length. They are yellow or rarely blue. The filaments are fused with a broadened base at the bottom of the crown and of the base or the back of the base of the dust bag is fixed. The counters of the anthers are only free from each other in a small area directed towards the center of the flower, the connecting fabric between the counters is wide. The stamens are usually as long or longer than the anthers, only rarely shorter, they are hairless or have only a few trichomes. The pollen grains are trizonocolpat (the three germ folds are on the pollen equator) and have a diameter of 25 to 29 µm, making them one of the medium-sized pollen grains. The pollen grain wall ( exine ) is smooth, network-like, covered with individual free spines or rough.

The ovary is two-sided, the stylus is almost medium-sized and hollow, the scar is briefly saddle-shaped or dented in the shape of a head, moist, the fertile surface is covered with unicellular flat to medium-sized papillae . There are ring-shaped nectaries around the ovary .

Fruits and seeds

Ripe fruits of the Cape gooseberry

Chinese lantern flower seeds ( Physalis alkekengi )

After the flower has been fertilized, the petals are first thrown off. Then the five sepals enlarge as the fruit ripens, so that they almost close and form a lantern-shaped calyx around the developing berry. When ripe, this shell turns yellowish to strong orange. The enlarged sepals are 6 to 15 mm (4–25 mm) in length.

The berry itself is spherical to slightly flattened, 4–7 or 10–16 mm (20 mm) in size. Depending on the species, the ripe fruits are green to yellow or mandarin-colored, sometimes they are also coated in red or purple. They contain a large number (100 to 180, but in some species only 5 to 16) of small, lenticular, light yellow-brown seeds . These have a size of 1.5 to 2.4 mm (1.2-2.8 mm) and are surrounded by parenchymal cells, the origin of which are the placenta and the pericarp . The surface of the seeds is reticulate, honeycomb or wrinkled-warty. The embryo is twisted or almost twisted, the cotyledons shorter than the rest of the embryo, endosperm is abundant.

Distribution and locations

Most species of the genus come from the area between Central America and the south of the USA, only the origin of the Chinese lantern flower ( Physalis alkekengi ) is suspected to be in China or possibly also in Europe. Most of the species grow in Mexico , two thirds of which are endemic there . Only twelve species can also be found in South America . Many species have spread beyond the original distribution areas also, so, for example, Physalis alkekengi also be found in the northeastern United States and Physalis philadelphica was among others in Turkey introduced .

They grow between sea level and altitudes of 2300 or 2700 m in forests, as ruderal plants or in disturbed locations with secondary vegetation.

Systematics

Botanical history and naming

Jewish cherry or sleep-making Schlutte. Plant picture from the Vienna Dioscurides, fol. 359 verso (before 512)

The use of the name Physalis is already documented from the works of Dioscurides . The term is derived from the Greek physa ("bubble"). The name Jewish cherry is derived from the shape of the surrounding lantern (the calyx), which in its shape and color is similar to the hats prescribed by various dress codes for Jews, which in turn can be derived from the Phrygian cap . These hats were common since the early Middle Ages .

Drawing from JJ Dillenius' Hortus Elthamensis (1732)

A first known graphic representation of the Chinese lantern flower ( Physalis alkekengi ) comes from the Julianae Aniciae Codex ( Wiener Dioskurides ) , which is dated to about 512. Various pictorial representations of this type can also be found in later, medieval herbal books. A first illustration of a species originating from America is probably the drawing of Physalis philadelphica from Francisco Hernandez ' Nova plantarum, animalum et mineralium mexicanorum historia from 1651. Before the introduction of binary nomenclature by Carl von Linné , various names such as Solanum vesicarium vulgatius repens, fructu et vesica rubra ( Robert Morison ), Alkekengi barbadense nanum, Alliariae folio ( Johann Jacob Dillen ) or Alkekengi virginianum fructo luteo ( Louis Feuillée ).

In 1753 Linnaeus described the genus Physalis in his work Species Plantarum with a total of nine species, five of which were perennial and four annual. Soon afterwards, a large number of other species were described, so that, for example , a total of 37 species were described in the work Systema Vegetabilium by Johann Jacob Römer and Joseph August Schultes in 1817 . However, the species descriptions were often set up carelessly, so that Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck found in 1831 that the genus Physalis was a “strange example of synonym accumulations”, since “the species already named were re-designated over and over again without to give an account of where the old species that had been hidden from view now want to lie. ”He reduced the known species of the genus to only 17. The three sections he set up but not named were created in 1837 by George Don named. In Physalodendron the woody species in were Eurostorhiza the perennial, rhizome styles and Epeteiorhiza the annual species classified. A fourth section, Anomalae , introduced by him, contained two types with tubular calyxes. His assumption that these species probably represented a different genus would later prove to be correct - today these species are included in the genus Deprea .

Further processing of the genre with different classifications was carried out in 1852 by Michel Félix Dunal , who only recognized two of Don's sections, and in 1896 by Per Axel Rydberg , who did not use any of the sections described above and divided the genus into three separate sections. Two of these sections were monotypical, the third ( Euphysalis, today run as the Physalis section ) was again divided into seven species groups.

In the 20th century Margaret Y. Menzel (1951) dealt extensively with the genus, among other things, she carried out cross-breeding experiments with 28 species and provided karyological data for these . The species groups previously established by Rydberg were raised to sections by them. A summary of all treatments of the genus carried out up to then was published in 1989 by Radovan Hendrych , the last major taxonomic observations were made in 1994 and 1999 by Mahinda Martínez . Except for the segregation of the genus Quincula , this classification was also confirmed by phylogenetic studies.

External system

While an enlarged calyx can be seen throughout the nightshade family , bloating such as that seen in the bladder cherries is very rare. Thus it is usually very easy to distinguish between the bladder cherries and other members of the nightshade family. Due to morphological similarities, especially with regard to the enlarged calyx, a large number of genera have been described as physaloid. In many of these physaloid genera, such as B. Archiphysalis , Athenaea , Deprea , Exodeconus , Jaltomata , Larnax , Nicandra , Physalisatrum or Saracha could not be determined by cpDNA analysis to be closely related to Physalis .

There are discrepancies above all with the classification below the subtribe Physalinae, especially Margaranthus solanaceous (or Physalis solanacea ) and Quincula lobata (or Physalis lobata ) are traded by different authors either as independent genera with one species each, or assigned to the genus of the bladder cherries.

The external systematics of the genus bubble cherries is as follows (quoted from Olmstead et al.):

• Family: nightshade family
  • [...]
  • Tribe: Physaleae
    • [...]
    • Subtribe: Physalinae
      • Genus: Brachistus
      • Genus: Leucophysalis
      • Genus: Margaranthus (genus status subject to change)
      • Genus: Oryctes
      • Genus: Quincula (genus status subject to change)
      • Genus: Physalis
      • Genus: Tzeltalia (after Olmstead et al. Removed from the genus Physalis , but assigned to the subtribe for morphological reasons)
      • Genus: Witheringia

Another suggestion for assigning different genera to the subtribe Physalinae was presented by Armando Hunziker in 2000, he only included the genera Physalis, Quincula, Leucophysalis and Chamaesaracha .

Internal system

The genus of the bladder cherries comprises an estimated 75 to 90 species. As with many genera of the nightshade family, a generally recognized system has not yet been established and is constantly being supplemented by new research results.

In the last revision of the classification of the genus Physalis in 1999, Martinez divided it into four sub- genres with twelve sections. Among other things, the genera Quincula and Margaranthus, which were previously managed as independent, were subordinated to the bladder cherries.

Accordingly, the internal system of this category is structured as follows: ^{(expanded after and , changes marked with *)}

After the revision by Martínez (1999), Physalis amphitricha , Physalis calidaria , Physalis parvianthera and Physalis microphysa were excluded from the genus. The first two species were later assigned to the genus Tzeltalia , the remaining two species have not yet been assigned to other genera. Species with an uncertain assignment within the Physalis are Physalis jalicensis Waterf. and Physalis lassa Standley & Steyerm. (both suspected in section Coztomatae ) and Physalis lignescens (possibly synonymous with Physalis pubescens ). In the Flora de Jalisco (2003), which is based on Martínez's revision, Physalis lassa was classified in the Coztomatae section and Physalis lignescens as an independent species, also recognized in the Coztomatae section . The species Physalis carpenteri was the only species in the Carpenterianae section until 2012 , but since no closer relationship to the other species of the genus could be established, Maggie Whitson moved it to its own genus Calliphysalis .

Phylogenetics

In 2005, Whitson carried out phylogenetic studies to confirm this division. Only the subgenus Rydbergis - after excluding the Carpenterianae section - has proven to be monophyletic through these investigations ; the classification of Margaranthus in the genus Physalis could be confirmed by incorporation into this subgenus. Most of the species of this sub-genus are characterized by herbaceous growth, solitary flowers, unlobed yellow petals and a greatly enlarged calyx. Species that do not fall into this sub-genus are characterized by deviating morphological features, such as several flowers per shoot node, lobed white or purple petals or an atypical enlargement of the calyx. The genus of the bladder cherries to the extent recognized so far has proven to be paraphyletic ; the results supported a separation of the species Physalis lobata into a monotypic genus Quincula .

	Section Carpenterianae ( described as the genus Calliphysalis in 2012 )     Subgenus Physalis     Physalis microphysa     Quincula lobata     Subgenus Physalodendron     Chamaesaracha     Subgenus Rydbergis (without section Carpenterianae )

Cladogram simplified to

The parent species P. alkekengi , which gives the genus its name, turned out to be cladistic far removed from most other species of the genus. To resolve the resulting taxonomic problems within the genus, either all species except P. alkekengi would have to be assigned to a new genus, or the genus would have to be expanded within the subtribe Physalinae , so that all of the genus currently located there would be assigned to a common genus Physalis .

meaning

Cut through a berry

There are few species of economic importance among the bladder cherries. These include, for example, the Cape gooseberry ( Physalis peruviana ) used as a fruit or the tomatillo ( Physalis philadelphica ), which is mainly known in Mexico and the southern USA and grown as a vegetable . While the Tomatillo is almost unknown in German supermarkets, the Cape gooseberry is used as a decoration not least because of its unusual fruit shell. It is mainly grown in Africa , South America , India and Java and exported all over the world. Other growing countries are Australia , Kenya , New Zealand , the USA and southern France . The main harvest time is December to July. In Germany it is usually traded under the generic name Physalis. The pineapple cherry or strawberry tomato ( Physalis grisea and Physalis pruinosa ) is also seldom grown as a fruit. Most other types of fruit have an unpleasant aftertaste.

Its use as a medicine against urinary tract diseases is known both from European herbal books and from American cultures. The scarlet berries of the Chinese or European lantern flower ( Physalis alkekengi ) are edible, but according to some authors they are poisonous. The plant is popular as cut and dried flowers because of its orange calyxes .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Armando T. Hunziker: Genera Solanacearum: the genera of Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. ARG Gantner, Ruggell / Liechtenstein 2001, ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} Rudolf Mansfeld: The fruit supplying bladder cherries (Physalis). In: The Breeder. Volume 24, No. 1, 1954. pp. 1-4, ISSN  0040-5752 , doi: 10.1007 / BF00712104 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Maggie Whitson, Paul S. Manos: Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the Physaloids: A Two-Gene Phylogeny of the Physalinae. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 30, No. 1, 2005, pp. 216-230, doi: 10.1600 / 0363644053661841 .
4. ↑ PLANTS Profile for Physalis alkekengi of the USDA's PLANTS database. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
5. ↑ Bekir Bükün, F. Nezihi Uygur, Sibel Uygur, Necaattin Türkmen, Atabay Düzenli: A New Record for the Flora of Turkey: Physalis philadelphica Lam. var. immaculata Waterf. (Solanaceae). In: Turkish Journal of Botany. Volume 26, No. 5, 2002, pp. 405-407 ( PDF; 80 kB ).
6. ↑ Pedanios Dioscurides: The Viennese Dioscurides. Codex medicus graecus 1 of the Austrian National Library (= Highlights of Book Art, Volume 8/2. Commentary by Otto Mazal). Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1999, ISBN 3-201-01725-6 , p. 37.
7. ↑ Heinrich Marzell, Heinz Paul: Dictionary of German plant names. 3: Macleya - Ruta. Hirzel, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-88059-982-3 .
8. ^ ^{A b} Marie-Christine Daunay, Henri Latterot, Jules Janick: Iconography of the Solanaceae from Antiquity to the XVIIth Century: a Rich Source of Information on Genetic Diversity and Uses. In: DM Spooner et al. (Ed.): Solanaceae VI: Genomics Meets Biodiversity. In: ISHS Acta Horticulturae. Volume 745, June 2007, ISBN 978-90-6605-427-1 , pp. 59-88.
9. ^ ^{A b} Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck : Attempt to reach an understanding about the species of the genus Physalis. In: Linnaea. Volume 6, Berlin, 1831, pp. 431-483 ( digitized version ). http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanicus.org%2Fpage%2F97424~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
10. ↑ Carl von Linné : Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, pp. 182-184 ( digitized version ). http: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D1%26issue%3D%26spage%3D182%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Mahinda Martínez: Infrageneric Taxonomy of Physalis. In: M. Nee, DE Symon, RN Lester, JP Jessop (Eds.): Solanaceae IV. Advances in Biology and Utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1999, ISBN 1-900347-90-3 , pp. 275-283.
12. ^ ^{A b} Richard G. Olmstead, Jennifer A. Sweere, Russell E. Spangler, Lynn Bohs, Jeffrey D. Palmer: Phylogeny and Provisional Classification of the Solanaceae Based on Chloroplast DNA. In: M. Nee, DE Symon, RN Lester, JP Jessop (Eds.): Solanaceae IV. Advances in Biology and Utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1999, ISBN 1-900347-90-3 , pp. 111-137 ( PDF; 128 kB ).
13. ↑ ^{a b} Ofelia Vargas Ponce, Mahinda Martínez Y Dias, Patricia Dávila Aranda: La familia Solanaceae en Jalisco - El género Physalis. Universidad de Guadalajara, Colección Flora de Jalisco, 2003, ISBN 970-27-0369-7 .
14. ↑ Mahinda Martínez, Luis Hernandez: Una Nueva Especie de Physalis (Solanaceae) de Queretaro, Mexico. In: Acta Botanica Mexicana. Volume 46, 1999, pp. 73–76 ( PDF file  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ).  
15. ↑ ^{a b c} Physalis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
16. ^ Maggie Whitson: Calliphysalis (Solanaceae): A New Genus from the Southeastern USA . In: Rhodora , Volume 114, Number 958, April 2012, pp. 133-147, doi: 10.3119 / 11-10 .

Web links

Commons : Bladder Cherries ( Physalis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Physalis entry in the W3Tropicos database (English)
• Physalis species in the Plants for a Future database

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on February 7, 2008 .