Dominion Straupitz

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Map of Niederlausitz from 1791 by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly . The Straupitz dominion is located southeast of LUBEN (= Lübben )

The state rule of Straupitz , previously the rule of Straupitz, was a Lower Lusatian aristocracy based in Straupitz in the Brandenburg district of Dahme-Spreewald in Germany .

It was first mentioned in a document at the end of the 13th century , when Dietrich the Old von Ilow was enfeoffed by the Margrave of Lusatia, Dietrich the Younger, with the villages of Straupitz, Laasow and Butzen . The rule still had the status of a knight's seat at this time . Only after 1447 with the takeover of rule by the Burgraves of Dohna did the respective owners have a seat and vote in the gentlemen's curia in the Lower Lusatian Estates Assembly, and Straupitz had thus risen to rule. However, this term did not appear for the first time until 1578. From the 19th century onwards , the term Straupitz estate became common. In 1849 the civil jurisdiction was transferred to the district court of Lübben. However, the castle and Vorwerk formed their own manor district, which was only combined with the Straupitz district in 1929. In 1655 the von Houwald (counts from 1840) came into possession of the rule, which they could maintain until 1945.

Straupitz Castle, seat of the Straupitz registry office

history

Straupitz was first mentioned in a document in 1294 when Margrave Dietrich d. J. der Lausitz Dietrich enfeoffed the old man from Ilow with the villages of Straupitz, Laasow and Butzen with all accessories. The property had previously been a margrave. While Rudolf Lehmann assumes that there was already a manor house in Straupitz, Götz von Houwald tends to reject this. Instead, he thinks more of a hunting lodge that stood in Straupitz. The latter is rather unlikely; For strategic reasons alone, a castle may already have existed in Straupitz. In 1312 the Brandenburg Margrave Waldemar assured Dietrich von Ihlow that he would remain independent of Lübben , provided that Lübben was not in the hands of the sovereign, that is, he would remain the margrave's direct liege. At that time Lübben Castle and its accessories were owned by the Dobrilugk Monastery . This insurance to Dietrich von Ihlow can be understood as an indication that Straupitz once belonged to Lübben or was part of the accessories of Lübben Castle.

In 1340 Conrad and Dietrich the Younger from Ihlow were enfeoffed with the small lordship, which had meanwhile been increased by Byhlen and Naundorf, which was later lost again . In 1420 King Sigismund confirmed to the sons of the late Hartmut von Ihlow that they had inherited property from their father, some of which they had already acquired. In addition to Straupitz, Laasow, Butzen and Byhlen, this also included Mochow and Groß Liebitz as well as a quarter of the Neu Zauche rule with (Neu-) Zauche , Wußwerk , Alt Zauche , Caminchen and Waldow . In 1425 Conrad von Ylow was the master of Straupitz. In 1434 Dietrich von Ihlow is proven to be the owner of the Straupitz estate.

The Burgraves of Dohna as owners of Straupitz

In 1447 Dietrich von Ihlow sold Straupitz with all accessories, namely Straupitz with vineyard and Vorwerk, Laasow with the mill, Butzen, Byhlen, Byhleguhre, Mochow and Groß Liebitz to the brothers Caspar, Heinrich and Franz, burgraves of Dohna . Butzen and halbe Byhlen (Bellin) are mentioned in particular, which apparently only reverted to Dietrich von Ihlow shortly before the sale. He had pledged Butzen and half Byhlen some time before to the Markbrandenburg Chancellor Heinze von Kracht auf Neu Zauche. With the Burgraves of Dohna, the Straupitz lordship moved into the gentry's curia and had now advanced from a mere manor to a lordship. In 1470 the rulership included the seven villages, Straupitz, Butzen, Byhleguhre, Byhlen, Groß Liebitz, Laasow and Mochow. Apparently Heinrich and Franz died early and without heirs, because the rule initially fell to Caspar II alone, and from this to his two sons Siegmund and Christoph I. Christoph I was (sole?) Lord of Straupitz in 1481. Then, according to the feudal letter of February 2, 1510, the sons of Christoph Caspar III came. and Hans III. in possession of the rule. Caspar was married to Eva Schenk von Landsberg; he had three sons Johann, Christoph II. and Wilhelm. Christoph was bailiff in Upper Lusatia and inherited the rule of Königsbrück in Upper Lusatia from Martin Burgrave of Dohna. In 1597 Wilhelm bought the rulership of Muskau in Upper Lusatia.

Sold to Joachim I von der Schulenburg

Caspar IV and his sons Christoph Wilhelm and Hans Burgrave von Dohna sold the Straupitz rule for 45,000 thalers to Joachim I von der Schulenburg on October 11, 1578. As early as 1577, Caspar had given Joachim I von der Schulenburg a right of first refusal to rule Straupitz in return for a loan of 20,000 thalers. Caspar Burgrave of Dohna bought with the money obtained domination Koenigsbrueck in Oberlausitz (later Standesherrschaft Koenigsbrueck called).

In the fiefdom of Joachim (I) von der Schulenburg from November 8th, 1578, the term Haus und Herrschaft Straupitz appears for the first time . At that time Joachim was considered one of the richest men in Germany and was nicknamed "the rich". At that time he also owned the lords of Löcknitz in Brandenburg and Penkun in Pomerania, the lords of Neu Zauche , Lübbenau and Lieberose in Lower Lusatia, the Subzin estate in Mecklenburg, and shares in Beetzendorf and Apenburg in the Altmark. Joachim I died on September 19, 1594 in Penkun and was buried in the church in Lieberose. He was followed by his son Richard (III.). He died in 1600 while hunting in Pieskow .

Richard's only son, Joachim (VII) von der Schulenburg, inherited the huge estate. He received the feudal letter for the goods located in Lower Lusatia on February 27, 1601. Due to the costly court holding, Joachim accumulated a mountain of debts, which he tried to counter in 1615 by selling his shares in Beetzendorf, the Penkun castle and manor and the Straupitz rule.

Sale of the Straupitz estate to von Wallwitz

In 1615, the Straupitz reign went to the chief tax collector and regional court assessor Georg von Wallwitz for 75,000 thalers. Georg von Wallwitz died in 1628 without a physical heir and through an inheritance settlement between his brother Nicol and Bastian and Hans, the sons of his brother Bastian, who had also died, the reign of Straupitz passed to Nicol von Wallwitz. In the feudal letter for Nicol issued on September 2, 1629, Straupitz was first referred to as a market town . On May 12, 1651 Nicol sold the Straupitz estate to his nephew Bastian for 52,000 thalers. But even Bastian could not keep the rule in the Wallwitz family.

Sale to Christoph von Houwald

On July 14, 1655, Bastian von Wallwitz sold the Straupitz rule for 54,137 thalers to the general in Swedish, Polish, electoral Brandenburg and Saxon services, Christoph von Houwald , who had been ennobled in Sweden in 1632. At that time he already owned Maldeuten (today Małdyty ), Drenken ( Drynki ) and Posorten ( Pozorty ) in East Prussia . On July 30, 1655 he received the feudal letter over the rule of Straupitz and personally took the oath of homage to Duke Christian I of Saxony-Merseburg at the Lower Lusatian state parliament, which lasted from August 5 to 19, 1657 . Christoph von Houwald tried to rebuild the rule that had been badly damaged by the Thirty Years' War . He filled orphaned farm positions. He had a new church built in Straupitz. In Mochow, which was badly damaged by the Thirty Years' War, a new farm emerged from numerous desolate farms. On the embankment between Mochow and Lamsfeld , the Swedish field marshal Johan Banér won a skirmish against the imperial family on his retreat from Torgau over the Oder to Pomerania in 1637. On November 29, 1661 Christoph von Houwald died and in his will determined the rule of Straupitz to be a majorate, ie the eldest son inherited the rule in whole.

As a result, his eldest son, Willibald von Houwald, the governor of the Lower Lusatia Margraviate, inherited the Straupitz rule, and his younger son Adolf received the East Prussian estates. Willibald von Houwald received the feudal letter on July 27, 1662 and was in charge of the rule until his death on January 11, 1717. Landtag ordinance of 1669 established the status of the rulership as one of the 14 civil lords in Niederlausitz. Much changed in the rule during his time. The old castle was redesigned, the driveway received an arched gate and a guard's house. The ramparts, the trenches and the drawbridge were renewed. The Kokainz and Horst farms were completely rebuilt. In Byhlen, the Vorwerk building was rebuilt, the winegrower's house was renewed and the wine press was re-covered. The farm buildings were renewed on all other outbuildings. A potash boiler was set up in Straupitz. He had the interior of the Straupitz Church built by his father extensively renovated and a stone tower added, which received two new bells. In 1671 he also changed the church order. The pastor had to go to the pulpit twice and deliver the sermon once in German and once in Wendish. In Mochow he had a new church building built. But some storms and accidents have also been recorded during its long period of possession. In the years 1665, 1681, 1685 and 1717 (shortly after his death) severe storms hit the rule. In 1674 the Vorwerk in Byhlen burned down. Willibald von Houwald was married to Margarethe Elisabeth von Breitenbach, with whom he had five children, two of whom died as small children. The two sons also died at a young age, Johann Adolf as ensign and Christoph Haubold shortly after his marriage to Anna Juliane von Luckowin of measles. In 1693, Willibald tried to buy Gut Plattkow (now part of the community of Märkische Heide ) for him, but there were problems with leasehold law that ultimately made the acquisition of Plattkow fail. Only the daughter Johanna Sofie survived the father. Her first marriage was to Otto Georg von Wiedebach, the head tax collector of Niederlausitz; in her second marriage she married the Privy Council and Conference Minister Gottlob Friedrich Graf von Gersdorff on Baruth in Upper Lusatia. Willibald von Houwald died on January 11, 1711 in Straupitz.

18th century

Heir von Straupitz was his nephew, Christoph Willibald Heinrich von Houwald auf Maldeuten in East Prussia. At that time, however, he was only 11 years old and was under the tutelage of his second widowed mother, Dorothea Charlotte Countess Truchseß zu Waldburg nee. from Tettau. Mother and son moved to Straupitz in March 1717. In the same year, Martin Schramm, Windmüller zu Straupitz, sued Countess Dorothee Charlotte for clearing the river in the Spreewald. A few years later the Straupitz rule was hit hard. In July 1719, two farms, 23 farms and 11 Büdner in Byhleguhre burned down completely. Four farms and a further 7 Kossäthöfe were damaged by the fire. Christoph Willibald Heinrich von Houwald was married to Johanna Helene von Dieskau, with whom he had four daughters and two sons. He was mainly concerned with the forest management of his estates, while he leased the Mochow, Butzen and Groß Liebitz farms. The Vorwerk in Mochow was leased to H. von Kannewurf in 1734, the Vorwerk in Butzen to von Leipziger and the Vorwerk Groß Liebitz to Gottlob Ehrenfried von Thermo. Later it seems that he leased all three outworks from Thermo. Christoph Willibald Heinrich von Houwald died on June 3, 1741 at the age of only 35, leaving behind his widow with five underage children (one daughter died early). Since the administration of the estates in East Prussia and the Straupitz rule was apparently too much for the widow, she sold the East Prussian estates in 1749. She had the so-called New House built near the castle, which served her and later also the wives of the Straupitz gentlemen as a widow's residence. In 1755 the Straupitz rule had 1656 inhabitants. The two sons of Christoph Willibald Heinrich, Gottlob Karl Willibald and Christian Heinrich Adolf were initially enfeoffed together with the Straupitz rule. On November 1, 1771, there was an inheritance comparison between the two brothers. Gottlob Karl Willibald took over the majority for 120,000 thalers for his brother and his descendants, suspending a feudal tribe of 4,000 thalers. The rule then comprised seven villages. Another transaction remains completely unclear. On May 21, 1772, the wife of Gottlob Karl Willibald, Auguste Magdalene von Knoch, bought the Straupitz estate for the same 120,000 thalers and was enfeoffed with it. On March 20, 1773, she returned the rule to her husband. In 1788 Straupitz had an estimate (according to which the tax was calculated) of 10,000 guilders and had to provide two knight horses . In 1772 there were 1687 people living in the rulership, in 1798 as many as 2106.

Gottlob Karl Willibald had the old castle demolished in 1795 and a new building erected in the classical style, which is still standing today. The year 1798 in the gable of the building probably indicates the year of completion. Until his death in 1799 he founded Neu-Byhleguhre, Mühlendorf and the so-called Kaupernahrungen in the Spreewald , ie individual farms in the Byhleguhrer Spreewald. He also had the hunting lodge built in Byhleguhre, which still exists today. In addition to the rule, he bought the Unter- and Oberkrug in Straupitz, the Krug in Byhlen and the Neu Zaucher vineyard. Other acquisitions that were not attached to the Straupitz rule were the so-called Radesche Vorwerk and the so-called Trierenbergsche Vorwerk in Steinkirchen near Lübben, which he bought in 1798 from the state elder Ernst Abraham von Stutterheim. Gottlob Karl Willibald von Houwald died on December 12, 1799 in Straupitz. Two daughters and three sons survived him, five other children had already died before him. Gottlob Karl Willibald von Houwald was not only a free gentleman on Straupitz, but also a lord of Kraupe (= Craupe ), Radensdorf and Neuhaus .

The church in Straupitz from 1838

19th century

Heir to the Straupitz rule was the eldest son, Karl Heinrich Ferdinand, who was initially a Saxon and later a Prussian district judge of Lower Lusatia and a knight of the Red Eagle Order . The younger brothers Gottlob and Ernst were one after another Land Syndici of Niederlausitz . Gottlob was later governor and deputy captain of the district, Ernst was also known as a poet, playwright and author of children's books. In 1815 Saxony had to cede Lower Lusatia to Prussia. Karl Heinrich Ferdinand was married to Amalie von Zeschau, with whom he had a daughter. His second marriage was Jeanette Freiin von Thermo; The marriage had 14 children, including six sons who grew up. In 1828 the old Straupitz church was demolished and the building site for the new church leveled. The new Straupitz Church, which was completed in 1832, was built according to plans by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . He did not live to see the consecration of “his” church with a festive service on August 5, 1832. He had already died on June 2, 1832.

He was followed by his eldest son Heinrich Willibald , who was raised to the Prussian count on October 15, 1840. The title, however, was linked to the free state rule of Straupitz and a family affiliation commission. The owner of the estate had a seat and vote in the Prussian state parliament and later in the Prussian manor house . At that time, the Straupitz estate comprised 6,252 hectares, of which 3,746 hectares were forest. Of the eight civil lords still in aristocratic ownership in Niederlausitz at that time, Straupitz ranked third in terms of size. Heinrich Willibald von Houwald was married to his cousin Florentine von Houwald from the Sellendorf-Neuhaus family. With her he had three sons and a daughter. The eldest son Heinrich, married to Katharina von Sanden, died at the age of 30. His father had bought the Sglietz estate (now Glietz , part of the Märkische Heide community) for him. His next younger brother Ernst, who had acquired the Leibchel estate for himself, succeeded him as heir to the rule . Ernst von Houwald played a key role in realizing the Lübben-Kottbuser circular path (s) . The train station in Straupitz was opened in 1897. Ernst was married to Elisabeth Freiin von Eckardstein. The son Christoph Heinrich and the daughter Irmgard emerged from the marriage. Ernst died on August 24, 1903 in Coswig. Heir was the son Christoph Heinrich, who however remained unmarried. After the First World War , larger lands had to be sold. A new settlement was built on the Byhlen vineyard. In 1934 Christoph Heinrich adopted his nephew Otto Heinrich and his son Hubertus Freiherren von Houwald. In 1938 the Familienfideikommiss was dissolved by law. Christoph Heinrich von Houwald died on April 14, 1942.

Otto Heinrich Freiherr von Houwald was a colonel in the Air Force; he took his leave in 1942 and retired to Straupitz. In 1945 the von Houwald family was expelled and expropriated. His son Hubertus Graf von Houwald, who died in 1966, became his formal successor. The school was housed in Straupitz Castle from 1947 and still houses a comprehensive school after a restoration of the building from 1997 to 2002.

Associated places

Around 1820, the Straupitz rule included:

  • (Straupitzer) Buschmühle ( water mill ), residential area of ​​Straupitz.
  • Butzen ( village and Vorwerk ), today part of the municipality of Spreewaldheide
  • Butzen sheep farm , risen in Butzen.
  • Byhlen ( village and Vorwerk ), today part of the municipality Byhleguhre-Byhlen
  • Biehlener (Byhlener) Theerofen, Theerofen and Forsthaus , no longer exists, was located at the southwestern end of the Teerofensee
  • Byhleguhre ( village with forestry ), today part of the Byhleguhre-Byhlen community. The forester's apartment was in the Byhleguhrer Dorfstraße 100 area.
  • Groß Liebitz ( village and Vorwerk ), part of the municipality of Lamsfeld-Groß Liebitz , a district of the municipality of Schwielochsee
  • Horst ( Vorwerk ), part of the municipality of Straupitz, 1799 by Gottlieb Karl Willibald von Houwald
  • Kaupernahrungen in the Spreewald, settlement from the end of the 18th century as part of the municipality of Byhleguhre
  • Kokainz ( Vorwerk ), living space in the Byhleguhre district of the Byhleguhre-Byhlen community
  • Laasow ( village ), part of the municipality Spreewaldheide
  • Laasower mills, a water mill and a wind mill . The watermill is the building complex Laasower Landstr. 48. The windmill no longer exists; it was a little south of the building in Laasower Dorfstrasse 55.
  • Laasower brickworks no longer exists. It was on Laasower Dorfstrasse in the direction of Straupitz. A second brick factory was built later in the area of ​​today's Burghof residential area
  • Mochow ( village and Vorwerk ), part of the community Schwielochsee
  • Mochower mills, a water mill and a wind mill . The watermill is part of the Mochower Dorfstrasse 4 building complex. The windmill no longer exists, it was located approx. 200 south-southeast of the watermill.
  • Mill village . The settlement around the former Straupitz cutting mill was established by Gottlieb Karl Willibald von Houwald before 1799.
  • New Byhleguuhr . The colony was founded before 1799 by Gottlieb Karl Willibald von Houwald.
  • Neuzaucher Weinberg, Vorwerk , today part of the community vineyard of the community Neu Zauche
  • Pushko, in the Ob. Spreewalde, forester's house , no longer exists, was on the western edge of the Straupitz district on the Puschko river
  • Rothehaus, in the Ob. Spreewalde, forester's house , not localized
  • Straupitz ( Castle and Vorwerk )

supporting documents

literature

  • Friedrich Beck , Lieselott Enders , Heinz Braun (with the assistance of Margot Beck, Barbara Merker): Authorities and institutions in the territories of Kurmark, Neumark, Niederlausitz until 1808/16. Böhlau, Weimar 1964 (= overview of the holdings of the Brandenburg State Main Archives Potsdam, Part 1, Series of publications: Publications of the Brandenburg State Main Archives, Volume 4), ISSN  0435-5946 , pp. 598-599
  • Johann Friedrich Danneil : The gender of the Schulenburg. Volume 2, Commissioned by JD Schmidt, Salzwedel 1847, online at Google Books (hereinafter abbreviated to Danneil, gender of von der Schulenburg, 2, with corresponding page number)
  • Götz Freiherr von Houwald : The Niederlausitz manors and their owners. Volume III: District of Lübben. Verlag Degener & Co., owner Gerhard Gessner, Neustadt an der Aisch 1984, ISBN 3-7686-4109-0 , p. 322ff.
  • Rudolf Lehmann : Historical local lexicon of Niederlausitz. Volume 1, Hessisches Landesamt für Geschichtliche Landeskunde, Marburg 1979, ISBN 3-921-254-96-5 , pp. 227-228.
  • Rudolf Lehmann: The gentlemen in Lower Lusatia. Studies of origin and history. Böhlau Cologne 1966 (= Central German Research, Volume 40) snippets at Google Books
  • Topographical-statistical manual of the government district of Frankfurt a. O. Verlag von Gustav Harnecker u. Co., Frankfurt a. O. 1867
  • Friedrich Gottlob Siegfried Rödenbeck: Chronicle of the rule Straupitz. To commemorate the inauguration of the new church in Straupitz. Klinkicht, Meißen 1832, online at SLUB Dresden

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Adolph Friedrich Riedel : Codex diplomaticus Brandenburgensis . Collection of documents, chronicles and other source documents. Part 1 (A) Volume 23, Reimer, Berlin 1862, online at Google Books , p. 167
  2. ^ Woldemar Lippert : Document book of the city of Lübben. III. Tape. The documents of the city and the office of Lübben, the lords of Zauche, Pretschen and Leuthen. Verlag der Wilhelm and Bertha v. Baensch Foundation, Dresden 1933, p. 47.
  3. ↑ Christian von Stramburg , Anton Joseph Weidenbach : Memorable and useful Rhenish antiquarian: which represents the most important and pleasant geographical, historical and political peculiarities of the whole Rhine river from its outflow into the sea to its origin. Dept. 2, Volume 12, Rudolf Friedrich Hergt, Koblenz 1864, Online at Google Books , p. 387
  4. ↑ Danneil, Family of von der Schulenburg, 2, p. 294ff., Joachim II.
  5. ^ Danneil, Gender of the von der Schulenburg, 2, p. 298ff., Richard III.
  6. ↑ Danneil, family of von der Schulenburg, 2, p. 299ff., Joachim VII.
  7. ↑ Winfried Töpler : The Neuzelle Monastery and the secular and spiritual powers 1268-1817. Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-931836-53-3 , snippet view on Google Books
  8. ↑ Martin Schramm, Windmüller zu Straupitz, against Countess Dorothee Charlotte v. Truchsess zu Waldburg on Straupitz because of clearing the river in the Spreewald. 1717. Brandenburg State Main Archive: Online research
  9. ↑ 37 Straupitz 394; Allocation of construction and repair wood to the subjects of Byhleguhre; 1719-1801 (file). Retrieved June 13, 2020 .
  10. ↑ Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi : Earth description of the electoral and ducal Saxon lands. Johannes Phil. Haug's widow, Leipzig 1788, online at Google Books , p. 496
  11. ^ Friedrich Gottlob Leonhardi: Earth description of the electoral and ducal Saxon lands. Volume 4, Johann Andreas Barth, Leipzig 1806, online at Google Books , p. 460
  12. ↑ Topographical-statistical overview of the government district of Frankfurth ad O. G. Hayn, Berlin 1820.

Coordinates: 51 ° 55 '  N , 14 ° 7'  E