Rabbit fur

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hunter with hunted hare and hare skin lining (Jan Wildens, 1624)

As rabbit fur are skins of animals of the species of genuine rabbit called. These are sold in tobacco shops and processed into furs by furriers .

In the tobacco shop , hare skins or hare hides have always been less in demand than the similar skins of the related rabbit genus, especially domestic rabbits. Certainly the short shelf life plays an important role, the hare's skin tends to shed as much as that of the wild rabbit.

In addition to the recovery of the fur, the use of the hair (sheared goods) was more important. From rabbit hair ( rabbit hair ) or rabbit hair , among other things, fine hat felts and yarns were made. Spun together with cotton or silk, they made threads mainly for velvet fabrics and for the hosiery weavers. Glue was boiled from the hides that fell off .

species

European hare

European hare fur

The skins of the European hares are of little importance for the fur industry. The thin leather tears easily and the skins shed a lot. The hairline is shaggy and unsightly, the hair has a particularly hard cuticle. All of this makes the fur, together with the dark, uneven natural color, almost unsuitable for even coloring. The rabbits are mainly used for hunting and thus for meat processing, the fur is a low-paid by-product.

Upper and lower hair are not straight, but curved (curled). The awns, which are unevenly distributed over the fur, stand together in tufts. The hair on the back of the neck is often thick and longer and flattens out abruptly towards the end of the fur, almost like in steps. This difference cannot be fully made up even by shearing.

Quiver made of rabbit skins (2011)

The fur is significantly larger than that of the wild rabbit (= 35 to 45 cm), it reaches a fur length of up to about 70 cm, the limbs are also longer. The tail is stubby and shorter than that of the rabbit. The tanned fur is found to be easily distinguishable from rabbit fur by the "curly" leather. The brown-yellow, earth-colored hair is speckled black-brown, the silky undercoat is white.

The tobacco industry describes the transition skins of hares and rabbits as "wreaths". In the case of pelts that fell on before the right time, you can see so-called "wreaths" in the leather on both sides of the back. Even if the hair is otherwise well developed, there are oval, short-haired spots here that would have grown out at a later point in time. As "herb hares" in individual auction reports, z. B. in Slovakia, next to the winter, autumn and summer hare skins denotes the last quality. They were valued at about a quarter of the price for summer bunnies. The shelf life coefficient for the gray hare is 5 to 10 percent. When fur animals are divided into the fineness classes silky, fine, medium-fine, coarse and hard, the hair of the white hare is classified as fine, that of the gray hare as medium-fine.

Brown hares are found almost all over the world. Most of the skins are devalued by shot holes for fur purposes and are sent to the felt cutting industry. In 1989 no figures were known about the world attack , but it was classified as insignificant for the fur industry.

Snowshoe hare (polar hare)

The snowshoe hare got its name because of its hairy hind paws; he lives in the far north of America. In the northernmost areas, the fur remains white all year round. In the southern Canadian provinces and some northern states of the USA (Maine, Connecticut, northern Minnesota), hair changes to bluish gray in summer, back, cheeks and ears more dark gray. The undercoat always has a slight pink tinge. The fur is slightly smaller than that of the mountain hare, and the leather is not as strong.

As with the mountain hare, the hair on the back is thick; the dewlap, on the other hand, flutters with fine, long hair, which is why processing is often done separately.

Despite the large populations, only a few pelts come on the market. In 1988 it is said that the skins are mostly only used by the Indians and Eskimos. The North American Cree Indians had already mastered the technique, rediscovered at the end of the 20th century, of weaving pieces of clothing from narrow (snowshoe hare) strips (see rabbit fur, rabbit weaving among the Cree ). In 1971/1972 about 10,000 skins were delivered from Canada, more recent figures were not known.

The skins are delivered with the hair turned inwards.

Mountain hare

Two Mountain Hare Coats (1966)

The mountain hare or also called the white hare is closely related to the field hare. It lives mainly in the Arctic, including Greenland , Chukotka and the Taimyr peninsula, as well as in eastern Siberia to the tundra , in the south to Kazakhstan , in Europe to the Alps.

In summer the fur is reddish brown to brownish-gray, in winter it is pure white, arctic mountain hares remain white all year round.

Russian white hares have soft, silky, and very thick hair. The guide hairs are up to 43 mm long. The blue-gray under hair runs upwards to white, the guard hair is white. The transition color of the summer fur is due to the gray-brown color of the guard hair. Scandinavian white rabbits are said to have particularly fine hair. American pelts differ in that the reddish-brown and blue-gray undercoat shimmers through the white outer hair; they have a particularly thin leather. The hair density is 13,000 to 14,000 hairs per cm².

Mountain hare skins:
colored on the left, natural in the middle, dewlap printed on the right like a lynx

The hair on the back is thick, and the dewlap has long, fine and loose hair. The leather is thicker and more stable than the brown hare. The short tail is bushy and hairy, the paws are also very hairy.

The durability coefficient for mountain hare skins is 5 to 10 percent. This puts them at the bottom of the shelf life table for fur.

Russian trade divides the skins of white hares into gray hares (summer skins) and steppe hares (from Central Asia). The coat weight is different depending on tradition, the most serious are the Kamyschlowsk (148-164 kg per 1000), the leichtesten the Ostsibirier (less than 81 kg per 1000). The weight classes in between are Urals (the second heaviest), Ufimsk , Kazan , Tomsk and Western . The names are mostly derived from the names of the central collection and trading centers. In Kamyshlov, along with Shadrinsk on the Urals, the best-known rabbit dressing houses were also located.

Skins that were already rounded (tanned) were expertly sorted and packed in bundles of 1000 pieces. Grauspitzige hare (Autumn transition skins), Bussy called, cost half the price of the white winter goods. For a time, mountain hares were an important trade item in Russia that was used as a stock.

Adolph Juell, member of the first Fram expedition with a snow hare hat (1893)

German wholesalers sorted into

Mäuschen (young rabbits), IV. Variety
Summer hares, III. variety
Autumn hares (half), II. Variety
Wreaths (transitional goods)
Winter hares, real (great light),
Ib variety
Winter hares, heavy (great heavy),
Yeah sort
Extra hares (furrier hares).

The white hair of the mountain hare can be colored particularly well in fashion colors; Since it is also quite long, the snow hare fur is particularly suitable for attractive trimmings. The fluttering abdominal parts were sometimes used separately from the back as an imitation of arctic fox fur or colored lynx, the back on chinchilla or other types of fine fur. Occasionally, rabbit fur blankets are currently being offered, but these are often similar rabbit skins.

The delivery of smaller snow hare skins was insignificant.

Other kinds

The Chinese rabbit is small and has thinning hair that is used to make felt. The skins mostly went to America (1952).

Skins from the family of pikas are not used for fur purposes. The fur of the South American pampas hare ( Mara ), which is quite appealing in terms of color, has a very short shelf life; The thick, soft and shiny fur was almost exclusively made into pretty blankets by the gauchos and Indians (1923). The fur length is about 50 to 55 cm without the stump tail. The color above is brown-gray with dense speckles, the belly and legs are light reddish yellow.

According to Franke / Kroll, nothing is known about fur utilization about the North American prairie hare . However, the skins are said to have once been an important trade item. Its English name Whitetailed jack rabbit (white tailed jack rabbit) is misleading, it is a species of rabbit.

History, trade, processing

Cutting a rabbit fur for a muff and a collar (1895)

Although it can be assumed that hare skins have been used since mankind hunted, little early information on use can be found based on trade records. Since the fur was not regarded as noble because of its abundance, it was apparently hardly worth mentioning. Whereas clothing made from the fur of farm animals such as sheep and goats received quite a bit of attention. In his list of the most important export goods from today's Russia, the Arab geographer Muhammed Muquaddesi also mentions colorful rabbits in 985 . In Russia, hare skins were used as a yardstick for barter, the smallest copper coin there was given the name Polutska, from Poluschken, half a hare skin. Adam von Bremen , who died in 1085, attributes the black hares to the Scandinavian countries . The Arab doctor Abu Muhammad ibn al-Baitar (c. 1190; † 1248) notes: “ The most excellent of them are the black and white. They have a nice smell and are used as clothes for older men ”.

In the late Middle Ages, the hasenbalc was also used as a cover material for ointment bandages (for example for gout and lumbago treatment by the southwest German surgeon Hertwig von Passau).

Since the second half of the 17th century, there was a moderate export of hare skins from Russia. In 1670, 43 skins were exported via Archangel and the Baltic Sea. Subsequently, exports increased rapidly. As early as 1749, 347,789 pieces with a total value of 37,564 rubles came via St. Petersburg , in 1757 it was 290,513 skins. By 1776 the proceeds for Russia were 58,000 rubles. The hare skins accounted for more than two thirds of the skins exported from all Russian ports (with the exception of the Caspian Sea).

Hare skins at the hat maker (1840)

The rabbit hair for the hatter was already sorted and traded. The best hair is the back hair, followed by the stomach hair, which has been made into "bad hats". The so-called spiked hair, which is found in small quantities in the fur, was not used. Schedels Warren-Lexikon describes the European trade in rabbit skins as follows in 1814:

The strongest trade in this is carried on from Russia and North America to England, Holland and Germany. Russia exports the following sorts via Archangel and Riga: gray Ukrainian hare skins, Russian Russue, which are particularly suitable for hat factories and cost a thousand from 140 to 150 rubles, Siberian hare skins (Saize), 100 to 110 rubles; a sack of rabbits' backs is worth 2 rubles and 60 heads, a sack with hare bellies is worth 2 rubles; white Russian hare skins, which contain less fur and where the skins do not have so much hair either, 2 rubles and 20 heads; the same belly pieces 1 row 80 K .; yellow Russian hare skins, on back pieces, the sack 2 rows; Belly pieces of such 1 R. 50 K. St. Petersburg alone sends a couple of hundred thousand pieces of this article annually for trade, mostly to Holland, Hamburg, Liibeck, and Ostend. Hamburg trades heavily in Russian hare skins, and sells them after 100 pieces in Banko, the Bohemian a. Lithuanian but after 104 pieces. The latter are 25 per cent better and more expensive than the Bohemian ones, and are especially exported via Danzig, Koenigsberg and Elbing ...

It should also be noted that Russian hare skins (Russaki) can only be used for furs because they keep their color; but the Saizi change it.

Species protection was already an issue:

The best time to buy the Bohemian and Moravian hare skins in Leipzig and Hamburg, where a strong market is held, is in Leipzig at the New Year's fair, in Hamburg against Lichtmeß. These are going strongly to England. The Bohemian and Moravian are forbidden to export according to a customs decree of 1786; but surreptitious trade is already finding a way out. According to its own regulations, even in France no rabbit hair should be made into hats if punished; Today, however, those commandments are no longer observed; rather, one sees the foreman through the fingers.

In 1762 it was said of the use of white hare skins that the long hair made them suitable as a good fur lining for winter clothing and for lapels.

As already mentioned, more pelts were used for the hat trade than for the fur trade. Ideally, only those types of fur that the furrier does not like, where the hair is frizzy and matted and which is therefore suitable for making hat felts, are suitable for this. As recently as 1920, hairdressing, probably mainly of rabbit fur, was one of the most important branches of the tobacco industry.

Processing of hare or rabbit fur into a pelerine (1895)

At the end of 1800, black-dyed rabbit skins were a major trade item in the tobacco industry. Today, fur wholesalers only offer a few ready-made rabbit fur boards for further processing. With the exception of occasional blankets and trimmings, rabbit fur is currently hardly used, at least in Central Europe. Because of the low price and the low wear and tear, rabbit skins were also made into children's coats for a while. Walter Fellmann also reports on furs that were supposedly made into headgear at the time. They would have been put on record in 1830 by the "rabbit suit", when fashion suddenly preferred silk hats, which caused consternation among the furriers who specialize in dressing skins. Around 1890, the first "bull market" for rabbit fur, there was renewed trouble when "mainly from Berlin fur clothing stores, namely Muffe were thrown onto the German fur market at surprisingly cheap prices", which "left a lot of annoyance and business destruction." . The black-colored pelts often tore off like tinder during processing and could therefore almost never be processed into sleeves that were temporarily reasonably durable without prior plastering with rubber ( gutta-percha ) ”. Up until the decade of the First World War , rabbit fur, usually dyed black, was "an inferior material for the furrier, which neither he nor the wearer of the fur items made from it enjoyed too much". There was an improvement when people began to dye rabbit dewlaps and the back of rabbits separately. This resulted in two fundamentally different and very differently durable types of articles suitable for trimmings. Mostly Russian hare skins were used, the German, difficult to dye country hare only to a modest extent. Around 1935 there were companies in Leipzig whose color range for hare skins showed over 200 different shades of color.

White hare skins were used in Russia for particularly light yet warm comforters and for women's furs. - The use of “for stage purposes” was also mentioned in a specialist book for tobacco products.

In 1841 Brockhaus mentions the recycling of the rabbit fur scraps, which were pre-assembled into so-called sacks, back, side, stomach and ear sacks: “The ear sacks are hairy on both sides, have a hermelin-like appearance because of the black tips of the ears and are therefore particularly popular . ”However, Brockhaus does not differentiate between rabbit and hare skins here. The Tungus native to Siberia used only half of the ears of the mountain hares, which had a glossy black tip. A silky-soft blanket for sale consisted of no less than 1,800 rabbit ears.

Like rabbit fur, rabbit skins were plucked, sheared and dyed in all sorts of colors. French and then Belgian fur refiners were considered unsurpassed in this regard around 1900. In 1937 a Leipzig finishing book found that Russian hare skins were only sold in trimmed (tanned) fashion; When dyeing the hare skins, which are difficult to wet, and the particularly hard cuticle layer of their hair must be taken into account ... The hare skins are so difficult to wet because air bubbles have accumulated between the tightly packed, slightly curved downy hairs of the undercoat, which resist the penetration of water offer ... Rabbit skins stain very weakly, so the dye concentration must be very strong, dye liquors, which produce lively bright colors on soft-haired skins, dye rabbit skins only very gently and covered ... When lautering (cleaning with wood flour) the colored rabbit is Proceed very carefully as these become matted very easily.

In 1928, a specialist book rigorously stated: “You don't make coats out of rabbits”, just collars. One article comments on the use as a collar when the skins are processed in the round peeled state: "As far as coat collars are made from whole round skins, the fur is put on in such a way that the thick-haired back part also forms the outside of the collar." During the economic crisis in the In the 1920s, however, the rabbit fur replaced the already inexpensive rabbit fur that had been preferred until then.

When processing larger items of clothing or fur blankets, the processing by the furrier is the same as with rabbit skins, the skins are sorted by color and smoke ; for jackets or coats they are very easy to put in rows with straight seams on top of and next to each other. The mostly bald neck, which has to be repaired with a so-called " tongue cut", is characteristic of rabbit skins . Another peculiarity of all rabbit species is that the hind legs are smooth, quite far into the fur. These parts are either cut out and replaced with suitable pieces or removed with a tongue cut. The back and dewlap were often used separately.

Rabbit-skin trader. The male counterpart to the Hasenbalgkrämerin was the Hasenhäutlmann (Austria). They were at the end of the chain of game recycling, which had to be done quickly because of the lack of cooling facilities. (1775)

According to the more exuberant fashion of 1965, 40 to 50 gray hare skins were estimated for a coat. (so-called coat “body”), but also with the note that they are only occasionally made into coats, the white mostly colored for trimmings. A board with a length of 112 centimeters and an average width of 150 centimeters and an additional sleeve section was used as the basis. This corresponds roughly to a fur material for a slightly exhibited coat of clothing size 46 from 2014. The maximum and minimum fur numbers can result from the different sizes of the sexes of the animals, the age groups and the origin. Depending on the type of fur, the three factors have different effects.

Numbers and facts

  • 1838 to 1841
Export to fur from the port of St. Petersburg
Fur type 1838 1839 1840 1841
Squirrel skins 380.060 2,010,266 674.506 1,080,347
Squirrel tails 1,796,012 1,856,849 2,330,950 1,955,345
Hares, gray ones 44,650 91,819 128,610 39,367
Rabbits, white ones 8,900 - 6,000 27,120
Stoat 45,320 56,680 18.193 65,130
Cats 411 1,164 1,246 -
Badgers 154 1.961 1,679 541
sable 710 53 30th -

Mountain hare

  • In 1925 the tobacco wholesaler Jonni Wende offered:
Mountain hares, white, blue or chinchilla colored, 4 to 8 Reichsmarks each.
  • In 1930 , with general agreement, it was proposed that, from January 1, 1931 , hare and rabbit fur in Germany would only be bought without paws, since the paws were not required for processing and the lower weight would save an average of 10 percent in transport costs, especially since German hat production prefers to buy abroad because she got the goods there paw-free.
  • Before 1944 , the maximum price for rabbit skins was:
Whole hare, white or colored 6 RM; Hare dewlap, white or colored 3.75 RM.
  • In 1950 the world incidence of white rabbits around 1950 is said to have amounted to 2 to 3 million skins, half a million of them from the Soviet Union alone. In 1998 no more recent figures were known. Kurgan in Siberia was considered the best tradition .
  • In 1956/66 almost 3 million arctic hare skins came onto the market. In 1971 the Mongolian People's Republic mentioned an annual production of 40,000 furs, which was considered to be quite modest given the enormous size of the country and the wide distribution of the hare .

See also

Commons : Hare skins  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Rabbitskin Clothing  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Processing of rabbit skins  - collection of images, videos and audio files

annotation

  1. ↑ a b The specified comparative value ( coefficient ) is the result of comparative testing by furriers and tobacco shops with regard to the degree of apparent wear and tear. The figures are ambiguous; in addition to the subjective observations of shelf life in practice, there are also influences from tanning and finishing as well as numerous other factors in each individual case. More precise information could only be determined on a scientific basis. The classification was made in steps of 10 percent each, only the weakest species received the value class of 5 to 10 percent. The most durable types of fur according to practical experience were set to 100 percent.

Literature, individual references

  1. ^ Johann Heinrich Moritz Poppe: Johann Christian Schedels new and complete Warren-Lexikon, first part A to N, fourth completely improved edition. Offenbach am Mayn, Verlag Carl Ludwig Brede, 1814. pp. 448–449.
  2. ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 1885, p. 8.201.
  3. ↑ a b F. A. Brockhaus : General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. Published by JS Ed and IG Gruber, Leipzig 1841. Third Section O – Z, keyword “Fur”. These types of utilization can also be found, also as “rabbit fur” in the “rabbit” paragraph, in Christian Heinrich Schmidt: Die Kürschnerkunst . Verlag BF Voigt, Weimar 1844, p. 20.
  4. ↑ a b c Arctic hares and their ennoblement. In: Kürschner-Zeitung. Verlag Alexander Ducker, Leipzig, approx. After 1932 (undated magazine sheet), p. 698.
  5. ^ "Ln": The different rabbits. In: Kürschner-Zeitung. No. 19 of July 1, 1928, Verlag Alexander Duncker, Leipzig, p. 672.
  6. ↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XIX. Tape. Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1950. pp. 69 and 70.
  7. ↑ Paul Schöps; H. Brauckhoff, Stuttgart; K. Häse, Leipzig, Richard König , Frankfurt / Main; W. Straube-Daiber, Stuttgart: The durability coefficients of fur skins in Das Pelzgewerbe , Volume XV, New Series, 1964, No. 2, Hermelin Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin, Frankfurt / Main, Leipzig, Vienna, pp. 56–58
  8. ↑ Paul Schöps, Kurt Häse: The fineness of the hair - the fineness classes . In: Das Pelzgewerbe Vol. VI / New Series, 1955 No. 2, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Leipzig, Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 39–40.
  9. ^ A b c Christian Franke / Johanna Kroll: Jury Fränkel's Rauchwaren-Handbuch 1988/89 , 10th revised and supplemented new edition, Rifra-Verlag Murrhardt, pp. 211–216
  10. ↑ Unspecified by author (to photos by AB McIvor): Rabbit Skin Robe In: The Beaver , Winter 1958, Hudson's Bay Company, pp. 46–47.
  11. ↑ a b Heinrich Dathe, Berlin; Paul Schöps, Leipzig with the assistance of 11 specialist scientists: Pelztieratlas , VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1986.
  12. ^ Jury Fränkel: Rauchwaren-Handbuch . Self-published, Paris 1960, p. 94.
  13. ↑ a b Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and tobacco products. XVIII. Band . Verlag Alexander Tuma, Vienna 1949. Pages 94–96.
  14. ↑ Richard König : An interesting lecture (report on the trade in Chinese, Mongolian, Manchurian and Japanese tobacco products). In: Die Pelzwirtschaft No. 47, 1952, p. 52.
  15. ↑ Emil Brass : From the realm of fur . Publishing house of the "Neue Pelzwaren-Zeitung and Kürschner-Zeitung", Berlin 1923, p. 736.
  16. ↑ animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site , primary source: Chapman, J., J. Dunn, R. Marsh. 1982. Lepus townsendii. Pp. 124-137 in J. Chapman, G. Feldhamer, eds. Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management and Economics . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
  17. ↑ Bruno Schier : Ways and forms of the oldest fur trade in Europe . Publishing house Dr. Paul Schöps, Frankfurt am Main, 1951, p. 39 (colored rabbits, "khergûsch mulauwan"). Table of contents .
  18. ^ Johann Carl Leuchs: General Goods Lexicon . 2 parts, Nuremberg 1835.
  19. ↑ Karl Wenzeslaus Rodecker of Rotteck: State-dictionary or encyclopedia of political science: In conjunction with many of the most respected publicists Germany , Volume 11 P. 12. Accessed October 16, 2015.
  20. ↑ Bruno Schier (see there), p. 39. Primary source: Adam von Bremen: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . IV, 31 (black hare, "lepores nigros").
  21. ↑ Bruno Schier: Ways and forms of the oldest fur trade in Europe . Publishing house Dr. Paul Schöps, Frankfurt am Main, 1951, p. 40; Primary source: Tha'âlibî, Latâif el Ma'ârif, p. 128.
  22. ^ Gundolf Keil , Christine Boot: Hertwig von Passau. In: Burghart Wachinger et al. (Hrsg.): The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author Lexicon . 2nd, completely revised edition, ISBN 3-11-022248-5 , Volume 3: Gert van der Schüren - Hildegard von Bingen. Berlin / New York 1981, column 1150 f.
  23. ^ Gerhard Eis : Master Hertwig's ointment. In: Centaurus. Volume 12, 1967, pp. 135-137.
  24. ↑ Jos. Klein: The Siberian fur trade and its importance for the conquest of Siberia. Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Rheinische Friedrich-Humboldt-Universität Bonn, 1900. P. 46, 49 and 189 Tables I and II.
  25. ↑ Reinhold Stephan, Bochum: On the history of the smoking goods trade in antiquity and the Middle Ages and the development of the Russian-Asian region from 16.-18. Century. Inaugural dissertation University of Cologne, 1940, p. 126. Table of contents . Primary source Kilburger: Lessons from Russian trade, such as those with outgoing and incoming goods, were driven through all of Russia in 1674. In: Büschings magazine for the new history and geography. Part III, Hamburg 1769, p. 245.
  26. ↑ Alexander Lachmann: The fur animals. A manual for furriers and smokers . Baumgärtner's Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1852, pp. 273-274.
  27. ↑ Johann Samuel Halle: Workshops of today's arts , chapter The Kirschner . Berlin 1762, file: The Kirschner Page 311.jpg .
  28. ↑ Max Bachrach: Fur. A Practical Treatise , 2nd edition, Verlag Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, February 1936. pp. 189–192 (English)
  29. ↑ Without an author's name: The rabbit fur business . In: "Der Rauchwarenmarkt", Volume 8, No. 109, Berlin May 19, 1920, p. 2.
  30. ↑ Paul Schorsch: Pelztierkunde , Verlag Kürschner-Zeitung Alexander Duncker, Leipzig, pp. 65–66
  31. ^ Walter Fellmann: Der Leipziger Brühl , VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 1989, p. 89.
  32. ↑ Otto Lindekam: The rabbit fur as a fur material. In: Der Rauchwarenmarkt No. 39, supplement Der Rauchwarenveredler , Leipzig May 18, 1935.
  33. ↑ Jos. Klein: The Siberian fur trade and its importance for the conquest of Siberia. Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Rheinische Friedrich-Humboldt-Universität Bonn, 1900. p. 30.
  34. ↑ W. Künzel: From raw hide to smoke goods - outings in the Head Shop finishing , Alexander Duncker Verlagsbuchhandlung, Leipzig, undated (? 1935), pp one hundred and first
  35. ↑ "v. L. “, according to the researcher Pfizenmayer: rabbit ears as fur. In: The tobacco market. No. 7, Leipzig January 18, 1930, p. 6.
  36. ↑ Paul Cubaeus, "practical furriers in Frankfurt am Main": The whole of Skinning. Thorough textbook with everything you need to know about merchandise, finishing, dyeing and processing of fur skins. A. Hartleben's Verlag, Vienna, Pest, Leipzig 1891. Page 340
  37. ↑ W. Künzel: From raw fur to smoking goods. Alexander Duncker Verlagbuchhandlung, Leipzig undated (approx. 1937).
  38. ^ Heinrich Lange, Albert Regge: History of the dressers, furriers and cap makers in Germany . German Clothing Workers Association (ed.), Berlin 1930, p. 274.
  39. ↑ Alexander Tuma jun: The practice of the furrier . Published by Julius Springer, Vienna 1928, pp. 149–150.
  40. ^ Fritz Hempe: Handbook for furriers. Verlag Kürschner-Zeitung. Alexander Duncker, Leipzig 1932, p. 104.
  41. ^ Hermann Deutsch: The modern skinning. Manual for the furrier, dyer, bleacher, cutter and garment maker. A. Hartleben's Verlag, Vienna and Leipzig, 1930. pp. 74-75.
  42. ↑ Paul Schöps among others: The material requirement for fur clothing. In: The fur trade. Vol. XVI / New Series 1965 No. 1, Hermelin-Verlag Dr. Paul Schöps, Berlin et al., Pp. 7-12. Note: The following measurements for a coat body were taken as a basis: Body = height 112 cm, width below 160 cm, width above 140 cm, sleeves = 60 × 140 cm.
  43. ↑ Jos. Klein: The Siberian fur trade and its importance for the conquest of Siberia . Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Rheinische Friedrich-Humboldt-Universität Bonn, 1900. P. 192 Table VI. Primary source v. Baer, ​​p. 152.
  44. ↑ Jonni Wende company brochure, Rauchwaren en wholesale, Hamburg, Düsseldorf, Leipzig, New York, August 1925, p. 8.
  45. ↑ Editor: For the paw-free delivery of rabbit and rabbit skins. In: The tobacco market. No. 128, Leipzig October 28, 1930, p. 3.
  46. ^ Friedrich Malm, August Dietzsch: The art of the furrier. Fachbuchverlag Leipzig 1951, p. 58.
  47. ↑ Fritz Schmidt : The book of the fur animals and fur. 1970, FC Mayer Verlag, Munich, pp. 70-75.
  48. ↑ N. Dawaa, M. Not, G. Schünzel: About the fur animals of the Mongolian People's Republic (MVR). In: The fur trade. 1971 vol. XXI new series vol. 1, p. 6.