Clarke value

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In geochemistry, the Clarke value describes the mean mass fraction of a chemical element in the composition of the lithosphere . Various authors have compiled Clarke values. The information is given in grams per ton or in percent by mass. The size was named after the chemist and geologist Frank Wigglesworth Clarke .

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Clarke values ​​1-35
sequence element Clarke value,%
1. oxygen 49.5
2. Silicon 25.8
3. aluminum 7.56
4th iron 4.70
5. Calcium 3.39
6th sodium 2.63
7th potassium 2.40
8th. magnesium 1.93
9. hydrogen 0.83
10. titanium 0.41
11. chlorine 0.19
12. manganese 0.09
13. phosphorus 0.08
14th carbon 0.08
15th sulfur 0.06
16. nitrogen 0.03
17th fluorine 0.03
18th Rubidium 0.03
19th barium 0.023
20th Zirconium 0.02
21st chrome 0.02
22nd strontium 0.02
23. Vanadium 0.015
24. nickel 0.01
25th zinc 0.0120
26th copper 0.01
27. tungsten 0.0064
28. lithium 0.0060
29 cerium 0.0043
30th Cobalt 0.0037
31. tin 0.0035
32. yttrium 0.0026
33. Neodymium 0.0022
34. niobium 0.0019
35. lead 0.0018
total 99.98%
rest 0.02%

Comparison of different Clarke values ​​according to

element symbol Clarke & Washington 1924 Fersmann (1933-1939) Goldschmidt (1937) Vinogradov (1949) Vinogradov (1962) Taylor (1964)
Actinium Ac - - - x 10 −10  - -
silver Ag 0.0x 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.07 0.07
aluminum Al 75100 74500 81300 88000 80500 82300
argon Ar - 4th - - - -
arsenic As x 5 5 5 1.7 1.8
gold Au 0.00x 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.0043 0.004
boron B. 10 50 10 3 12 10
barium Ba 470 500 430 500 650 425
beryllium Be 10 4th 6th 6th 3.8 2.8
Bismuth Bi 0.0x 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.009 0.17
bromine Br x 10 2.5 1.6 2.1 2.5
carbon C. 870 3500 320 1000 230 200
Calcium Approx 33900 32500 36300 36000 29600 41500
cadmium CD 0, x 5 0.18 5 0.13 0.2
cerium Ce - 29 41.6 45 70 60
chlorine Cl 1900 2000 480 450 170 130
Cobalt Co 100 20th 40 30th 18th 25th
chrome Cr 330 300 200 200 83 100
Cesium Cs 0.00x 10 3.2 7th 3.7 3
copper Cu 100 100 70 100 47 55
Dysprosium Dy - 7.5 4.47 4.5 5 3
Erbium He - 6.5 2.47 4th 3.3 2.8
Europium Eu - 0.2 1.06 1.2 1.3 1.2
fluorine F. 270 800 800 270 660 625
iron Fe 47000 42000 50000 51000 46500 56300
gallium Ga x · 10 −5  1 15th 15th 19th 15th
Gadolinium Gd - 7.5 6.36 10 8th 5.4
Germanium Ge x · 10 −5  4th 7th 7th 1.4 1.5
hydrogen H 8800 10,000 - 1500 - -
helium Hey - 0.01 - - - -
hafnium Hf 30th 4th 4.5 3.2 1 3
mercury Ed 0, x 0.05 0.5 0.07 0.083 0.08
holmium Ho - 1 1.15 1.3 1.7 1.2
Iodine I. 0, x 10 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5
Indium In x · 10 −5  0.1 0.1 0.1 0.25 0.1
iridium Ir x · 10 −4  0.01 0.001 0.001 - -
potassium K 24000 23500 25900 26000 25,000 20900
krypton Kr - 2 · 10 −4  - - - -
Lanthanum La - 6.5 18.3 18th 29 30th
lithium Li 40 50 65 65 32 20th
lutetium Lu - 1.7 0.75 1 0.8 0.5
magnesium Mg 19400 23500 20900 21000 18700 23300
manganese Mn 800 1000 1000 900 1000 950
molybdenum Mon x 10 2.3 3 1.1 1.5
nitrogen N 300 400 - 100 19th 20th
sodium N / A 26400 24000 28300 26400 25,000 23600
niobium Nb - 0.32 20th 10 20th 20th
Neodymium Nd - 17th 23.9 25th 37 28
neon No - 0.005 - - - -
nickel Ni 180 200 100 80 58 75
oxygen O 495200 491300 466000 470000 470000 464000
osmium Os x · 10 −4  0.05 - 0.05 - -
phosphorus P 1200 1200 1200 800 930 1050
Protactinium Pa - 7 · 10 −7  - 10 −6  - -
lead Pb 20th 16 16 16 16 12.5
palladium Pd x · 10 −5  0.05 0.01 0.01 0.013 -
polonium Po - 0.05 - 2 · 10 −10  - -
Praseodymium Pr - 4.5 5.53 7th 9 8.2
platinum Pt 0.00x 0.2 0.005 0.005 - -
radium Ra x · 10 −6  2 · 10 −6  - 10 −6  - -
Rubidium Rb x 80 280 300 150 90
rhenium re - 0.001 0.001 0.001 7 · 10 −4  -
Rhodium Rh x · 10 −5  0.01 0.001 0.001 - -
radon Marg - ? - 7 · 10 −12  - -
Ruthenium Ru x · 10 −5  0.05 - 0.005 - -
sulfur S. 480 1000 520 500 470 260
antimony Sb 0, x 0.5 (1) 0.4 0.5 0.2
Scandium Sc 0, x 6th 5 6th 10 22nd
selenium Se 0.0x 0.8 0.09 0.6 0.05 0.05
Silicon Si 257500 260000 277200 276000 295000 281500
Samarium Sm - 7th 6.47 7th 8th 6th
tin Sn x 80 40 40 2.5 2
strontium Sr 170 350 150 400 340 375
Tantalum Ta - 0.24 2.1 2 2.5 2
Terbium Tb - 1 0.91 1.5 4.3 0.9
Technetium Tc - 0.001 - - - -
Tellurium Te 0.00x 0.01 (0.0018?) 0.01 0.001 -
Thorium Th 20th 10 11.5 8th 13 9.6
titanium Ti 5800 6100 4400 6000 4500 5700
Thallium Tl x · 10 −4  0.1 0.3 3 1 0.45
Thulium Tm - 1 0.2 0.8 0.27 0.48
uranium U 80 4th 4th 3 2.5 2.7
Vanadium V 160 200 150 150 90 135
tungsten W. 50 70 1 1 1.3 1.5
osmium Os x · 10 −4  0.05 - 0.05 - -
xenon Xe - 3 · 10 −5  - - - -
yttrium Y - 50 28.1 28 29 33
ytterbium Yb - 8th 2.66 3 0.33 3
zinc Zn 40 200 80 50 83 70
Zirconium Zr 230 250 220 200 170 165

All information in mg / kg or ppm.

Regional Clark values ​​are set for the purposes of environmental geochemistry and reservoir exploration.

A compilation of the most important modern average values ​​of different geochemical reservoirs can be found in the reservoir database of the so-called Geochemical Earth Reference Model - GERM project.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b Clarke, FW & Washington, HS: "The composition of the Earth's Crust" US Dep. Interior, Geol. Surv. 770: 518 (1924).
  2. ↑ a b Fersmann, AE Geochemistry, Vol. I-IV. Nature and Technology. ONTI 1933, 1934, 1937 and 1939 in Russian.
  3. ^ A b Goldschmidt, VM: "Geochemical distribution laws of the elements, IX. The proportions of the elements and types of atoms". Scrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I. Mat.-naturw. C1. No.4, 1937 (1938).
  4. ^ A b Vinogradov, AP: "The Laws of Distribution of Chemical Elements in the Earth's Crust". Geokhimiya 1 (1956) 6-52, in Russian
  5. ↑ a b Vinogradov, AP: "The average Contents of the Chemical Elements in the Main Types of Eruptive Rocks". Geokhimiya 7 (1962) 555-571, in Russian.
  6. ^ Rösler, HJ & Lange, H .: "Geochemical Tables". Edition Leipzig (1972).
  7. ^ Taylor, SR (1964). Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust; a new table. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 28 (8): 1.273-1.285. doi : 10.1016 / 0016-7037 (64) 90129-2 .
  8. ↑ Geochemical Earth Reference Model (GERM). Chemical characterization of the Earth, its major reservoirs and the fluxes between them. Retrieved June 21, 2016 .