Frederick J. Horne
Frederick Joseph Horne (born February 14, 1880 in Manhattan , New York City , † October 18, 1959 in San Diego , California ) was an American admiral in the US Navy , who was first Vice Chief of Naval Operations in 1942 and as such until 1945 was responsible for all logistical tasks of the Navy during World War II .
Life
Military Training, Spanish-American War and Filipino-American War
After attending school, Horne began his military training on May 20, 1895 at the US Naval Academy in Annapolis . During his training as a midshipman , he was called up for military service after the beginning of the Spanish-American War on April 23, 1898 and was initially deployed on the gunboat USS Bancroft before he was transferred to the battleship USS Texas in the summer of 1898 . July 1898 participated in the naval battle of Santiago de Cuba .
He then continued his training at the US Naval Academy, which he graduated on January 28, 1899. Horne then took up his service as a midshipman on board the protected cruiser USS New Orleans and subsequently found uses on the gunboat USS Paragua , the gunboat USS Castine (PG-6) , the gunboat USS Yorktown , on the supply ship USS Iris and on the hospital ship USS Solace . During this time he took part in 15 combat missions in the Philippine-American War . After completing two years of compulsory sea service, he was promoted to lieutenant on January 28, 1901 .
As a lieutenant at sea, Horne was initially on the ship and was initially on the gunboat USS Alert , the gunboat USS Adams and finally as chief engineer on board the gunboat USS Wheeling until its decommissioning on July 1, 1904. He then returned to the US Naval Academy back and taught there as an instructor of the department of engineering, before he followed on May 25, 1906 Chief engineer of the USS Florida , a monitor of Arkansas class was. A few months later, in September 1906, he was transferred to the battleship USS Illinois , where he was also chief naval engineer.
On November 28, 1908 Horne took up the position as Executive Officer ( Executive Officer ) of the Denver-class belonging Protected cruiser USS Chattanooga , which the US-Asia fleet ( US Asiatic Fleet ) belonged. After termination of this use on October 8, 1910, he returned again to the US Naval Academy, where he taught from November 1, 1910 to June 10, 1912 as an instructor in the Department of Navigation. During this time, in the summer of 1911, he also completed a practical stay as a chief marine engineer on board the battleship USS Iowa . This was followed by posts as a navigational officer on the battleships USS New Hampshire and USS Alabama .
Then Horne was transferred to the Naval Training Station , where he was prepared for the crossing to Manila . As a navigational officer on the armored cruiser USS New York , which is also part of the US Asia fleet , he then made the crossing to the Philippines and, after his arrival, acted as port captain of the naval base in Olongapo from March to June 1914 . He then took over from June to November 1914 his first ship command as commander ( Commanding Officer ) of the support ship USS Rainbow , which the in July 1914 Manila Bay left and on their way to the decommissioning of the Mare Iceland Naval Shipyard in California in the meantime investigations and exploring to Hawaii owned French Frigate Shoals .
World War I and naval attaché in Japan
.jpg)
In November 1914, Horne was as a Lieutenant Commander , first employee of the Naval Attaché at the Embassy of the Empire of Japan , before he finally until 15 March 1919 itself Naval Attaché of 15 January 1915, Tokyo was. He was honored with the Navy Cross , the highest, for his services in establishing and maintaining friendly relations with Japan during the First World War, as well as providing useful information for the Navy Intelligence Service ONI ( Office of Naval Intelligence ) and the Commander in Chief of the US Asia Fleet Award given by the U.S. Department of the Navy . In addition, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure 3rd class by the Japanese government for his services as a naval officer as the first US naval officer . After his return to the USA, he did special duty at the ONI from March to April 1919 to report on his findings and experiences about Japan.
As a result, Horne became the commandant of the USS Von Steuben troop carrier in April 1919 , in order to accommodate US troops returning from France . On May 17, 1919, the retreaded troop transport set off again for the USA. Horne remained responsible for these transports until October 13, 1919, before the ship was decommissioned on October 14, 1919.
He then took over the command of the the US Pacific Fleet ( US Pacific Fleet ) belonging destroyer tender USS Buffalo and remained until June 1920 to hold the post. In the meantime, he served for a month as the commander of the cruiser USS Birmingham , which served as the flagship of the destroyer squadron of the US Pacific Fleet. From June 1920 to June 1921 he was in command of the USS Vestal , a US Navy repair ship.
Upon his return, Horne became adjutant to the commandant of the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , a US Navy shipyard in Kittery , near Portsmouth, in June 1921 . He then graduated from Naval War College (NWC) in Newport and from Army War College , which at the time was housed at Fort Lesley J. McNair in Washington, DC . On June 14, 1924, he took command of the light cruiser USS Omaha and then served from January 16, 1926 to March 1926, service with the Third Naval District in New York City, where he was responsible for matters relating to the marine reserves.
Training as a naval aviation observer
Following Horne was one from March to June 1926 into the first class of captains at sea , by the then head of Naval Air Office (Bureau of Aeronautics) William A. Moffett were persuaded to join a flight training on the Naval Air Station in Pensacola ( Naval Air Station Pensacola ) to undergo. A newly issued regulation stipulated that command of aircraft carriers , tenders, squadrons and naval aviation bases was limited to officers who had completed a qualification as naval aviators with the pilot's badge (Naval Aviator Badge) or at least as naval aviation observer badge . The qualification as a naval aviator foresaw 200 flight hours, while for naval aviation observers 100 hours in flight duty were allotted. Like most older officers, Horne also opted for the less extensive training to become a Naval Aviation Observer . Participants in his course included several later vice admirals and admirals such as Joseph M. Reeves , Harry E. Yarnell , Alfred Wilkinson Johnson, and Henry V. Butler .
After he subsequently since June 1926 member of the Marine audit committee (Naval Examining Board) of the US Navy Department ( US Department of the Navy ) was Horne captain sparked by sea Ernest King on January 3, 1927 temporarily as commander of the seaplane ship USS Wright . Rear Admiral Moffett had appointed King in command of the USS Wright prior to the necessary flight training to ensure King would be in command of the ship. After completing flight training, King took command of the USS Wright again from Horne on June 6, 1927 . During his time as Acting Commander of the USS Wright , Horne was also a senior officer on the staff of the Commander Aircraft Squadrons of the US Scouting Fleet .
Was Plan Orange and Commander of the USS Saratoga
_flagged_for_Navy_Day,_1932.jpg)
Horne then became chief assistant to Rear Admiral Frank Herman Schofield , then head of the War Plans Division in the Chief of Naval Operations ' office in June 1927 , and held this position until April 1929. His experience with naval aviation and as a naval attaché in Japan proved to be an advantage in the revision of the so-called War Plan Orange , the plan drawn up after the First World War for an expected war with Japan. He distinguished himself in particular through his cooperation with the officers of the US Army in the Joint Army and Navy Board .
On 20 April 1929 Horne was commander of the Lexington-class belonging to the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga and stayed until 5 September 1930 on this item. He then acted from September 20, 1930 to June 5, 1931 himself as commander of the aircraft squadron of the US reconnaissance fleet, this title initially in commander of the 1st aircraft carrier division (Commander Carrier Division 1) and on February 13, 1931 in Commander of the aircraft (Commander Aircraft) of the reconnaissance forces (Scouting Force) as well as commander of the 1st division was changed. Subsequently, from July 18, 1931, he held the position of Chief of Staff of the 14th Naval District (Fourteenth Naval District) in Pearl Harbor for two years .
Flag officer
COMAIRBATFOR and the naval exercise Fleet Problem XVIII
In June 1933 Horne was promoted to Rear Admiral and was until June 1934 both commander of the naval base force (Commander Base Force) and their training squadron . He was then again a member of the Naval Examination Committee from June 1934 to March 1935 before he was commander of the 6th Cruiser Division 6 of the reconnaissance forces from April 1, 1935 to June 18, 1935 . On June 18, 1935 he was appointed commander of the aircraft associations (Commander Aircraft) of the naval base forces. During this time, naval aircraft made flights to the Midway Islands in the fall of 1935 . In this post he remained until June 9, 1936 and was then replaced by Ernest J. King, who was now also Rear Admiral.
On June 9, 1936 Horne was promoted to Vice Admiral and took over as COMAIRBATFOR the function of commander of the aircraft formations of the US Navy (US Battle Force) and exercised this function until June 29, 1938. His superiors at the time as commander of the US navy were Admiral William D. Leahy and then, since January 2, 1937, Admiral Claude C. Bloch . Its use as COMAIRBATFOR was shaped by the naval exercise Fleet Problem XVIII in May 1937, which was one of a series of naval exercises designed to develop and test naval doctrine between the world wars. In part of the exercise, Horne found himself in a simulated air strike with King in San Diego . Horne's aircraft carriers, the USS Saratoga and the USS Ranger , were tasked with attacking the city, which was defended by King's coastal reconnaissance aircraft and the aircraft of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington . King's reconnaissance planes located Hornes aircraft carriers during the night and the next morning thick fog prevented all aircraft from taking off from the aircraft carriers, while the clear weather over San Diego allowed King to carry out heavy bombing attacks that "sink" the two aircraft carriers in front of Hornes End of the exercise at 10 a.m.
In January 1938, King of new COMAIRBATFOR, once again successors horn, which in turn in his permanent rank was (permanent rank) has been restored as a Rear Admiral.
Chairman of the Committee on Naval Aviation Expansion
On March 15, 1938 Horne was first a member of the General Board of the Navy (General Board of the Navy) , in which he dealt with aviation problems. In 1939 he became chairman of an influential committee to develop personnel policy for the expansion of the naval aviation forces. This committee was on 29 June 1939 by the then Secretary of the Navy ( US Secretary of the Navy ) Claude A. Swanson convened to study the matters relating to the regular and reserve flight personnel of US Navy and US Marine Corps refer (USMC). Other members of this committee included Frigate Captain George D. Murray , Frigate Captain Edwin T. Short, Lieutenant Colonel (USMC) LC Merritt, and Corvette Captain Walton W. Smith. The rapid expansion of naval aviation created a demand for pilots that exceeded the number of qualified US Naval Academy graduates.
After a six-month study, the committee presented its final report on December 22, 1939. It stated that naval aviation is an important part of the fleet and that naval aviators should generally be required to undergo continuous training in order to ensure that they are generally able to perform their duties. On the other hand, the Horne Committee rejected proposals for the establishment of an independent aviation corps within the Navy and the exclusive use of officers for naval aviation service. Instead, the committee proposed the commissioning of a number of reserve naval aviators to serve in the US Navy. This proposal was ultimately adopted by the US Department of the Navy.
Second World War
The end of 1940 left Admiral Ernest King the General Committee of the Navy to the post of commander in chief of the US Atlantic Fleet on February 1, 1941 ( US Atlantic Fleet ) to take over before the end of December 1941 a few weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Forces assume the role of Commander-in-Chief of the US Fleet . Immediately afterward, King urged the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Harold R. Stark , to dismiss his assistant Rear Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll so that he could succeed Kings as commander in chief of the US Atlantic Fleet.
To succeed Ingersoll as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations , King Admiral Stark proposed either Horne, who was awaiting retirement as a member of the Naval General Committee, or Rear Admiral Russell Willson , then Superintendent of the US Naval Academy. King said: “Take the one you want to replace Ingersoll and I will take the other as my chief of staff”. Stark opted for Horne, who then became assistant to the Chief of Naval Operations on December 27, 1941. He held this position until March 25, 1942 and was promoted back to Vice Admiral on March 10, 1942.
On March 12, 1942 issued US President Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Executive Order 9096 , in which the functions of the commander in chief of the US fleet COMINCH (Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet) were connected and the Chief of Naval Operations CNO together. While COMINCH exercised supreme command over the operational forces of the Navy, the CNO was responsible for their training and logistical support. The Executive Order 9096 also established the function of a Vice Chief of Naval Operations (VCNO) with the rank of Vice Admiral, who should head the staff of the CNO and act temporarily as CNO in the absence of the COMINCH-CNO. Due to this presidential decision, the previous CNO Admiral Stark became Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces in Europe ( US Naval Forces Europe ) and Admiral King COMINCH-CNO, while Horne became the first Vice Chief of Naval Operations on March 25, 1942.
During the Second World War was Horne de facto Chief of Naval Operations, as King primarily with its obligations as COMINCH and the United General Staff ( Joint Chiefs of Staff ) concerned. King and Horne had unofficially agreed that King would be entrusted with the warfare, while Horne and his assistant, Rear Admiral Lynde D. McCormick , were responsible for logistical tasks for the US Navy. In March 1943, he announced the construction of dozen of escort aircraft carriers . Horne was also responsible for budget and financial management and was the first uniformed spokesman for the Navy before the US Congress and was also a member and later from May 1943 to September 1945 chairman of the Army and Navy Petroleum Board . In July 1943, he announced that the US Navy would draw up plans for war with Japan until 1949.
As head of marine logistics, Horne was also the main liaison to the so-called Truman Committee (Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program) , a special committee of the US Senate chaired by Senator Harry S. Truman , which investigates waste, corruption and usury was employed in the defense industry during wartime. When asked about waste in the Pacific War , Horne stated that it is impossible to wage a war of this magnitude without causing waste. He added: “At no moment do I deny that there are billions of dollars worth of material in Pearl Harbor and elsewhere in the Pacific ... But I must now find the balance in favor of the commanders to give them what you need it according to your specifications, and at the same time, I am aware that you will be as interested in saving as I am, gentlemen. We do so where we can heal waste, but we cannot end it in the short term. ”('I don't deny for a moment that there are billions of dollars' worth of materiel out on Pearl Harbor and elsewhere in the Pacific ... But I just have to resolve the balance in favor of giving the commanders what they say they need, and at the same time, I'm fully aware that you gentlemen are interested, as I am, in saving. So where we can cure the waste, we're doing it, but we're not going to stop short ').
Relationship with Admiral Ernest J. King is strained
Frederick J. Horne and Ernest J. King considered respect and mutual suspicion. Horne told a friend that one of the things the US Navy could do was keep King under control, while admiring King Hornes intelligence and administrative skills but distrusting his ambition. King later said: "Horne was a yes-man, but at the same time a very capable man ... I never liked him and I never knew why" ('Horne was a yes man, but a very able man all the same ... I have never liked him and never knew why ').
King's biographer, Thomas B. Buell , suggested that his dislike of Horne stemmed from Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox's attempt to relieve King from one of his COMINCH-CNO roles. On the sidelines of the First Quebec Conference, the so-called Quadrant Conference , in August 1943, Knox surprised Admiral King with the proposal to hand over the position of Chief of Naval Operations to Horne. Upon returning to Washington, DC, King confronted Horne by saying, “Where the hell did this idea come from? What do you have to do with it? ”('Where in hell did this idea come from?" King demanded. "How did you manage it?'). Horne stated that he was innocent, had nothing to do with it and, when asked by Knox, had stated that the existing situation was fine, which King did not believe.
Center the campaign of Knox against King reached in January 1944 peaked as a draft executive order became known, which provided for the separation of the fleet command of the naval operations by King as a five-star Admiral ( Fleet Admiral ) and appointed commander of US Fleet was to be, while for Horne the promotion to four-star admiral and appointment as Chief of Naval Logistics and Material (Chief of Naval Logistics and Material) was planned, which was to report directly to the US Secretary of the Navy.
However, on February 11, 1944, Carl Vinson , a Democratic member of the US House of Representatives from Georgia and chairman of its House Naval Affairs Committee , withdrew his support for Knox's proposal. After Knox's death on April 28, 1944, plans to separate the offices were finally abandoned.
In September 1944, King appointed the previous Chief of Staff to the Commander-in-Chief of the US Fleet, Vice Admiral Richard S. Edwards, Jr. , to the newly created post of Deputy COMINCH Deputy CNO , leaving Edwards as King's immediate deputy in the chain of command over Horne was standing.
Horne's dissatisfaction with this actual demotion led to a flight of reviews in daily newspapers and radio broadcasts, which King attempted to suppress by issuing a press release dated October 4, 1944, saying that the duties now assigned to Vice Admiral Edwards did not demotion Vice Admiral Horne or another would mean. After the war, however, King was more explicit and said, “Of course Horne would have liked to become a CNO. Who wouldn't want that? But I'm afraid he wasn't completely open to me. Finally I unhooked him ”('Of course Horne would have liked to be CNO. Who wouldn't? But I am afraid he was not quite frank with me. I eased him out, finally').
_at_San_Diego_on_5_October_1990_(6640027).jpg)
He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his services in staff planning and logistical cooperation, which were related to problems of logistical supply . On January 29, 1945 he was finally promoted to admiral with retroactive effect from December 15, 1944. In mid-May 1945 he led the rapid support of the US naval units, which ultimately led to victory in the Battle of Okinawa . At the end of May 1945 he called for 15,000 shipyard workers to be employed to repair the US ships destroyed in the Pacific War.
After the end of World War II, King carried out a reorganization of the US Navy on September 29, 1945, abolishing the position of Commander in Chief of the US Navy (COMINCH) and the function of Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) as the undisputed military direction of the US Navy provided. The reorganization that went into effect on October 10, 1945 resulted in King remaining CNO, while Richard S. Edwards, Jr., succeeded Hornes as second Vice Chief of Naval Operations. Horne instead acted temporarily as King's special assistant to deal with demobilization and return of logistics. For his services as a VCNO, he was honored with the Navy Distinguished Service Medal in December 1945 .
On August 1, 1946, Horne was put on the retirement list, but remained until April 1947 as special assistant to the now Chief of Naval Operations, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, and also as chairman of the Board of Review for Decorations and Medals) on active duty.
After his death he was buried in the Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego. The Belknap-class cruiser USS Horne , which was commissioned on April 15, 1967, was named in his honor.
Awards
Web links
- Entry in the Hall of Valor of the Military Times
- Frederick J. Horne in the database of Find a Grave (English)
- FREDERICK J. HORNE, 79; Ex-Commander of Saratoga Was Vice Chief of Naval Operations '42 to '46 . In: The New York Times, October 21, 1959
Individual evidence
- ↑ OFFICERS OF 77TH OPEN HEADQUARTERS; Lieut. Col. Campbell and Party Prepare to Arrange for Jobs and Welcome. DIVISION RECORDS ARRIVE Capt. Loughborough Praises Work of Jewish Boys and Those of German Extraction. Japan Decorates Our Naval Attache . In: The New York Times of March 29, 1919
- ↑ NAVY PLANES TO FLY TO MIDWAY ICELAND; 48 Will Leave Pearl Harbor on Nov. 9 for an Advanced Base Test in the Pacific . In: The New York Times, October 29, 1935
- ↑ NOMINATED AS VICE ADMIRALS BY THE PRESIDENT . In: The New York Times, March 14, 1942
- ↑ LIGHTER CARRIERS PROTECT CONVOYS; 'Dozens' Are Sliding Off Ways to Harass Raiders, Knox's Press Session Is Told. PLANES FERRIED TO ACTION Fueled Craft Are Brought Near War Areas - Study Pushed on Steel Analysis Fake . In: The New York Times of March 27, 1943
- ↑ HORNE VISIONS WAR IN PACIFIC TILL '49; US Admiral Also Deplores Wishful Thinking About Collapse in Germany. KNOX SUPPORTS ATTITUDE He Says Complacency Hurts Output - Cites Plane Lag to Illustrate Point . In: The New York Times, July 21, 1943
- ↑ Oral History Interview with John Abbott (1970) (homepage of the Truman Library)
- ↑ Oral History Interview with John H. Tolan, Jr. (1970, 1974) (Truman Library homepage)
- ^ A b Buell, Thomas B .: Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King , Boston, Verlag Little, Brown & Company, 1980, pp. 221-223, 553-554.
- ↑ Ernest J. King was promoted to Naval Admiral on December 17, 1944 as second naval officer after William D. Leahy and was thus promoted to Leahy and the Chester W. Nimitz (December 19, 1944) and William F. Halsey ( December 21 , 1944) appointed after him December 1945) one of four five-star admirals in US Navy history
- ↑ HENSEL NAMED AIDE TO NAVY SECRETARY . In: The New York Times, January 23, 1945
- ^ Pacific Supply Miracle; Vast Fleet Service Force Feeds Power That Is Blowing Japanese Off Okinawa . In: The New York Times of May 18, 1945
- ↑ NAVY WANTS 15,000 TO REPAIR VESSELS DAMAGED IN PACIFIC; Forrestal Says Situation on the Coast Is Critical as Thousands Quit Yards. INDUCEMENTS ARE OFFERED Draft Deferments and Free Transportation Are Arranged for Men Who Take Jobs. NAVY WANTS 15,000 TO REPAIR VESSELS Repair Battle "Called Vital Describes Situation in Yards . In: The New York Times, May 31, 1945
Horns | Edwards | Ramsey | Radford | Price | McCormick | Duncan | Felt | Russell | Ricketts | Rivero | Clarey | Cousins | Weisner | Holloway | Bagley | Shear | Long | Watkins | Small | Hays | Busey | Hardisty | Edney | Johnson | Arthur | Prueher | Johnson | Gehman | Pilling | Fallon | Mullen | Nathman | Willard | Walsh | Greenert | Ferguson | Howard | Moran | Burke
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Horne, Frederick J. |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Horne, Frederick Joseph (full name) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | American admiral |
| DATE OF BIRTH | February 4, 1880 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Manhattan , New York City |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 18, 1959 |
| Place of death | San Diego , California |