Haingeraide

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Boundary stone in the Wollmesheim forest , Rothenburg Geraide
Ritterstein in the Palatinate Forest in reminiscence of the division of the Haingeraide
Monument to the division of the fifth Haingeraide

Haingeraide (also: Heingereide , Heimgereide and other slightly different spellings) were farmers' associations organized as cooperatives that used common forest in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period , similar to a common land , and who had their own jurisdiction for this.

distribution

There were Haingeraiden in the area of ​​the Upper Rhine , on the left bank on the slopes of the Vosges and the Haardt , a total of 16. The southernmost was the Wanzenau near Strasbourg , the northernmost was in the Palatinate in the area of Bad Dürkheim . In detail these were:

  1. Wanzenau
  2. Brumath Forest
  3. Hagenauer Forest
  4. Weißenburger Mundat (21 municipalities were involved)
  5. Bergzaberner Geraide
  6. Rothenburg Geraide ( Eschbach , Leinsweiler and Ilbesheim )
  7. Ober- or Erste Haingeraide ( Landau , Nußdorf , Godramstein , Siebeldingen , Birkweiler , Albersweiler , St. Johann , Frankweiler , Queichhambach , Graefenhausen , Gossersweiler )
  8. Second Haingeraide ( Burrweiler , Flemlingen , Gleisweiler , Böchingen , Walsheim , Roschbach , Dernbach , Ramberg )
  9. Third Haingeraide ( Edesheim , Rhodt , Hainfeld , Weyher )
  10. Fourth Haingeraide ( Edenkoben , Venningen , Altdorf , Böbingen , Gommersheim )
  11. Fifth Haingeraide ( Maikammer , Kirrweiler , Diedesfeld , St. Martin )
  12. First Hartgeraide ( Hambach , Lachen )
  13. Second Hartgeraide ( Neustadt , Winzingen , Haardt )
  14. Third Hartgeraide ( Deidesheim , Mußbach , Lobloch , Gimmeldingen )
  15. Fourth Hartgeraide ( Wachenheim and others)
  16. Fifth Hartgeraide ( Dürkheim , Freinsheim , Lambsheim )

history

Legendary origins

According to the founding legend , the Austrasian King Dagobert I (around † 639) is said to have bequeathed the forests to the farmers by will after being rescued from danger of death . The legend was strengthened by a writing by the Master Jacob Beyerlin from the 16th century, which listed the rights of the consorts in the form of a wisdom . They viewed the legend as a written form of their claims. These were mainly handwritten copies, but the font is also said to have appeared in print in the 18th century under the title Jacobi Beyerlins Klein Frankreichsbeschreibung by Georg Paul Hoof in Hanhofen near Speyer .

A first interpretation outside of this legend was romantic and Teutonic : Due to the ancient sounding name, this was interpreted as a “court in the grove” and was even stylized by Georg Ludwig von Maurer as a “model example of the old Germanic marque cooperative”. The name is not derived from “Hain” (forest), but from “home”, i.e. from the village settlement.

Facts

There is no contemporary evidence of the facility prior to the mid-13th century. The courts that decided on the use of the market met in the associated villages. The Haingeraiden did not pursue forestry in the modern sense. They simply used the existing forest - and not always sustainably. When the population pressure increased, the forest was also alienated for agricultural purposes in the 18th century.

When the left bank of the Rhine fell to revolutionary France in 1792 , the new administration - against stubborn resistance from the farmers - gradually abolished the Haingeraiden, tried to collect all the remaining copies of Jacob Beyrlin's writing and to introduce sustainable, modern forestry. In a first step, the Gereid- Schultheiss - previously elected by the Gereidgenossen - was now installed by the state (with the title "President"). From March 10, 1802, the forest was placed under state administration, although the Haingeraiden's rights of use were initially retained. Even as far as the corresponding areas finally came to the Kingdom of Bavaria after a series of intermediate steps and then finally in 1816 , both the interim administrations and the Bavarian government continued to pursue a modern forest policy and prevented the reintroduction of the Haingeraiden desired by the farmers.

Worth knowing

In the Worms Wall Building Regulations , a document from the turn of the 10th to the 11th century, which, however, has only been handed down in much later copies, there is a passage that speaks of urbani qui Heimgereiden vocantur . According to the unanimous opinion of the research, this is a subsequent change in the copying. It is presumed that there was a high medieval term incomprehensible to the copyist , which he replaced with a contemporary one that seemed appropriate to him - "Heimgereiden".

literature

  • Karl Antes: The Palatinate Haingereiden . Thiemesche, Kaiserslautern 1933.
  • Adalbert Erler : Heingereiden . In: Concise Dictionary of German Legal History , Volume 2. Erich Schmidt, Berlin 1978. ISBN 3 503 00015 1 , Sp. 57f.
  • Wilhelm Steigelmann: The conditions in the third Haingereide. Taking into account the special political position of Rodt under Rietburg . In: Pfälzer Heimat 20 (1969), pp. 14-20.
  • Dieter Werkmüller : Heingereiden . In: Concise Dictionary of German Legal History, Volume 2. Erich Schmidt, Berlin 2 2010, ISBN 978-3-503-07911-7 [almost identical to Erler, see above]
  • Hans Ziegler: The dissolution of the Haingereiden . In: Pfälzer Heimat 20 (1969), pp. 20-23.

Remarks

  1. ↑ See also: Wollmesheim Forest .
  2. ↑ The bibliographical evidence turns out to be difficult. A manuscript of 16 sheets from 1716 is documented in Hebis : Thorough and Warhaffter report, Vom Ursprung des Fleckens Edenkoben, sambt attached detailed description of the five heingereiden, including Edenkoben das haubt the fourth, with their holes, forest rights, beneficijs, and privilegijs . Except for Dagoberti Quinti Königs in Little France's testament clock old Copia one, faithfully taken .
  3. ↑ The full text of the Wall Building Regulations can be found here .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Erler, Sp. 57.
  2. ↑ Information from Steigelmann, p. 15.
  3. ↑ Steigelmann, p. 14.
  4. ↑ Steigelmann, p. 14.
  5. ↑ Erler, Sp. 57.
  6. ↑ Erler, Sp. 57.
  7. ↑ Erler, Sp. 57.
  8. ↑ Steigelmann, p. 16ff.
  9. ↑ Erler, Col. 58.
  10. ↑ Ziegler, p. 21.
  11. ↑ Gerold Bönnen : City topography, regional relations and defense constitution: Notes on medieval wall building regulations In: Institute for Historical Regional Studies at the University of Mainz (ed.): City and defense construction in the Middle Rhine region = Mainz lectures 7. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, pp. 21–45 (25).