Ford EcoBoost

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ford EcoBoost refers to a series of four-stroke - gasoline engines of the car manufacturer Ford , which in Europe with the 2009 Ford Iosis MAX presented and in spring 2010 with the models Ford Mondeo , Ford S-MAX and Ford Galaxy was first introduced. These are three- or four-cylinder in - line engines with four valves per cylinder and two overhead camshafts (DOHC) . For the North American market, there are also several six-cylinder - V engines , which in various Ford and since 2009 Lincoln offered -models.

General

Since the engines were developed according to the downsizing principle, they achieve quite high performance values ​​despite their comparatively low displacement . For this purpose, they have direct gasoline injection , turbocharging and Ti-VCT , a variable control of the two overhead camshafts .

In 2012, Ford planned to produce a total of 1.3 million EcoBoost engines for the European market in the period up to 2015, and another 800,000 engines for markets outside Europe. In September 2013, the two millionth EcoBoost engine rolled off the assembly line, and production planned for 2013 as a whole was already 1.2 million units.

The EcoBoost engines are also used in various Volvo -models under the name GTDi ( G asoline T urbocharged D irect i njection) are used.

Already in 2001, was at the IAA in Frankfurt Zetec S3 DISI ( D irect I njection S park I gnition translated: direct spark ignition) engine called prototype presented to the public. This was a three-cylinder gasoline engine with a displacement of 1.1 liters, which produced 81 kW (110 hp) by means of turbocharging and direct gasoline injection. A balance shaft reduced vibrations in this engine, and power was transmitted via a specially developed automatic transmission. Gasoline consumption was 15 to 30 percent lower than that of a 1.8 liter gasoline engine with similar performance. However, this engine was never launched on the market, as the surcharge calculated for the engine and transmission of 4,500 DM (~ 2,300  euros , based on today's value 5,800 euros) were not considered marketable.

1.0 liter three-cylinder

Development and production

Engine block of the 1.0 liter three-cylinder

The 1.0-liter EcoBoost engine is a joint development of the Ford development centers in Cologne-Merkenich and the British Dunton, which were supported by the development service provider FEV GmbH in the areas of design, CAE and combustion development in the early development phase . Since it was ready for series production, the engine has been rolling off the assembly line in the engine plant in Cologne and, since May 2012, in Craiova (Romania) at Ford Romania . Ford also announced that it would start producing the engine at the new Ford engine plant in Chongqing , China , which opened in June 2013.

Ford announced in June 2013 that it would double production of the 1.0-liter EcoBoost engine at the engine plant in Cologne from mid-August 2013 to more than 1,000 units per day.

By September 2013, 284,000 copies of the engine had been produced.

technology

The engine is available with 74 kW (101 PS), 88 kW (120 PS), 92 kW (125 PS) and since June 2014 also with 103 kW (140 PS) and consumes 4.8 liters / 100 km in the Ford Focus , the CO 2 emissions are 109 g / km. The engine has also been available in the B-MAX , C-MAX and Grand C-MAX models since October 2012 and in the Fiesta since January 2013 . It was later also introduced in the Mondeo , EcoSport , Transit Courier , Tourneo Courier , Transit Connect and Tourneo Connect series.

In order to reduce vibrations in the engine, the flywheel was provided with a precisely defined imbalance instead of balancer shafts , which counteracts the non-round running of a three-cylinder due to the design. Due to the low mass moment of inertia of the particularly powerful turbine of the turbocharger, the engine has practically no turbo lag , the turbine reaches peak speeds of 248,000 min −1 . By injecting the fuel at a pressure of up to 150 bar, better atomization and distribution of the gasoline-air mixture in the combustion chamber is achieved; the injection process can also be split into several partial sequences. This results in a more precisely controllable and more complete combustion of the mixture.

The exhaust manifold is cast together with the aluminum cylinder head and could thus be integrated into the cooling circuit. This lowers the exhaust gas temperatures and enables operation with an optimal air-fuel ratio over a broader speed range, which leads to a significant improvement in exhaust gas quality and consumption. The warm-up phase is shortened by two separate cooling circuits for the aluminum cylinder head and the cast iron cylinder block and by reducing the distance between the combustion chambers to 6.1 mm.

A large toothed belt drives the two camshafts; Another small belt drives the oil pump . Both toothed belts run in an engine oil bath, which increases the smoothness, reduces friction losses and thus increases the service life, but after a suitable engine oil is required (according to the manufacturer's approval) that does not decompose the belt as many other engine oils do. Various components such as pistons and crankshaft bearings are provided with special coatings, which, together with modified piston rings, reduce the internal friction of the engine to a minimum. In order to clearly illustrate the compact design of the three-cylinder, Ford advertises that the base of the engine fits easily on a DIN A4 sheet. The weight of the engine is 98 kg.

The ancillary units are also designed to reduce energy consumption, so the air conditioning compressor and the oil pump work with variably regulated delivery rates.

In December 2016, Ford announced that it would be the first three-cylinder engine worldwide to be equipped with automatic cylinder deactivation for 2018 . The fuel injection and the valve actuation of the first cylinder are activated or deactivated within 14 milliseconds if necessary. Due to the pressure of the engine oil, the connection between the camshaft and the valves of the first cylinder is interrupted via an electronically controlled rocker arm, depending on the speed, throttle valve position and load condition. The valves remain closed, which keeps the temperature in the combustion chamber constant and ensures efficient combustion when the cylinder is reactivated. This should reduce fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions by up to six percent. In order to reduce vibrations that occur, the flywheel and belt pulley have been redeveloped and given defined imbalances, and the crankshaft has a new type of offset . In addition, modified engine mountings, drive shafts and wheel suspension bushings are used in vehicles with this engine ; these measures also significantly reduce vibrations. The system was developed jointly by engineers at the Ford locations in Aachen , Dagenham , Dearborn , Dunton and Cologne as well as the Schaeffler Group .

Awards

In June 2012, the trade journal Engine Technology International awarded the engine the “ International Engine of the Year 2012” award, as well as the “Best New Engine” and “Best Engine up to 1.0 liter displacement” with the best number of points ever achieved . The jury, made up of 76 international motor journalists, took into account not only innovative new motor developments and technologies, but also the drivability, performance, economy and running smoothness of the motors. In June 2013 the engine won the two awards "International Engine of the Year 2013" and "Best Engine up to 1.0 liter Displacement". This time the jury consisted of 87 international motor journalists from 35 countries. In 2014 it won both awards for the third time, making it the first unit to win three awards for “International Motor of the Year”. In 2015 the engine was once again voted “Best engine up to 1.0 liter displacement” and came second in the competition for the title of “International Motor of the Year 2015”. In 2016 the engine was voted “Best engine up to 1.0 liter displacement” for the fifth time in a row. In 2017, the engine was awarded the title “Best engine up to 1.0 liter displacement” for the sixth time in a row.

In October 2012, the engine won the " ÖkoGlobe " 2012 award in the "Drives and Drivetrain" category. In this international environmental award, initiated by the artist HA Schult and awarded jointly by TÜV Rheinland , DEVK -versicherungen and the ÖkoGlobe Institute of the University of Duisburg-Essen , vehicles, drive technologies, production processes and (mobility) concepts are assessed on the basis of ecological criteria.

Auto Test magazine awarded the 1.0-liter EcoBoost engine the innovation prize of the “Auto Test Winner 2013”.

Others

In September 2012, Nick Tandy at the wheel of a converted Formula Ford racing car with a 1.0-liter EcoBoost engine on the Nordschleife of the Nürburgring achieved the eleventh fastest lap time of a road vehicle ever recorded there with 7:22 minutes. The engine's output was increased to 151 kW (205 hp), and the car had to be equipped with wheel covers, proper lighting, indicators, a horn and roadworthy tires in order to obtain British road approval. This lap time was below that of many super sports cars , such as the Lamborghini Aventador , Ferrari Enzo or Pagani Zonda .

1.5 liter three-cylinder

Ford presented the Ford Fiesta ST with a newly developed 1.5-liter three-cylinder at the Geneva Motor Show 2017 ; the market launch was in 2018. In addition to turbocharging, direct gasoline injection and variable camshaft adjustment, the engine has cylinder deactivation, such as it was also announced for the 1.0 liter engine. The engine's turbocharger has newly designed paddle wheels, which ensure that the boost pressure is applied more quickly. The engine's combustion process was optimized through a combination of direct injection and manifold injection . Since the exhaust manifold is integrated in the aluminum cylinder head, the turbocharger can be placed particularly close behind the combustion chamber. This ensures faster response, and the engine also reaches the optimum operating temperature more quickly.

The performance data announced were 147 kW (200 PS) and 290 Nm maximum torque, the CO 2 emissions are expected to be 114 g / km.

1.5 liter four-cylinder

In April 2013, Ford announced that it was expanding the EcoBoost engine family to include a 1.5-liter four-cylinder, which was presented to the public at Auto Shanghai 2013. First it was used in the Chinese version of the new Ford Mondeo, later it was available for the Ford Fusion in North America and also for the next Ford Mondeo generation, the Ford Focus and the Ford Kuga in Europe.

This unit is the first Ford engine in which the warm-up time is reduced by a clutch on the belt drive of the water pump controlled by the engine management system . In addition, the charge air cooler is water-cooled, which also ensures more efficient thermal management of the engine. In contrast to the 1.0-liter engine, the engine block is made of aluminum, but it shares direct petrol injection with turbocharging, high injection pressures and variable camshaft adjustment with the other versions of the engine family.

The torque and power values are similar to those of the 1.6-liter engine, but with lower fuel consumption and the resulting CO 2 emissions. The engine is currently available in four output levels with 88 kW (120 PS), 110 kW (150 PS), 118 kW (160 PS) and 134 kW (182 PS).

The 1.5-liter engine has been produced in Craiova since April 2013, but other production sites outside Europe will follow.

1.6 liter four-cylinder

The 1.6-liter EcoBoost engine is a further development of the Zetec SE and has been available since autumn 2010. It is available in three output levels: 110 kW (150 PS), 118 kW (160 PS) and 134 kW (182 PS). The engine was first presented in the Lincoln C concept vehicle in January 2009.

In contrast to the 1.0-liter EcoBoost engine, this unit is a particularly light all-aluminum construction. The engine block is cast under high pressure and, thanks to a central support system and a torsion-resistant oil pan, has a particularly robust structure. The two overhead camshafts are driven by a toothed belt. The valve is controlled by mechanical tappets . The piston rings have a low-friction coating and the surfaces of the cams are polished. As with the 1.0 liter version, the oil pump works with variable volume, and the electronic engine management regulates the coolant flow so that the engine reaches its optimum operating temperature more quickly.

The gasoline direct injection works with an injection pressure of up to 200 bar, so that the gasoline droplets are atomized to a size of less than 0.02 millimeters. The injection nozzles with 6-hole injectors are housed centrally in the cylinder head and inject the fuel into the combustion chamber in an optimized manner. The denser and cooler fuel charge allows the engine to work with a higher compression and higher turbo boost pressure.

The Borg Warner turbochargers of the type KP 39, thanks to the smaller and lighter moving parts also a particularly low moment of inertia has reached speeds in excess of 200,000 min -1 and provides for an increase of the maximum torque by about 50 percent.

In addition, the variable adjustment of the two overhead camshafts (Ti-VCT) optimizes the gas exchange in the combustion chambers. The timing of the inlet and outlet valves can be adjusted independently by up to 50 degrees, the actuators are operated hydraulically. The scavenging effect (translated: flushing) is used here, the combustion chambers are thoroughly "flushed through" when the gas is changed by using the pressure differences between the inlet and outlet channels. At low speeds, more and cooler fresh air gets into the cylinders, which results in higher torque and faster speed gains for the turbocharger. This significantly increases the efficiency of the engine, especially in the partial load range , which results in a significant reduction in emissions.

The engines are manufactured in the Ford factory in Bridgend and are also available in North America for the third generation of the Ford Escape and in various Volvo models.

In addition, the 1.6-liter engines have been used in Formula Ford since the 2013 season , and thanks to adapted engine electronics, they produce 147 kW (200 hp) there.

In Formula 4 , the 1.6-liter EcoBoost engine will be used in the 2015 season in national racing series in Australia , Great Britain and the Spanish Formula 4 championship . The engine prepared by Sodemo Moteurs has an output of 118 kW (160 hp) and was presented at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show.

  • Side view

  • View of the inlet side

  • Engine compartment of a Ford Focus with a 1.6 liter EcoBoost engine

2.0-liter four-cylinder

The 2.0-liter engine is also an all-aluminum engine with high-pressure gasoline direct injection, an early-response turbocharger and variably controllable valve opening times (Ti-VCT). The direct injection injects the fuel into the combustion chambers at pressures of up to 150 bar. As with the 1.6-liter engine, the injector nozzle openings measure 0.02 millimeters, but each nozzle has seven instead of six openings. The opening times of the inlet and outlet valves are adapted to the current load situation by the Ti-VCT system by turning the camshafts by a maximum of 50 degrees using oil pressure-controlled servomotors. The gas exchange in the cylinders is optimized at all engine speeds, which ensures increased energy efficiency, especially in the partial load range.

The 2.0-liter engine is available with 149 kW (203 PS) and 176 kW (240 PS) for several Ford and Volvo models, the more powerful version is also available in Ford models for the North American and Australian markets, such as the Ford Taurus , Ford Edge and Ford Falcon , as well as for the Range Rover Evoque .

In the Ford Focus ST , the engine has an output of 184 kW (250 hp) thanks to the machined intake and exhaust ports and differently tuned engine electronics. The British kit car manufacturer Westfield Sportscars uses this engine for the Westfield Sport 250 .

The 2.0-liter variant is produced exclusively in the Spanish plant Almussafes near Valencia . In addition, production of the engine is to begin in Cleveland in 2014 .

In Radical SR3 SL a modified version of the 2.0-liter EcoBoost motor is used since 2011, here the motor delivers up to 224 kW (304 hp).

A total of 532,000 engines had been produced by September 2013.

  • Combustion chamber

  • Bottom view

  • View from the outlet side

2.3 liter four-cylinder

In the 2.3 liter engine, the engine block and cylinder head are also made of aluminum, and the exhaust manifold has also been integrated into the cylinder head. This brings the outlet sides of the inner and outer pairs of combustion chambers together separately and then to the turbocharger. This enables the exhaust valves to be opened longer, which optimizes the gas exchange and reduces fuel consumption by more than one percent.

The intake ducts have been optimized, and the engine also has a special turbocharger housing. The drive for the turbocharger's blades has been optimized, and the turbocharger also has a two-part exhaust gas inlet, the so-called twin-scroll layout . This enables a faster pressure build-up in connection with a more direct response, similar to a biturbo.

The Ford Mustang , which was officially marketed in Germany for the first time in 2015, is available with a 2.3-liter EcoBoost engine that generates 233 kW (317 hp) and has a maximum torque of 432 Nm. In addition, the engine with an output of 202 kW (275 hp) has been available in the Lincoln MKC since spring 2014, although it is only available on the North American market. The market launch of the Ford Focus RS in Europe is planned for the beginning of 2016 . A new twin-scroll turbocharger and a larger intercooler are used there, increasing the engine output to 257 kW (350 hp). In the Focus RS, the maximum torque is 440 Nm, with overboost for 15 seconds 470 Nm.

2.7 liter V6

Ford has been offering a 2.7-liter V6 engine in the F-150 since 2015 . Just like the 3.5-liter variant, it is a biturbo engine with an output of 242 kW (329 hp). The Ford Fusion Sport with the same engine has also been available since late 2016 . In the Ford Edge there is the engine with a reduced output of 231 kW (314 hp), and it is also available in a 250 kW (340 hp) version in the Lincoln MKX and the Lincoln Continental .

3.0 liter V6

A new 3.0-liter V6 biturbo engine with an output of 298 kW (406 hp) is exclusively available in the two Lincoln models, the Continental and MKZ .

3.5 liter V6

In 2007, Ford presented a 3.5-liter V6 engine called TwinForce in the Lincoln MKR , which, with 309 kW (420 hp) and 542 Nm, had the performance values ​​of a 6-liter V8 engine with around 15% lower fuel consumption. The same engine was present in the 2008 Lincoln MKT , but it was named EcoBoost.

This is a bi-turbo engine with two Garrett -GT15 turbochargers, the top speed of 170,000 min -1 reach. These superchargers are quite small, which means that the exhaust manifolds are more compact and generate less heat. The high-pressure gasoline direct injection system was developed in cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbH and injects the fuel with up to 150 bar. The high pressure pump is a cam operated mechanical pump with a single piston and an electronic valve that controls the flow of fuel to the injectors. This engine also has the variable adjustment of the overhead camshafts called Ti-VCT.

The market launch took place in July 2009 in the sixth generation of the Ford Taurus . The engine, which has an output of 261–272 kW (355–370 hp) depending on the version, is available in various Ford and Lincoln models in North America. A version was developed for the Ford F-150 that delivers significantly more torque with 569 Nm instead of 475 Nm. Ford has been producing the production version of these engines at the Cleveland Engine Plant in Cleveland , Ohio since May 2009 .

In 2009, Ford presented an ethanol variant of the 3.5-liter EcoBoost engine that developed 236 kW (321 hp) and delivered a maximum torque of 750 Nm. However, it was an experimental engine.

By September 2013, Ford had produced a total of 635,000 units of the 3.5-liter EcoBoost engine.

Ford Racing has developed a Daytona prototype powered by a 3.5 liter engine for the United SportsCar Championship , the chassis comes from Riley Technologies . In a record attempt at Daytona International Speedway on October 9, 2013, Colin Braun at the wheel of the car set a new course record of 40.364 seconds, which corresponds to a speed of 222.971 mph (358.837 km / h). In addition, Braun set new records for covering 10 kilometers and 10 miles from a standing start.

  • Angled front view

  • front view

  • Pistons in a demonstration engine

  • Combustion chamber

  • Rear view

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Ford plans to triple production of EcoBoost engines by 2015 - engine plant opened in Craiova. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, May 10, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Ford builds two millionth EcoBoost engine: Global demand for fuel-efficient drives is growing steadily. (No longer available online.) Presseportal.de, September 18, 2013, archived from the original on February 10, 2014 ; Retrieved February 26, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.presseportal.de
  3. ↑ FORD FUSION CONCEPT - STUDY OF A COMPACT VAN. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, September 11, 2001, formerly original ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  4. ↑ The figure was based on the template: Inflation was determined, has been rounded to a full 100 euros and refers to the previous calendar year at most
  5. ^ Ford Fiesta DISI - roundabout in the engine compartment. www.sueddeutsche.de, August 8, 2001, accessed June 14, 2012 .
  6. ↑ FEV, Inc. displays Ford 1.0L EcoBoost engine at SAE World Congress. fev.com, April 24, 2012, accessed August 11, 2016 .
  7. ↑ Turbo drilling versus V8 vacuum cleaner. auto-motor-und-sport.de, August 11, 2016, accessed on August 11, 2016 .
  8. ↑ a b c Ford 1.0 liter EcoBoost petrol engine is "International Engine of the Year 2013" - won for the second time in a row. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, June 5, 2013, formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 12, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  9. ↑ Ford also offers the award-winning 1.0 liter EcoBoost engine for the Ford models C-MAX and Grand C-MAX. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, July 26, 2012, formerly in the original ; accessed on August 31, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  10. ↑ a b c d Ford ignites the next level of technology in the Ford Focus series with the sporty 1.0 liter EcoBoost engine. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, February 14, 2012, archived from the original on April 20, 2012 ; Retrieved June 14, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / media.ford.com
  11. ↑ a b Small but powerful: 1.0-liter EcoBoost three-cylinder from Ford is "International Motor of the Year 2012" ( Memento from August 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  12. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0U1aLQdKJjU
  13. ↑ a b “ÖkoGlobe” 2012: 1.0 liter Ford EcoBoost petrol engine wins the “Drivetrain and powertrain” category. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, October 18, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved October 18, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  14. ↑ World premiere: Ford equips EcoBoost three-cylinder with fuel-saving cylinder deactivation. presseportal.de, November 29, 2016, accessed on March 14, 2017 .
  15. ↑ "Engine of the Year": Ford three-cylinder becomes a record winner. focus.de, June 26, 2014, accessed June 26, 2014 .
  16. ↑ Ford EcoBoost three-cylinder engine: "International Engine of the Year" for the fifth time in a row. presseportal.de, June 1, 2016, accessed on March 14, 2017 .
  17. ↑ 1.0-liter EcoBoost three-cylinder engine from Ford for the sixth time in a row "International Engine of the Year" . In: presseportal.de . ( presseportal.de [accessed on October 21, 2017]).
  18. ↑ Formula Ford racing car with 1.0 liter EcoBoost engine with fast time on the legendary Nürburgring. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, September 4, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved September 24, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  19. ↑ Car of the Day: roadworthy Ford 1-liter EcoBoost racing car. me-magazin.de, September 7, 2012, accessed on September 24, 2012 .
  20. ↑ a b World premiere: New Ford Fiesta ST with 200 hp EcoBoost three-cylinder and drive program selection. presseportal.de, February 24, 2017, accessed on March 14, 2017 .
  21. ↑ a b c d Ford Ecoboost: New four-cylinder engine. t-online.de, April 17, 2013, accessed May 5, 2013 .
  22. ↑ The first impression of the new Focus. focus.de, February 24, 2014, accessed on February 26, 2014 .
  23. ↑ LINCOLN C PAIRS ECOBOOST I-4 WITH DUAL-CLUTCH POWERSHIFT TRANSMISSION FOR 40-PLUS MPG. media.ford.com, January 12, 2009, accessed November 15, 2012 .
  24. ↑ a b c THE ART OF EFFICIENCY: THE NEW 1.6-LITER ECOBOOST MOTOR FOR MONDEO, S-MAX AND GALAXY. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, November 29, 2010, formerly the original ; Retrieved June 20, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  25. ↑ Formula Ford EcoBoost 200 ( memento from October 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) on britishformulaford.co.uk (English).
  26. ↑ World premiere of the Formula 4 racing car heralds a new era in Ford's successful junior racing series. Presseportal.de, March 3, 2015, accessed on March 3, 2015 .
  27. ↑ The new Ford S-MAX: Even more dynamism, technology and savings fun. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, February 23, 2010, formerly the original ; Retrieved September 25, 2012 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / media.ford.com  
  28. ^ Radical SR3 SL - Technology. Radical Sportscars Ltd, accessed June 19, 2012 .
  29. ↑ New Ford Mustang: More power, less consumption and interesting transmission alternatives. Presseportal.de, December 5, 2013, accessed December 19, 2013 .
  30. ↑ The new Ford Mustang. (PDF) (No longer available online.) Ford-Werke GmbH, June 15, 2015, archived from the original on July 21, 2015 ; accessed on July 17, 2015 (price list). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ford.de
  31. ↑ Lincoln MKC 2014: Edel-Kuga at the LA Auto Show 2013. autozeitung.de , November 15, 2013, accessed on December 19, 2013 .
  32. ↑ Thomas Gerhardt: New Ford Focus RS (2015): With all-wheel drive and 350 PS. auto-motor-und-sport.de, June 25, 2015, accessed on July 17, 2015 .
  33. ↑ INTRODUCTION OF 3.5-LITER ECOBOOST V-6 ENGINE ADDS EVEN MORE VERSATILITY TO DISTINCTIVE FORD FLEX. (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, Jan 11, 2009, archived from the original on June 27, 2009 ; accessed on June 21, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / media.ford.com
  34. ↑ 2012 FORD F-150 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. (PDF; 74 kB) (No longer available online.) Media.ford.com, archived from the original on September 4, 2012 ; accessed on June 21, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / media.ford.com
  35. ↑ New EcoBoost Engine To Debut At Rolex 24. Ford-Racing, October 1, 2013, accessed on February 26, 2014 .
  36. ↑ 222,971 mph! Colin Braun Shatters Daytona International Speedway track record in Ford-Powered DP. imsa.com, October 9, 2013, accessed February 26, 2014 .